现象 CODE-SWITCHING OF P.R.C STUDENTS IN SINGAPORE 吕 晶 LU JING 新加坡国立大学中文系 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 北京大学中国语言文学系... CODE-SWITCHING OF P.R.C STUDENTS IN SINGAPORE 吕 晶 LU JIN
Trang 1现象
CODE-SWITCHING OF P.R.C
STUDENTS IN SINGAPORE
吕 晶
LU JING
新加坡国立大学中文系
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE
北京大学中国语言文学系
Trang 2CODE-SWITCHING OF P.R.C STUDENTS
IN SINGAPORE
吕 晶
LU JING
(B.A Hons, NUS)
新加坡国立大学中文系 北京大学中国语言文学系 双学位硕士(研究)毕业论文
A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DOUBLE DEGREE M.A BY RESEARCH
IN CHINESE LANGUAGE DEPARTMENT OF CHINESE STUDIES, NUS DEPARTMENT OF CHINESE LANGUAGE
AND LITERATURE, PKU
Trang 3Acknowledgements
This dissertation would be impossible without the guidance and help of several individuals who in one way or another contributed and extended their invaluable assistance in the preparation and completion of this study
First and foremost, I offer my sincerest gratitude to my NUS supervisor, A/P Lee Cher Leng , who has supported me throughout my thesis with her patience and knowledge whilst allowing me the room to work in my own way I attribute the level
of my Masters degree to her encouragement and effort and without her, this thesis would not have been completed or written One simply could not wish for a better or friendlier supervisor I would also like to offer my sincerest thanks to my PKU supervisor, Dr Wang Chao-Hsien for his guidance, patience and support
Moreover, I really appreciate the tremendous effort A/P Lee Cheuk Yin, Dr Peng Rui, Professor Guo Rui, Professor Shen Yang put in for solving problems arising from the double degree programme between NUS and PKU
I would also like to extend my gratitude to the administrative staffs from both NUS and PKU Chinese Studies department for providing me support with regards to administrative matters
I am grateful to come across several life-long friends whom have helped me in one way or another during my course of study Thank you Ming Chew, Karen, Jun Da, Shi Theng, Claire, Xiuhui, Kheng Yong for being such supportive friends of mine
I would also like to convey my sincerest thanks to all my informants for their time and effort to collect data for my research Without them, this thesis will not be complete
Finally, my deepest gratitude goes to my parents and relatives for their unflagging love and support throughout my studies at NUS and PKU.
Trang 4Acknowledgements.……… i
目录.……… ii
Abstract ……… vi
统计表一览……….vii
图表一览……… ix
第一章:诸论……… 1
1.1 研究综述……… 1
1.2 研究背景……… 3
1.3 研究目的与意义………
第二章:文献综述……… 8
2.1 语码转换的相关术语与概念界定……… 8
2.1.1 语码转换与语码夹杂……… 8
2.1.2 语码转换与借用……… 10
2.2 双语与语码转换……… 13
2.3 语码转换的形态结构研究……… 17
2.4 语码转换的社会语言学研究……… 20
2.5 语码转换的心理动因研究……… 22
2.6 语码转换的形式语法研究……… 25
2.7 语码转换的交际功能研究……… 26
第三章:方法论……… 29
Trang 53.1 研究背景……… 29
3.2 研究对象……… 31
3.3 研究方法……… 34
第四章:第一组研究对象的语码转换 现象……… 40
4.1 语码转换的频率统计……… 40
4.1.1 总频率统计……… 40
4.1.2 语码转换成分的词形归类与统计……… 43
4.1.3 语码转换成分的词性类型的统计……… 46
4.2 语码转换的语域分析……… 51
4.2.1 行业用语……… 53
4.2.1.1 学校用语……… 53
4.2.1.2 电脑科技用语……… 58
4.2.2 生活用语……… 62
4.2.2.1 地名、地标……… 62
4.2.2.2 日常生活用语……… 64
4.3 语码转换的动因分析……… 67
4.3.1 引述谈话……… 68
4.3.2 强调作用……… 68
4.3.3 重复功能……… 71
4.3.4 言语靠拢……… 72
第五章:第二组研究对象的语码转换 现象……… 75
5.1 语码转换的频率统计……… 75
Trang 65.1.1 总频率统计……… 75
5.1.2 语码转换成分的词形归类与统计……… 76
5.1.3 语码转换成分的词性类型的统计……… 81
5.2 语码转换的语域分析……… 87
5.2.1 行业用语……… 87
5.2.1.1 学校用语……… 87
5.2.1.2 电脑科技用语……… 93
5.2.2 生活用语……… 94
5.2.2.1 地名、地标……… 95
5.2.2.2 日常生活用语……… 97
5.2.2.3 其他……… 99
5.3 语码转换的动因分析……… … 101
5.3.1 强调作用……… 101
5.3.2 重复功能……… 102
5.3.3 言语靠拢……… 103
5.3.4 感情色彩……… 104
第六章:第三组研究对象的语码转换 现象……… 107
6.1 语码转换的频率统计……… 107
6.1.1 总频率统计……… 107
6.1.2 语码转换成分的词形归类与统计……… 108
6.1.3 语码转换成分的词性类型的统计……… 113
6.2 语码转换的语域分析……… 117
6.2.1 行业用语……… 118
6.2.1.1 学校用语……… 118
6.2.1.2 电脑科技用语……… 122
Trang 76.2.2 生活用语……… 125
6.2.2.1 地名、地标……… 125
6.2.2.2 日常生活用语……… 126
6.2.2.3 其他……… 130
6.3 语码转换的动因分析……… 133
6.3.1 引述谈话……… 133
6.3.2 强调作用……… 134
6.3.3 重复功能……… 135
6.3.4 言语靠拢……… 136
6.3.5 感情色彩……… 139
第七章:比较三组研究对象的语码转 换现 象……… 142
7.1 语码转换的频率比较……… 142
7.1.1 总频率比较……… 142
7.1.2 语码转换成分的词形比较……… 146
7.1.3 语码转换成分的词类比较……… 150
7.2 语码转换的语域比较……… 153
7.2.1 行业用语的比较……… 153
7.2.2 生活用语的比较……… 157
7.3 语码转换的动因比较……… 160
第八章:结语……… 164
附录……… 170
参考文献……… 315
Trang 8Abstract
As Singapore is a multiracial, multicultural and multilingual society, each individual speech community has its own native language or mother tongue On top of that, each individual needs to know English, the lingua franca of Singapore Due to the multitude of languages present, many language contact phenomena arise due to complex interactions between these different speech communities Code-switching is
an example of a typical language contact phenomenon and is the main focus of this paper
By recording and analysing English code-switching instances in Mandarin conversations amongst PRC students in Singapore tertiary institutions, this paper has arrived at a conclusion, the longer a PRC student lived in Singapore and the more contact he/she had with local Singaporeans, the more a PRC student’s code-switching behavior will converge towards that of a local Singaporean This convergence is reflected in two areas: 1) The frequency and complexity of code-switching The longer
a PRC student lived in Singapore, his/her frequency of switching to English code will
be higher Moreover, the morphology and word classes being code-switched will also
be more varied 2) The domains in which code-switching occur For PRC students, the main domain in which code-switching occurs is the school domain Other domains include ICT (information and communications technology) and everyday life As before, the longer a PRC student lived in Singapore, his/her code-switching will increasingly expand towards the domain of everyday life
Furthermore, this paper also looked at the motivations behind code-switching amongst PRC students Code-switching motivations can be sub-divided into two kinds, psychological and pragmatic motivations A switch to English code during Mandarin conversations can be used when quoting someone, for emphasis, repetition, or to induce certain emotional effect (different communicative strategies) Psychological motivation for code-switching is to conform to the language habits of local Singaporeans and is thus a form of language convergence Code-switching behavior of PRC students is language accommodation in action and shows an assimilation of PRC students into Singaporean society in the aspect of language style
Trang 9表 3.1 研究对象的资料……… 31
表 3.2 第一组:研究对象在新加坡居住了一至三年(截止于2010年年中) 33
表 3.3 第二组:研究对象在新加坡居住了三至六年(截止于2010年年中) 33
表 3.4 第三组:研究对象在新加坡居住了六至九年(截止于2010年年中) 33
表 4.1 第一组研究对象的详细资料与语言背景……… 41
表 4.2 第一组语码转换的不同词形的频率统计表……… 44
表 4.3 第一组研究对象语码转换中词类的频率统计……… 47
表 5.1 第二组研究对象的详细资料与语言背景……… 75
表 5.2 第二组语码转换的不同词形的频率统计表……… 77
表 5.3 第二组研究对象语码转换中词类的频率统计……… 82
表 6.1 第三组研究对象的详细资料与语言背景……… 107
表 6.2 第三组语码转换的不同词形的频率统计表……… 109
表 6.3 第三组研究对象语码转换中词类的频率统计……… 113
Trang 10表 7.1 各组语码转换的频率/小时统计……… 144
表 7.2 各组语码转换的频率/小时统计(排除一个孤立案例)………… 145
表 7.3 语码转换的不同词形的频率统计表……… 147
表 7.4 各组语码转换中不同词形的频率统计……… 148
表 7.5 语码转换中词类的频率统计……… 150
表 7.6 各组语码转换中词类的频率统计……… 151
Trang 11图 2.1 语言模式连续体……… 16
图 4.1 第一组语码转换的不同词形的频率分布……… 44
图 4.2 第一组研究对象语码转换中词类频率的分布……… 48
图 5.1 第二组语码转换的不同词形的频率分布……… 78
图 5.2 第二组研究对象语码转换中词类频率的分布……… 82
图 6.1 第三组语码转换的不同词形的频率分布……… 109
图 6.2 第三组研究对象语码转换中词类频率的分布……… 114
图 7.1 各组语码转换的总频率分布……… 142
图 7.2 各组语码转换的频率/小时……… 146
图 7.3 字母/缩写词在各组不同语码转换词形中的比例……… 149
图 8.1 三组研究对象在语言模式连续体中的位置……… 164