Optimizing And Troubleshooting SQL Server

3B.7 Administering and Troubleshooting SQL Server 2000Optimizing and troubleshooting SQL server Lesson 3B/ Slide 6 of 51 ©NIIT Optimizing and Troubleshooting SQL Server Optimizing Hardwa

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3B.1 Administering and Troubleshooting SQL Server 2000

In this section, you will learn about:

•Optimizing hardware resource usage

•Monitoring hardware resources

•Resolving system bottlenecks

•Monitoring SQL Server 2000 system activity

•Optimizing SQL Server 2000 system activity

•Troubleshooting SQL Server 2000 system activity

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Administering and Troubleshooting SQL Server 2000 3B.2

Optimizing SQL Server 2000 system activity

Troubleshooting SQL Server 2000 system activity

Optimizing and troubleshooting SQL server Lesson 3B/ Slide 2 of 51

2 Which of the following component of SQL Server 2000 enables you to retrieve and use data from an Oracle database?

a) SQL Server XML support in IIS b) Linked Server

c) SQLAgentMail d) SQLMail

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3 Which option do you need to select to verify the local login id with the login id on the linked server?

a) Impersonate b) Local Login c) Remote password d) Remote User

4 Which option is used to execute queries in

“http://iisserver/vdir/myquery.xml “to retrieve information from a database?

a) Allow template queries b) Allow URL queries c) Allows XPATH d) Allow Post

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Ans 1 a SQLMail Ans 2 b Linked Server Ans 3 a Impersonate Ans 4 a Allow template queries Ans 5 d Product name

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Start the session by telling the students about the need to optimize the hardware usage in SQL Server 2000 Also discuss the different functional areas that need to be optimized Then tell the students that SQL Server 2000 optimizes its hardware resources using the following techniques:

Placing data on multiple disks

Configuring SQL Server 2000 disk subsystem

Resolving system bottlenecks

Explain each technique in detail Tell the students about the advantages of placing data on multiple disks Also tell the students about the various RAID levels used in SQL Server 2000 Then discuss the SCSI and IDE disk subsystems in detail Also tell the students that SCSI disk subsystem is used to store the following types of files of SQL Server 2000:

Data files

Transaction log files

Tempdb system database

Then discuss about bottlenecks and methods that can be used to resolve bottlenecks

in SQL Server 2000

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Optimizing and Troubleshooting SQL Server

Optimizing Hardware Resource Usage

in SQL Server 2000

• It is essential to optimize usage of hardware resources, such as CPU and memory so that SQL Server 2000 functions properly and provides the required output

• Optimizing hardware resource usage in SQL Server 2000 allows you to identify :

• Hardware utilization

• Task scheduling

• Load balancing

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in SQL Server 2000 (Contd.)

• SQL Server 2000 enables you to optimize its hardware resource usage using the following techniques:

• Placing data on multiple disks

• Configuring SQL Server 2000 disk subsystem

• Resolving system bottlenecks

You need to optimize the usage of hardware resources, such as CPU, processor power, disks, network subsystem, and memory so that SQL Server 2000 functions properly and provides the required output Optimizing hardware resource usage in SQL Server

2000 allows you to identify:

Hardware utilization: You can identify the time range when the hardware

resources are fully utilized This time range is called the Peak time

Task scheduling: You can identify the time range when the hardware resources

are partially utilized or not utilized at all

Load balancing: Depending on the level of utilization of hardware resources, you

can schedule the tasks to be performed so that the hardware resources, especially the CPU is neither over-burdened with tasks nor is idle You can implement load balancing so that the memory is neither over-utilized nor under-utilized

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Configuring SQL Server 2000 disk subsystem

Resolving system bottlenecks

Placing Data on Multiple Disks

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Placing Data on Multiple Disks

• You can place database files on multiple disks to optimize database performance along with hardware resource usage.

• Using multiple disks to store data provides the following advantages:

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of multiple disk drives, it provides increased performance with respect to data access and retrieval and fault tolerance to the computer system than a single disk drive A RAID system can be classified in the two categories, Hardware RAID and Software RAID When the Windows operating system provides the RAID support, it is called the Software RAID and when the disk storage system provides the RAID support, it is known as the Hardware RAID

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write operation This level provides 100% utilization of the disk capacity but is not fault tolerant

RAID level 1: The write operation writes the data completely on all the disks

used The read operation is faster than the write operation This level utilizes only 50% of the disk capacity but is fault tolerant

RAID level 5: The write operation writes data in blocks across all the disks This

level provides faster read operation as compared to the write operation This level efficiently utilizes the disk space as compared to the other levels and is fault tolerant

RAID level 10: The read and write operations are fastest at this level as

compared to the other levels This level uses only 50% of the disk capacity but

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Configuring SQL Server 2000 Disk

Subsystem

• You can configure the disk subsystem to optimize the usage of memory resources.

• The disk subsystems are of the following two standards:

•Small Computer System Interface (SCSI)

•Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE)

• The following are the reasons to use SCSI disk subsystem:

•It is used to increase the performance of the memory resources.

•It is used to provide fault tolerance to the system.

•It is used to provide fast read and write operations.

•It is used to enable fast and accurate data recoverability.

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• Transaction log files

• Tempdb system database

You can also optimize the hardware resource usage of SQL Server 2000 using the disk subsystem For this you need to configure the disk subsystem The disk subsystems are of the following two standards:

Small Computer System Interface (SCSI): The hard disk using this standard

follows the bus architecture Using this standard the disk subsystem can be connected to maximum of 15 other devices These 15 devices can include storage, input, and output devices This subsystem provides reduced access and execution time It also provides fault tolerance to the system and can coordinate slow devices with the fast devices

Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE): The hard disk using this standard also

follows the bus architecture Using this standard, the disk subsystem can be connected to maximum 2 other storage devices This disk subsystem is slow as compared to SCSI disk subsystem and does not provide connections to any other devices other than storage devices

The following are the reasons to use SCSI disk subsystem:

x It increases the performance of the memory resources

x It provides fault tolerance to the system

x It provides fast read and write operations

x It enables fast and accurate data recoverability

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Using SCSI Disk Subsystem for Data Files

You can use SCSI disk subsystem to store data files in SQL Server 2000 A separate disk subsystem is used to store data files to prevent data loss and to reduce access time It is essential to store data files on a separate disk subsystem so that CPU operations do not conflict with the input/output operations Storing data files and transaction log files on separate disk subsystems also improves the performance of input/output operations by reducing bottlenecks The performance of input/output operations improves because SQL Server 2000 has the ability to perform multiple scans on data that is spread across multiple disks

Using SCSI Disk Subsystem for Transaction Log Files

SCSI disk subsystem is used to store transaction log files also Storing transaction log files on a separate disk subsystem provides fast and efficient recoverability of data because transaction log files are used for recovering and restoring databases The disk subsystem stores the data of transaction log files in sequential order because this data

is used for transactional rollbacks, transactional commits, and database backups

Using SCSI Disk Subsystem for Tempdb System Database

A separate SCSI disk subsystem is used to store Tempdb database because this database stores intermediate results of complex Transact-SQL queries and DBCC operations Optimizing the storage of Tempdb system database enables it to handle large number of read and write operations Tempdb database is stored on a separate disk subsystem so that it does not interfere with other databases to access the memory resource

Data recoverability is not considered with the Tempdb database because it is rebuilt every time the SQL Server 2000 starts

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Resolving System Bottlenecks

•Bottlenecks are defined as a situation when multiple databases are competing for a single resource at one instance.

•A bottleneck is caused due to inadequate hardware resources, such as processor

or memory.

•Bottlenecks cause under utilization of databases and database objects

•Putting additional resources, such as increasing the storage capacity and incorporating additional processors, can resolve hardware as well as performance bottlenecks.

Bottlenecks are defined as a situation when multiple databases are competing for a single resource at one instance Occasionally bottlenecks are also caused when there

is an excessive demand for a database object A bottleneck is caused due to

inadequate hardware resources, such as processor or memory Bottlenecks cause under utilization of databases and database objects This happens because multiple databases and database objects compete for a single resource and finally none of the competing databases gets the resource and the resource remains idle You can detect

a hardware bottleneck when a hardware resource is being excessively utilized Similarly, you can detect a performance bottleneck when the request response time is low These bottlenecks have to be resolved to optimize system performance Putting additional resources, such as increasing the storage capacity and incorporating additional processors, can resolve hardware as well as performance bottlenecks

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Next, tell the students about monitoring hardware resources and their usage in SQL Server 2000 Prior to discussing the methods to monitor the hardware resource usage, tell the students about the reasons to monitor hardware resource usage in SQL Server

2000 Then, tell the students that to monitor the performance of hardware resources, you need to identify the following types of problem objects of these resources and their values:

Memory objects and counters

Input/Output objects and counters

Processor objects and counters

Discuss each type of object and counters in detail, explaining the different objects in each type

Finally, tell the students about monitoring the hardware resources using the Task Manager, explaining each step in detail

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Monitoring Hardware Resources

• You need to monitor the working of hardware resources of SQL Server 2000

to analyze and increase their performance

• The following are the reasons to monitor the hardware resources of SQL Server 2000:

• Inadequate hardware resources may be over-loading SQL Server 2000 unnecessarily, for example insufficient memory resource may lead to loss of important data

• Additional server applications, such as Internet Information Server may be consuming excessive resources.

• Malfunctioning of the hardware resources, such as the hard disk containing bad sectors resulting in loss of important data.

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(Contd.)

• Uneven usage of hardware resources, for example one storage device

is overused and another storage device is underused

• Excessive network traffic that results in network congestion

• Incorrect usage of queries

• Transferring large amount of data between the client and the server.

• Excessive use of locks on resources that result in under-utilization of these resources

• Poor database design that results in redundancy of data

You need to monitor the working of hardware resources of the system to analyse and increase their performance The following are the reasons to monitor the hardware resources of the system:

Inadequate hardware resources may be over-loading SQL Server 2000

unnecessarily, for example insufficient memory resource may lead to loss of data

Additional server applications, such as Internet Information Server may be consuming excessive resources

Malfunctioning of the hardware resources, such as the hard disk containing bad sectors resulting in loss of important data

Uneven usage of hardware resources, for example one storage device is overused and another storage device is underused

Excessive network traffic that results in network congestion

Incorrect usage of queries results in the wastage of resources utilized during the execution of the queries, for example executing a query resulting in a syntax error wastes the resources utilized during the execution of that query

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Poor database design results in redundancy of data This results in wastage of resources utilized by the database

Monitoring Resource Usage

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Monitoring Resource Usage

•These objects are categorized in to the following three categories:

• Memory objects and counters

• Input/Output objects and counters

• Processor objects and counters

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• Memory objects and counters

• You need to monitor the available memory resource and determine

whether it is adequate for the processes that are running

• The following table lists the memory objects, their functions, and their

values:

A value more than 20 indicates excessive hard disk paging because of inadequate memory

Number of pages accessed from disk or written to disk due to page faults

Memory \ Pages/sec

A low value indicates inadequate memory or memory blocked by a process

Megabytes of memory presently available for use

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A high value for overall page faults/sec indicates shortage of memory

The rate at which the faulty pages occur because of a SQL server process of a SQL Server instance

Average numbers of both read and write requests

Disk Queue Length

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If this value is close to the total amount of physical memory of the computer, it indicates shortage of memory

The total amount of dynamic memory currently used by SQL Server for its memory buffer

Manager \ Total Pages

Value and its Interpretation This Object determines

Memory Object

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• Input/Output Objects and Counters

• Small Computer System Interface (SCSI)

• The following table lists the input/output objects, their functions, and their values:

A low rate of disk paging accompanied with a high rate of disk usage indicates a disk bottleneck

Average numbers of both read and write requests that were in queue

PhysicalDisk \ Average

Disk Queue Length

A low rate of disk paging accompanied with a high rate of disk usage and disk queuing indicates a disk bottleneck

Percentage of time during which the hard disk was processing a read or write request

PhysicalDisk \ %Disk

Time

This Object determines Value and its Interpretation Input/Output Object

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Rate of read operations per second

PhysicalDisk \ Disk

Reads/sec

If the rate of disk writes is not close to the hard disk capacity and the disk latency is high, it indicates a faulty disk

Rate of write operations per second

PhysicalDisk \ Disk

Writes/sec

This Object determines Value and its Interpretation Input/Output Object

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• Processor Objects and Counters

• To monitor the processor resources, SQL Server 2000 provides you with processor objects.

• The following table lists the processor objects, their functions, and their values:

A processor queue containing more than two threads indicates a processor bottleneck

Number of processes in the processor queue

Processor \ %

Processor Time

This Object determines Value and its Interpretation Processor Object

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1 Right-click the Windows Taskbar This displays a pop-up menu.

2 Select the Task Manager option This displays the Windows Task Manager

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• The Status column of the list box displays the status of the currently running programs.

• Windows Task Manager also displays the following three buttons:

•End Task: This button enables you to end a task that is not responding.

•Switch Task: This button enables you to switch between currently active tasks.

•New Task: This button enables you to create a new task.

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5.Click the Processes tab displays the currently active system processes and

user processes in the Image Name column of the list box.

• The list box also displays the following columns:

• Image Name: This column displays the name of the process, which is given by the system itself

• User Name: This column displays the name of the process owner.

• CPU: This column displays the CPU usage time in percentage.

• Mem Usage: This column displays the amount of memory used by each active process.

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6 The Performance tab displays the following graphical and non-graphical sections.

• The different graphical sections of the Performance tab include:

• CPU Usage and CPU Usage History

• MEM Usage and MEM Usage History

• The different non-graphical sections of the Performance tab include:

• Totals

• Physical Memory (K)

• Commit Charge (K)

• Kernel Memory (K)

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• The Status Bar of the Windows NT Task Manager displays the following

information:

• Number of Processes

• Total CPU Usage in percentage

• Total Mem Usage

7 The networking tab displays information about network traffic in Local

Area Connection The Networking tab shows:

• Local Area Connection: This graphical section displays the

information about resource utilization.

• Adapter Name: This column displays the name of the network

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• ID: This field displays the numeric session identifier.

• Status: This field displays the status of a session.

• Client Name: This field displays the name of the client computer.

• Session: This field displays the session name on the computer.

The hardware resources include memory, processor, and input/output devices You need to monitor the usage of these resources so that SQL Server 2000 functions properly To monitor the performance of these hardware resources, you need to identify the problem objects of these resources and their values These objects are categorized in to the following three categories:

Memory objects and counters

Input/Output objects and counters

Processor objects and counters

Memory Objects and Counters

You need to monitor the available memory resource and determine whether it is adequate for the processes that are running SQL Server 2000 provides certain objects and their values that can determine the usage of memory These memory objects can

be monitored using the System Monitor tool of Windows 2000 operating system

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Memory \

Available Mbytes Megabytes of memory presently

available for use

A low value indicates inadequate memory or memory blocked by a process Memory \

Pages/sec Number of pages accessed from disk

or written to disk due to page faults

A value more than 20 indicates excessive hard disk paging because of inadequate memory

An increase in disk queue that

is not accompanied by decrease in memory paging indicates inadequate memory Memory \ Page

Faults/sec

The rate at which the processor handles the faulty pages

A high value indicates inadequate memory

of a SQL Server instance

A high value for overall page faults/sec indicates shortage of memory

If this value is close to the total amount of physical memory of the computer, it indicates shortage of memory

SQL Server:

Buffer Manager \

Total Pages

Total number of pages in the buffer A low value indicates inadequate memory for the

buffer

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queuing SQL Server 2000 provides certain objects and their values that can

determine the usage and performance of input/output subsystems You can monitor these objects and determine the performance of the input/output subsystems on the basis of their values using the System Monitor of Windows 2000 operating system The following table lists the input/output objects, their functions, and their values:

Input/Output

Object This Object determines Interpretation Value and its

PhysicalDisk \

%Disk Time Percentage of time during which the hard

disk was processing a read or write request

A low rate of disk paging accompanied with a high rate

of disk usage and disk queuing indicates a disk bottleneck

PhysicalDisk \

Average Disk

Queue Length

Average numbers of both read and write requests that were in queue

A low rate of disk paging accompanied with a high rate

of disk usage indicates a disk bottleneck

PhysicalDisk \

Current Disk

Queue Length

Instantaneous numbers of both read and write requests that are queued

Used along with PhysicalDisk

\ Average Disk Queue Length

A value above 20 milliseconds indicates a disk bottleneck

PhysicalDisk \

Disk

Writes/sec

Rate of write operations per second If the rate of disk writes is not close to the hard disk

capacity and the disk latency

is high, it indicates a faulty disk

PhysicalDisk \

Disk Reads/sec Rate of read operations per second If the rate of disk reads is not close to the hard disk

capacity and the disk latency

is high, it indicates a faulty disk

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performance To monitor the processor resources, SQL Server 2000 provides you with processor objects These objects have certain values that indicate the performance level of the processor and also indicate any system bottlenecks that may be present These objects can be monitored using the System Monitor of Windows 2000 operating system The following table lists the processor objects, their functions, and their values:

If the rate is more than 75%, it indicates a processor bottleneck

System \

processor

Queue Length

Number of processes in the processor queue

A processor queue containing more than two threads indicates a processor bottleneck

Windows operating system enables you to monitor the performance and usage of the processor, input/output devices, and the memory using the Task Manager and the System Monitor The following are the steps to monitor the usage of hardware resource using the Task Manager of Windows operating system:

1 Right-click the Windows Taskbar This displays a pop-up menu

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The Windows Task Manager window displays the following five tabs:

Windows Task Manager also displays the following three buttons:

End Task: This button enables you to end a task that is not responding

Switch To: This button enables you to switch between currently active tasks

New Task: This button enables you to create a new task

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user processes in the Image Name column of the list box, as shown.

The list box also displays the following columns:

Image Name: This column displays the name of the process, which is given by

the system itself

User Name: This column displays the name the process owner

CPU: This column displays the CPU usage time in percentage

Mem Usage: This column displays the amount of memory used by each active

process

Observe the CPU time and memory usage of these system processes from the CPU

Time and Mem Usage columns respectively You can use these inputs to calculate

the amount of memory used by the currently active system process and estimate the amount of memory available for installation of other applications

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The different graphical sections of the Performance tab include:

The different non-graphical sections of the Performance tab include:

Totals: This section displays the number of the currently active Handles, Threads, and Processes.

Physical Memory (K): This section displays the total amount of Total, Available, and System Cache.

Commit Charge (K): This section displays the total amount of Total, Limit,

and Peak commit charge Commit Charge indicates the memory allocated to

the system and user processes

Kernel Memory (K): This section displays the Total, Paged, and Nonpaged

memory

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Number of Processes

Total CPU Usage in percentage

Total Mem Usage

5 The Networking tab displays the following graphical and non-graphical

sections, as shown

The Networking tab shows:

Local Area Connection: This graphical section displays the information about

resource utilization

Adapter Name: This column displays the name of the network adapter

Network Utilization: This column displays the network resource utilization in

percentage

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6 The Users tab displays a table, as shown.

The various fields of the table are:

User: This field displays the name of the users currently logged onto the

computer

ID: This field displays the numeric session identifier

Status: This field displays the status of a session

Client Name: This field displays the name of the client computer

Session: This field displays the session name on the computer

7 Click the Close button to close the Windows Task Manager window.

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I NSTRUCTOR N OTES

Next, tell the students about monitoring hardware resources using the Performance Monitor, present the students with a business problem that requires monitoring the hardware resources of the system using the system monitor Discuss the solution of the problem in detail

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