Garments Manufacturing Technology

SL No Topics Page No 03 Name of some important buyer of Bangladesh 02 05 Some major garments manufacturer countries 03 08 In-line Inspection, On-line Inspection, Tech.. Pack, BOM Shee

It is a collection of class lectures of our respectable teacher Adnan Zaber Mahmud

and collection from other sources

SL No Topics Page No

03 Name of some important buyer of Bangladesh 02

05 Some major garments manufacturer countries 03

08 In-line Inspection, On-line Inspection, Tech Pack, BOM Sheet, ICD 12

09 FOB, C & F ,CIF, CM, CMT, Lead Time, Compliance 13

10 Different types of Agents in Garments Sector 14

13 Different types of Payment methods in Garments Trade 17

15 Garments common item export from Bangladesh 20

21 Application of Sewing Machines in Garments Manufacturing 53

22 Some Garments Industrial Sewing Machine Figure 55

29 Sewing Flow Chart of T-Shirt & Polo-Shirt Manufacturing 72

30 Sewing Flow Chart of Trouser (Jeans pant) Manufacturing 77

INDEX

General Discussion on Garments

Some factors related to buying side:

Those who mediates between buyer and manufacturer Trader are two

types such as local and foreign

Buying house:

1 Buyer liaison office (Buyer will directly open a branch)

2 Traders are of two types- i) Foreign Trader& ii) Local Trade

*** 80% Trader (Baridhara, Uttara) and 20% Liaison office (Gulsion, Dhaka)

6 Lin mark (Europe)

7 ZXY Apparel Buying Solution (Europe)

Name of some important buyer of Bangladesh:

Generally buyers of USA, Europe, Japan, Australia, India, and Canada are the

main buyers of garments and Textile product of Bangladesh

Name of some important buyers of these countries are given below-

Question: How buyers place an order?

Which are used according to confirmation of order is given by below-

Seasons of Export in USA:

Turkey: This country is suitable for highly decorative and fancy garments

China: Buyers select China for decorative garments and short time shipment

India: Buyers select India for decorative garments

Vietnam: Buyers select Vietnam for plain printed T-Shirt

January to Jun

July to December

Combodia: Buyers select Combodia for plain printed T-Shirt

Bangladesh: Bangladesh is a Lower Developing Country with GSP facility

Buyers import various types of garments from Bangladesh

GSP:

The Generalized System of Preferences (known as GSP for short) is a scheme

whereby a wide range of industrial and agricultural products originating in

certain developing countries are given preferential access to the markets of the

European Union

Preferential treatment is given in the form of reduced or zero rates of customs

duties

The GSP scheme is specifically designed to benefit certain developing countries

and integrate them into the world economy

Since 1971, the EU has had rules ensuring that exporters from developing

countries pay lower duties on some or all of what they sell to the EU This gives

them vital access to EU markets contributing to the growth of their economies

This scheme is known as the "Generalized System of Preferences"

Today Bangladesh offers a very flexible and feasible production base for its

customers in EU, America and Australia

The EU market is quota free for apparels and goods are eligible for the GSP

facilities As an LDC member Bangladesh also obtain special Tariff benefit

from Canada (18% import Tax free)

Importance of GSP Status:

Bangladesh has an excellent opportunity to boost exports of garments to the

USA and EU countries where demand for

 Low price

 Good quality

 Capacity

So, GSP status is very important for us

 With the GSP status, Bangladeshi garment products can enter the market

duty free On the other hand, its absence, it has to pay 12 percent import

duties for most products This status helps decrease the cost per unit of

garments, causing the demand to rise

 This not only helps the garment industry but also the entire economy

 Increased trade means higher export earnings which help promote further

industrialization, leading to higher economic growth

 Now let us look at a more concrete example Bangladesh’s apparel

exports to the EU made a leap since January 2011 when it allowed GSP

for Bangladeshi garments made from imported fabrics Previously,

Bangladesh used to enjoy the GSP benefit only for those garments made

from local fabrics

 There is a 46 percent rise in apparel exports between a year without and

with GSP, indicating the importance of this status in the country’s apparel

industry

Graph of GSP

 Without it, the price per unit of garment will rise and this may lead to

many European buyers turning their backs on our products

Steps of Garments Export Procedure:

1 Inquiry of a product:

First of all, supplier collects the product from the buyer and enquiry the product

2 Space Availability/Timely delivery:

Space availability is the availability of production floor for the production of

garments Within the time, garments must be delivery

3 Costing/Pricing/Quotation:

Costing means the way of calculating the cost of production of garments

Costing is done considering-

i) Fabric cost

ii) Accessories cost &

iii) CM (Cost of Making) cost

An order confirmation is a written document which is issued by buyer to the

manufacturer which contains Tech-pack It serves as tool to avoid confusion and

mistakes

5 PO (Purchase Order):

After confirmation of an order buyer provides seller a written document which

mention the order details such as-

A guarantee letter of payment This letter ensure that seller will get his payment

after delivery of the goods It is issued by the bank of buyer to the bank of

manufacturer

7 T & A Calendar Made by the factory:

T & A or “Time and Action” calendar is made by the manufacturer to complete

the production within a specific period of time

8 Fabric & Accessories Booking by the factory:

After making of T & A calendar, fabric & accessories booking is necessary

Without fabric, all materials used in garments is called “Accessories” or

“Trimmings” Accessories includes-

vi) Tissue Paper

vii) Ball head pin

viii) Hager

ix) Carton

x) Rib and

xi) Plastic Clip etc

9 BB (Back to Back) L/C opened by the factory:

Back to Back L/ C is prepared by the manufacturer to collect raw materials from

the suppliers It has 70-80% financial value of Master L/C

Difference between Master L/C and Back to Back L/C:

Master L/C is prepared by the buyer

to import goods from the

manufacturer

Back to Back L/C is prepared by the manufacturer to collect raw materials for the production

This L/C is issued by the buyer to the

manufacturer

This L/C is issued by the manufacturer

to the raw material suppliers

It is the basic L/C It depends on Master L/C

It has higher financial value than the

Back to Back L/C

It has lower financial value than the Master L/C (70-80% of Master L/C)

10 Sampling:

In garments industry, the sample which is come from buyer and it is followed

for bulk production called sample The process of collecting or making sample

is called “Sampling”

Types of Garments Sample:

a Proto Sample:

Features:

 This sample is made by available fabric and accessories

 This sample is made before or after order confirmation

Purpose:

Here buyer checks whether supplier can make the garments

b Fit Sample:

Features:

 This sample is made by available fabric and accessories

 This sample is made after order confirmation

Purpose:

Here buyer checks the fitness or measurement of the garments

c P.P (Pre-Production) Sample:

Features:

 This sample is made by actual fabric and accessories

 This sample is made after order confirmation

 These samples must be approved by the buyer before production

Purpose:

Bulk production is done following P.P sample

d Size Set Sample:

Features:

 These samples are made in all sizes

 These samples are made in the production floor

 These samples are not sent to the buyer

Purpose:

These samples are only used for PP meeting

Here buyer compares Production Sample with the PP Sample

f Garments Test Sample:

Here Testing House tests different aspects of the garments and send “test

report” to the buyer and factory

Common Tests of Garments: Common tests of garments are below-

 Dimensional Stability Tests

 Seam Strength Tests

 Button Attaching Tests

 Spirality Tests

 Color Fastness Tests

 Abrasion Tests

 Radiation of Materials Tests

Name of Some Testing Houses/Companies:

i) SGS

ii) ITS

iii) TUV SUD

iv) Burean Veritas

Functions of Testing Houses:

g Shipment Samples:

Features:

 These samples are not so mandatory

 These samples are sent to the buyer after shipment of the garments

Purpose:

Here buyer compares Shipment Sample with Production Sample

h Salesman Samples:

The sample which is made for market appraisal or marketing purpose then it is

called salesman sample It is made at the final stage of order confirmation and

actual materials are used for marketing the sample

11 Fabric & Trims in House:

Here confirms all fabrics and accessories in manufacturer storehouse in time

Otherwise the schedule will be hampered

12 Inspection of Inventory& Report Making:

Check the quality & quantity of fabrics and accessories in house After checking

a report is made with the test data

13 PP (Pre-production) Meeting:

This meeting is held just before going to the bulk production This meeting is

conducted by following persons-

14 Pattern and Marker Making for Bulk Production:

Pattern is a hard paper which is made by following all the specifications of each

and individual components for a particular style of garment

Marker is a thin paper contains all the necessary pattern pieces for all sizes for a

particular size of garments

15 Trial or Pilot Cutting:

Little amount (for 200-300 pieces of garments) of fabrics are cut for checking

the efficiency and production cost of the garments

16 Bulk Cutting:

Here total fabrics are cut for bulk production

17 Numbering, Bundling & Sorting:

After cutting of fabrics numbering, Bundling and sorting process are done Then

cut pieces are sent to the sewing section

18 Production Line Set-up:

Production line set-up is the arrangement of sewing machines where input of the

first machine is cutting part of the fabrics and the output of the last machine is

complete garments Production line is 4 types –

19 Sewing:

Cutting pieces are attached by sewing to make the complete garments Different

types of sewing machines are used in production line

v) Third Party Inspection: Conducted by the testing houses

Foreign Local

23 Delivery:

If everything is ok, then supplier sent the goods to the buyer

In-line Inspection:

During production, buyer QC will come and check the product quality and

suggest to over-come any type of problem This type of inspection is called

In-line Inspection

On-line Inspection:

Inspection at the end of the production line during production is called On-line

Inspection This inspection is conducted by the factory QC

Tech Pack (Technical Package):

The file which contains the specification of product is called “Tech-pack” or

“Specification File” or “PDM” (Product Development Manual) or “Order

Sheet” or “Product Package” Technical Package is issued by the buyer and

collected by the manufacturer A technical package which mention-

i) Design or Sketch of garments

ii) Fabric details:

 Composition

 Color

 Construction

 GSM or oz/yd2

 Any other instruction

iii) Accessories details

iv) Any Kind of Instruction

v) Garments Size ( called “Measurement Chart” or “Size Chart” )

BOM Sheet:

The pages of specification file contain fabric and accessories detail is called

BOM (Bill of Material) Sheet

ICD:

ICD means Inland Container Depot The goods which are not suitable to

transport in carton because of introducing crease marks So goods are transport

by hanging in ICD These goods are suit, blazer, dress pant, dress shirt etc

FOB (Free on Board):

It is the value of the product which is claimed/fixed without the cost

transportation of the goods

C & F (Cost and Freight):

It is the value of the product which is claimed/fixed including the cost

transportation of the goods

CIF (Cost, Insurance and Freight):

It is the value of the product which is claimed/fixed including the cost

transportation and insurance

CM (Cost of Making):

Buyer will provide all the fabric and accessories Manufacturers have to make

only garment and he will get charge of making only

CMT (Cost of Making and Trimming):

Buyer will provide all fabric Manufacturer will get the making charge and at

the same time will get the trimming cost

Lead Time:

The time between order confirmation to the delivery is called lead time

Compliance:

Compliance means comply something that is yield to the wishes another The

main aim of compliance is to ensuring the all labour rights and facilities

according to the Buyer code of conduct These include-

 Safety

 Healthy environment

 Working time

 Over time

 Salary & Wages

 Facilities (Dining, Child care, Toilet, Doctor) Factories may be classified as-

 Compliant

 Semi Compliant &

 Non-Compliant

Different types of Agents in Garments Sector:

2 C& F (Clearing & Forwarding) Agent:

They are only handle all kinds of customs related documents are called C & F

Agent They work for exporter Exporter pays the C & F Agents

Name of Some C & F Agent:

1 Continental

2 Chitra

3 Epsheeta

3 Logistic Firms or Freight Forwarding Agent or Forwarder:

The firms or agents which take the responsibility to receive the goods from

factory to Chittagong port and send to the buyer destination or buyer agent are

called “Logistic Firms” Buyer pays the logistic firms

Names of Some Logistic Firms:

Any kind of textile material transport by transportation companies.

Documents required for Export:

1 Trade License:

This license is used for business permission It is issued by City Corporation or

Poroshova

2 Bank current account:

This account will be any scheduled commercial bank

3 TIN (Tax Identification Number) certificate:

It is issued by NBR (National Board of Revenue)

4 Membership of BGMEA or BKMEA or DCCI or BGBA:

This membership which protect from any kind of accident such as conflict

between any industry

Note:

BGMEA = Bangladesh Garment Manufacturers & Exporters Association

BKMEA = Bangladesh Knitwear Manufacturers & Exporters Association

DCCI = Dhaka Chamber of Commerce & Industry

BGBA = Bangladesh Garment Buying House Association

5 ERC (Export Registration Certificate):

It is issued by office of the controller of export & import

6 VRC (Vat Registration Certificate):

It is issued by customs It does not need to renew

7 EXP (Export Permission):

It is issued by any scheduled commercial bank For each order this EXP is

issued separately

8 Memorandum of association:

It is a document that is issued by RJSC (Registered of Joint Stock Companies

and Firms) which indicates the partnership specially share percentage, profit

percentage and any kind of partnership details in case of limited company

9 Certification of incorporation:

It is issued by RJSC (Registered of Joint Stock Companies and Firms) include

member details

Note:

1-5 and 7 all points are renew every year

Documents required for Import:

1 Trade License:

This license is used for business permission It is issued by City Corporation or

Poroshova

2 Bank current account:

This account will be any scheduled commercial bank

3 TIN (Tax Identification Number) certificate:

It is issued by NBR (National Board of Revenue)

4 Membership of BGMEA or BKMEA or DCCI or BGBA:

This membership which protect from any kind of accident such as conflict

between any industry

Note:

BGMEA = Bangladesh Garment Manufacturers & Exporters Association

BKMEA = Bangladesh Knitwear Manufacturers & Exporters Association

DCCI = Dhaka Chamber of Commerce & Industry

BGBA = Bangladesh Garment Buying House Association

5 IRC (Import Registration Certificate):

It is issued by office of the controller of export & import

6 VRC (Vat Registration Certificate):

It is issued by customs It does not need to renew

7 IMP (Import Permission):

It is issued by any scheduled commercial bank For each order this EXP is

issued separately

8 Memorandum of association:

It is a document that is issued by RJSC (Registered of Joint Stock Companies

and Firms) which indicates the partnership specially share percentage, profit

percentage and any kind of partnership details in case of limited company

9 Certification of incorporation:

It is issued by RJSC (Registered Joint Stock Company) include member details

Note:

1-5 and 7 all points are renew every year

Different types of Payment methods in Garments Trade:

1 L/C (Letter of Credit):

A guarantee letter of payment This letter ensure that seller will get his payment

after delivery of the goods

Types of L/C-

a) L/C at sight: Incase of L/C at sight after delivery of the goods and

documents seller will get his paymentinstantly

b) Deferred at sight: Incase of deferred at sight after delivery of the goods

and documents seller will not get his payment instantly Such as-

2 T/T (Telegraphic Transfer):

T/T means Cash Taka When order quantity is very small and need urgent

delivery, in that case, buyer gives sales contract instead of L/C and sends money

to seller bank by T/T After getting money, the seller sends the goods to buyer

Now it is not use

Types of T/T-

a) Open T/T: Buyer will pay open either 100% or 70% or 50% or 30%

b) Conditional T/T: Buyer will pay advance but can not money without

showing documents

3 D/P (Documents against payment):

Buyer gives order by sales contract instead of L/C but it is risky method After

delivery of the goods and documents seller will not get his payment guaranteed

4 D/A (Documents against acceptance):

This is the most risky method After delivery of the good send documents buyer

will delay the payment Such as-

 D/A at 30 days sight

 D/A at 45 days sight

 D/A at 60 days sight

 D/A at 90 days sight

 D/A at 120 days sight

 D/A at 180 days sight

5 Western Union:

This union is used for very small quantity of the garments For example: 300pcs

of garments

Documents required for Payment:

1 Commercial invoice:

Commercial invoice is the final invoice and basic document It contain all the

details like name & address of importer and exporter, description of goods,

quantity, rate, value of goods, details of shipment

2 Packing List:

This is a document that indicates the contents of each individual carton/

package in the container The packing list includes the cubic

measurement of the cartons/package, the weight, the number of

cartons/packages, the breakdown of the goods by size/color/quantity This

document is prepared by the seller or the ship owner, and the buyer can

specify which information should be included

3 Bill of Landing or Air Way Bill:

Bill of Landing is a document issued by the shipping company acknowledging

that the goods have been shipped on board or air and undertaking that the goods

as received will be delivered to the consignee (Buyer)

When the export contract is CIF, then the exporter makes payment of the freight

and gets “freight paid” Bill of Landing On the other hand, if the contract is

FOB, the freight has to be paid by the importer In that case, the shipping

company will issue a “freight collect” Bill of Landing

There are three categories of garments that we export-

 Woven Garments

 Knit Garments &

 Heavy Knit Garments

b) Casual pants e.g Jeans pants, Cargo pants

3 Half Pants or Shorts:

Men bottom garments above the knee e.g Cargo shorts

4 3/4 of Pants or Bermuda:

Men bottom garments under the knee, above the ankle

e.g Three quarter

Garments common item export from Bangladesh

Fig: Half pant

Fig:Three quarter Fig: Skirt

Fig: Ladies shirt Fig: Capris

It is another type of jacket but in has a hairy look in the collar part

14 Vest/over coat/waist coat:

Sleeveless coat with button at front that is basically used as dress

e.g Mujib coat

15 Pajamas/Night wear/Sleep wear:

Night dress- both top & bottom

Fig: Gilet Fig: Parka

Fig: Vest

Fig: Cap

Knit or Light Knit Garments:

1 T-Shirt:

Top garments that must not contain placket It may contain half collar or

not Collar of T-Shirt is made by circular rib machine Generally single

jersey fabric of GSM 120-220 is used to make T-Shirt

2 Polo Shirt:

Top garments that must have placket and collar The collar of Polo Shirt

is made by flat bed knitting machine Double jersey fabrics are used to

make Polo Shirt

Clothing specially made for swimming purposes These garments are skin

tight, made of hydrophobic fibre and water proof

Fig: Santo ganji

Fig: Swim wear

Fig: Sports wear

Fig: Socks

Gloves have individual finger coverings, offering more

mobility but less overall warmth than mittens

17 Mitten:

A covering for the hand that encases the thumb separately

and the four fingers together

Fig: Boxer shorts

Heavy Knit or Sweater:

1 Pullover:

Long sleeve sweater without button at front

2 Slipover:

Sleeveless sweater without button at front

3 Vest/Waist Coat/Over Coat:

Sleeveless sweater with button at front

Long sleeve sweater with half-zipper at front

Fig: Pullover Fig: Slipover Fig: Vest

Fig: Cardigan Fig: Zip-up Fig: Half-zip

Types of Fleece:

Generally there are two types of fleece

Here one side single jersey and other side is brushed

Here both sides are brushed

Types of Stripe:

Generally there are two types of stripe

1 Feeder Stripe:

When the repeat size of strip in the fabric is less or equal 4 cm then it is

called Feeder Stripe

2 Engineering Stripe:

When the repeat size of strip in the fabric is greater than 4 cm then it is

called Feeder Stripe

Outer Wear:

Garments that protection from bad weather are called outer wear

e.g Rain Coat, Trench Coat, Gilet, Wind Breaker

Fig: Terry fleece Fig: Polar fleece

Garments Accessories/Trims

Without fabric all are accessories It includes thread, button, interlining, zipper,

main label, size label etc

Accessories can be divided into 2

groups- Sewing accessories

 Finishing accessories

Sewing accessories:

1 Sewing thread:

Sewing thread is the most important sewing accessories Sewing thread helps to

sew various parts and accessories with the garment There is slight difference

between yarn and thread Yarns are generally single ply while threads are

generally double plied Yarn is produced from fiber and threads are produced

from yarns

2 Interlining:

Interlining is one kind of accessories used between two layers of the fabrics in

the garments which is invisible To keep the different component or part of a

apparel in a desired shape It may be of 2 types-fusible and non-fusible Also

can be divided into 2 other types-woven and non-woven TC interlining is

widely used to avoid shrinkage problem of 100% cotton interlining Non-woven

interlining made of paper which is widely used in pants is called Pelion It is

cheaper and it has high shrinkage resistant

Uses: Used in waist band, belt loop, fly piece, collar, cuff and any place where

strength of the material is necessary

3 Lining:

Lining is extra fabric (different from main/shell fabric) that is used inside the

garment for covering the fabric of that garment and to provide extra protection

and reinforcement on the garment to keep the shape of the fabric intact Lining

and interlining is almost similar in purpose, however interlining is generally

invisible whereas lining is visible Lining is seen in Blazer& Jacket which is

generally made of Taffeta fabric consisting Polyester & Nylon

4 Label:

A label is accessories which indicate various instructions about garments The

label is attached with garments by sewing It may be of 2 types- woven label

and printed label Normally 3 types of labels are used in apparel industry-

 Main label: This label generally contains the brand/company name or

country name

 Size label: This label contains the size of the garment for easy selection

of size

 Care label: This label contains fabric composition and care instructions

and also the name of the country of origin

5 Zipper:

 It has mainly 4 parts- stopper, slider, tape and teeth

 Zipper length is measured from stopper to stopper

 Tape is normally made of nylon or polyester to avoid shrinkage

 Zipper teeth are normally made of golden brass, antique brass,

antique nickel, antique copper, aluminum, plastic, or nylon

Types of Zipper:

 Plastic zipper or nylon zipper

 Metal zipper &

 Vislon zipper

6 Elastic:

 It is made of lycra (spandex)

 Elastic tapes are mentioned by their width, such as ½″, ¾″, 1″, 1.5″, 2″,

5″ etc

 It may be of different colors and it is found with different stretch ability

Uses: For kids (up to 0-11) trousers and shorts, button hole elastic must be

used.Also used for the bottom waist band of a jacket, vest or pull-over shirt

Also for pants, shorts and skirts

Fig: Main label Fig: Size label Fig: Care label

Shoulder pads are shaped pads used at the shoulder areas of a garment to give a

raised shape or an extended shoulder line to the finished garment Normally

used in blazer and jacket

10 Premade waist band:

Pre-made waist band is used inside the waist band for extra decoration

11 Rib:

Rib is a double jersey fabric Rib is used as-

 Collar of T-shirt: This is made by circular knitting machine

 Collar of Polo-shirt: This is made by flat-bed knitting machine

 Collar of sweater & hoody

 Cuff of T-shirt & Polo-shirt

 Cuff of sweater & hoody

Fig: Elastic Fig: Twill tape Fig: Canvas tape

Fig: Shoulder pad Fig: Pre-made waist band Fig: Rib

12: Button:

Button is an important sewing accessory which is used for fastening and also

used for decorative purpose Button is made of plastic or metal Normally size

of button is measured by “Ligne”

According to the number of hole button can be classified as-

 2 hole button &

 4 hole button

13 Hook & loop or Hook & Bar or Velcro:

Commercial name is ‘Velcro’ Hook & Loop fasteners consist of two

components typically two lineal strips which are attached to the opposing

surfaces to be fastened The first component features even smaller and “hairier”

loops When the two components are pressed together, the hooks catch in the

loops and the two pieces fasten or bind temporarily When separated, by pulling

the two surfaces apart, the Velcro strips make a distinctive ripping sound

Velcro Tapes are good example of Hook & Loop which are generally used in

bags, shoes etc Normally used in kids wear, jacket, cargo pants etc

28L

Fig: Button Fig: Hook & Loop

Finishing accessories:

Accessories that used in finishing are called finishing accessories Finishing

accessories generally used in garments are described

below-Name of Some Sewing Accessories:

1 Shank Button:

Shank Button is a fastening device that has no hole It contains two parts which

are attached by pressing It is used in casual garments The button-hole of shank

button is called “Eyelet’’ This button is attached by snap attaching machine

2 Snap:

Snap is a fastening device that contains four parts

3 Rivet:

It is a fastening device contains two parts It used for fastening and decorative

purpose The size of rivet is expressed in “Ligne” Rivet uses for design and

strength Normally used in jeans pant & canvas pant

4 Buckle:

Metal buckle used in waist band of trench coat

5 Patch:

To attach back side of waist belt of jeans which contain brand name Made of

leather or rexgine It is used for decorative purpose

Fig: Shank button Fig: Snap Fig: Rivet

Fig: Buckle Fig: Patch

6 Pocket Flasher:

Pocket flasher is a hard paper or cardboard flap attached to the right back pocket

of jeans which contain brand name and logo It is used for decorative purpose

7 Butterfly:

This is an accessory which is generally found in the front part of collar of shirts

where button is attached Generally made of plastic or paper

11 Back Board/Card Board:

Backboard is a hardboard/hard paper is placed inside shirt for keeping its shape

unchanged after packing

12 Clip:

Fig: Pocket flasher Fig: Butterfly Fig: Collar stay

Fig: Collar stand Fig: Back board Fig: Clip

Note: Point (7-12) accessories of shirt

16 Poly Bag:

A plastic bag, polybag, or pouch is a type of packaging made of thin, flexible,

plastic film, plastic textile This is basically used for packaging and

transportation There are two types of polybags available, namely individual

polybag and blister polybag Individual polybag contain only one package in

one bag on the other hand blister polybag contain multiple packages in one bag

17 Carton:

The goods are packed into cartons Carton is the name of certain types of

containers typically made from paperboard which is also sometimes

known as card board Many types of cartons are used in packaging

Sometimes a carton is also called a box Cartons are judges by the plies

Generally 3, 5, 7, 9 ply cartons are available

Ply Carton strength Cost

Fig: Draw cord

Fig: Stopper Fig: Pant (Trouser)

Fig: Carton Fig: Polybag

18 Hook & Eye:

Hooks and eyes are small but comparatively strong fasteners which contains 4

parts Though they are mostly applied at single point of a garment opening, such

as waistband or neckline, they can also be used to fasten an entire opening

Normally used in formal pants, kids garments etc

19 Price Ticket:

Also known as UPC (Unit price code) ticket in the garment industry It is paper

made tag which normally mentions price and bar code Bar code sticker may be

attached separately on it

21 Tag pin:

22 Hanger:

The garments are packed into the container on hangers

23 Size clip or Sizer:

Sizer is a part of hanger which contains garments size

24 Size Strip:

Trim that used at front of pants It contains the size of the pants

25 Belt:

Fig: Hook & eye Fig: Price ticket

Fig: Hang tag Fig: Tag pin Fig: Hanger

Fig: Size clip Fig: Size strip Fig: Belt

rin

D-g

Gum tapes are used for closing the carton

Name of Some Accessories Company in Bangladesh:

1 Montrims (Anser Academy, Sofipur, Gazipur) Largest accessories

manufacturing company in Bangladesh

2 KDS

Fig: Tissue paper Fig: Photo-in-lay Fig: Gum tape

Stitch and Seam:

Difference between yarn and thread:

Yarn is produced from spinning and thread is produced from ply of yarn which

is used for sewing

Thread is used in sewing because of its-

 More strength

 More durability

 More abrasion resistant etc

Methods of Stitch Formation:

One loop of one thread

passes through another

loop of another thread

Here, two threads are

used

One loop of one thread passes through another loop of the same thread

Here, one thread is used

One thread passes over another thread Here, two threads are used

Seam

Stitch

Types of stitch:

Stitch types are generally classified in six categories These are-

1 Stitch Class-100 (Single thread chain stitch)

2 Stitch Class-200 (Hand stitch)

3 Stitch Class-300 (Lock stitch)

4 Stitch Class-400 (Multi thread chain stitch)

5 Stitch Class-500 (Over lock stitch or over edge neatening)

6 Stitch Class-600 (Covering chain stitch)

Some brief descriptions of various stitch classes are given below

1 Stitch Class-100 (Single thread chain stitch):

 In this stitch, one loop passing through another loop of same thread

 Stitches are formed one set of thread called “Needle Thread”

 Stitches are formed by intra-looping

 If one end of stitch is pulled then whole sewing will be opened

 The appearance of face and back are different in apparel

Sub-Classes:

a) 101:

Feature:

Uses temporary purposes which can easily pick up

Uses: It is used for blasting of blazer (temporary stitching) e.g Blazer

components joining before final sewing to cooperate sewing

b) 103 (Blind Stitch):

Feature:

Front side is invisible and back side is like chain

Uses: Bottom hemming of dress pants

Upper Side

Bottom Side

Fig Single thread chain stitch