Bao d o nay nbam gidi thieu vdi ddc gil so qua ve Dudng hudng dgy vii't theo the logi Australian Genre Approach, mot phuong phap dugc coi la mdi va chua phd bien d Viet Nam, vdi muc dic
Trang 1AP D U N G DUONG HUONG DAY THEO THE LOAI VAO DAY VIET CHO SINH VIEN N A M THQ NHAT KHOA NGOAI NGQ V A V A N H O A A N H - MY
DAI HOC NGOAI NGU - DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NOI
DANG THI KIM ANH
Trudng DHNN Hd Ngi
I DAT VAN DE
Mac du tie'ng Anh da duge day d Viet Nam da tfl lau, viec day va bgc tie'ng Anh vln cdn nhieu bit cap Mot sd nha ngdn ngfl bgc, vi du nhu d c tic gia Kim Van Tat (2001), Tdn Thu Nguyet (2001) vi Nguyen Bl Ngge (2001), da bay to mdi lo ngai ve chat lugng day va bgc tie'ng Anh d Viet Nam va nhan manh cdng tic ddi mdi phuong pblp gilng day ngoai ngfl ndi chung va tieng Anh ndi rieng
"Trong nganh gilo due dang cd eude van ddng "Ddi mdi chuong trinb, gilo trinb va phuong pblp giang day", nhung tien bd cdn rat cham chap trong mdn ngoai ngfl" (Kim Van Tat, 2001:140)
Ddi vdi viec giang day Ky nang Viet - mot trong bdn ky nang ngdn ngfl dugc chu trgng d khoa NNVH Anb-My, DHNN, DHC^G HN viec ddi mdi phuong pblp gilng day cung la mot nhu d u d p bach
Bao d o nay nbam gidi thieu vdi ddc gil so qua ve Dudng hudng dgy vii't theo the logi (Australian Genre Approach), mot phuong phap dugc
coi la mdi va chua phd bien d Viet Nam, vdi muc dich chia se kinh nghiem va trao ddi ve khi nang flng dung dudng hudng nay vao day vie't cho sinh vien nam tbfl nhlt, khoa NN va VH Anh - My
II CO s d LV LUAN
Dudng hudng day vie't theo the loai la dudng hudng da va dang dugc ap dung rdng rai trong viec day tieng Anh trong nhieu co sd giao
Trang 2due cua Uc, que buong cua dudng hudng nay Genre Approach ra ddi tfl nhflng nam 1970, va da cd nhflng Inh hudng tich cue ddi vdi nen gilo due cua Uc Nhan dinb ve tlm quan trgng cua Genre Approach, Hyon da viet: "Phuong pblp su pham theo the loai da tic ddng den toan bd d c he thd'ng gilo due cua d c bang" (1996:710) Khdng chi dugc cdng nhan d Uc, dudng hudng nay cung da dugc danh gia cao d
d c nude Bic My vl Anh (Gee, 1997; Cope & Kalantzis, 1993)
Ban chat, vl co sd ly thuyet cua Dudng hudng dgy vii't theo the logi nhu the' nao m l lai dugc dinh gil cao nhu vay? Phan II cua bao
d o se trinb biy co sd ly thuye't, d c budc trong chu ky day viet theo dudng hudng the' loai, vl ket qua cua mot so nghien cflu ve day vie't theo dudng hudng nly
1 Co SGi ly thuyet cua dirdng hudng day theo the loai (Australian Genre Approach)
Australian Genre Approach dugc hinh thanh dua tren ca sd ly thuye't ngdn ngfl bgc cbfle nang (Systemic Functional Linguistics) (sau day tam viet tit II SFL, hoac ngdn ngfl bgc cbfle nang), ma theo Christie (1990) va Hammond (1987) II do nhl ngdn ngfl bgc ngudi Anh Halliday va mot sd nha ngdn ngfl bgc kbic pbit trien Do gidi ban cua bio d o nay, ly thuyet ve SFL se khdng dugc neu cu the Ddc gil cd the tham khio mot sd sich nhu d c an pham cua Halliday (1985, 1994, 1999) de biet cu the ve ly thuyet SFL
Mot ndi dung quan trgng trong dudng hudng day theo the loai bit diu tfl dinh nghia "the loai" Theo Derewianka (1990:18), mot dinh nghia cua "the loai" la:
"As different cultures achieve their purposes through language in different ways, this results in differences in the way texts are structured to achieve their purpose in different cultures When we consider the structure of a text to help it achieve its purpose, we are looking at its geme, which roughly refers to "particular text types" Dinh nghia nay dugc tic gil tam dich la:
"Vi rndi nen van boa cd mot cich rieng de dat duge muc dich giao tie'p cua minh tbdng qua ngdn ngfl, d c nen van hda khic nhau se cd
Trang 3su khac biet trong d u true cua d c van ban nbim giup ngudi ban ngfl dat dugc muc dich giao tiep cua minh Khi chung ta xem xet d u true cua mot van ban de giup van ban dat duge muc dich ma ngudi ta da de
ra cho van ban dd, ehflng ta dang chfl y den "the loai", bay tam hieu la
" d c loai van ban khac nhau"
Mot khia canh quan trgng khac d n bie't tdi khi ap dung Australian Genre Approach, ehlnh la d c nguydn tic ve gilng day d c the loai
- Nguyen tie tbfl nhat: Su phit trien ngdn ngfl dugc coi la lien
quan tdi ba yen to cd mdi quan he mat thiet vdi nhau: hgc ngdn ngd, hgc qua ngdn ngd, vd hgc vi ngdn Aigt? (Christie, 1985:29) Dieu nay cd
nghia viec bgc mot ngdn ngfl bit budc phli sfl dung/ thuc banh ngdn ngfl dd, va phai ed kien thflc (ngfl pblp) ve ngdn ngfl dd
- Nguyen tie tbfl bai: Qud trinh hgc ngdn ngd se diin ra hieu qud han ni'u giao viin dgy mot each rd rdng vd cu the Dieu nay cd
nghia giao vien phli day cho bgc sinh rd rang ve cbfle nang cua ngdn ngfl (Rothery, 1996) va ve d c the loai khIc nhau (Martin, 1999) Dieu nay cung ddng nghia vdi viec gilo vien phli day ngfl pblp, ngfl pblp cbfle nang, chfl khdng phli la ngfl pblp truydn thd'ng (Cope & Kalantzis, 1993)
- Nguyen tic tbfl ba: Qud trinh hgc ngdn ngd Id mot chudi cdc budc phdt trien theo tudn tu (scaffolded developmental steps)dd'i vdi
d c khia canh cua ngdn ngfl (Feez & Joyce, 1998) Nguyen tie nay lien quan den d c budc trong chu ky day theo dudng hudng the' loai se dugc de cap d phan sau
- Nguyen tic tbfl tu nhan manh vao hgc vie't: Hgc viet cd nghia la
hgc de ed the vii't nhieu the logi khac nhau (Christie, 1989) ly thuyet
ve the loai khuyen kbich viec linh hdi nhieu the loai khIc nhau va d c each khac nhau de sfl dung ngfl pblp de tao ra d c the loai
2 Cac birdc trong chu ky day viet theo dirdng hudng the loai Tfl khi Dudng hudng day theo the loai ra ddi, mot sd d e md hinh day vie't dua tren dudng hudng nay da dugc phat trie'n, nhu md hinh cua Callaghan va Rothery (1988), Murray va Zammit (1992), Rothery (1996), Feez va Joyce (1998)
Trang 4Mae du d c md hinh cd d c diem khac nhau, hau bet d c md hinh deu cd ba budc/ giai doan chung, dd la: The Deconstruction Stage (Tam dich II: Giai doan phan tich; The Joint Construction Stage (Tam dich II: Giai doan cung xay dung); va The Independent Stage (Tam dich la: Giai doan viet ddc lap)
- Giai doan phan tich: gidi thieu d c bai mlu theo the' loai
trgng tam cho hgc sinh de' sinh vien cd the' dgc, lam quen vdi the' loai
vl phan tich bai mlu d ve d u true va khia canh ngfl pblp cbfle nang
dien hinh cua the loai
- Giai doan ciing xay dung: trong giai doan nay, hgc sinh bit
dau xay dung d c bai viet theo the loai, cdn gilo vien tbi rut din dan
su trg giup cua minh ddi vdi viec viet cua hgc sinh khi bgc sinh da
"cflng d p " ban va tien den lam chu the loai mot d e b ddc lap Trong giai doan nay thudng tbi bgc sinh se viet hoac theo nhdm hoac vdi giao vien
- Giai doan vie't doe lap: Hgc sinh se tu minh viet d c bli thude
the' loai trgng tam Trong giai doan nay, hgc sinh cung dugc khuyen kbich vie't nhieu lln, tu solt vl chfla Idi de tien din den viec nim vflng the' loai trgng tam
3 Ket qua mot s o nghien cOru ve day viet theo dirdng hudng the loai
Hau bet d c nghien cflu ve hgc vl day viet theo the loai (Australian Geme Approach) deu dugc tien banh tai Uc, que buong cua dudng hudng nay Trong ngfl cinh nay, da sd nghien ciiu mdi dung lai d mfle do day tieng Anh cho hgc sinh phd tbdng ban ngfl, vi
du nhu d c nghien cflu cua Sandiford (1997), Nicollazo (2000), Barclay va Traser (1999), hay cua Donovan (2001) Mac dfl da cd nghien cflu ve day tie'ng Anh cho ngudi nude ngoai EFL, nhung con sd nhflng nghien cflu nay la rat khiem ton, vi du: Sutojo (1994) ve day vie't theo dudng hudng the loai d bae phd tbdng tai Indonexia, va Dang Tbi Kim Anh (2001) ve day viet theo dudng hudng the loai tai bae dai hoc tai Viet Nam
Trang 5TSit ca d c nghien eun deu cho tha'y d c ke't qua kha quan ve day ngdn ngfl theo Australian Geme Approach, tuy nhien sd nghien eun lien quan de'n day tie'ng Anh nhu mot ngoai ngfl d bae dai hgc la rat nhd
III DAC DIEM HOC VA DAY VIET NAM T H Q NHAT
Phan III nay dua ra d c dac diem khich quan cua viec day viet cho sinh vien nam tbfl nhat, khoa Ngdn ngfl va Van hda Anb-My de lam
tien de cho cau tra Idi cho cau hdi: Lieu dudng hudng dgy vii't theo the logi cd nen ap dung cho nhdm sinh vien nay khdng
- Mot diem quan trgng la giao trinh day Vie't 2004-2005 cho sinh vien nam tbfl nhat nhln manh vao kha nhieu d c the loai nhu: Viet d c loai thu tin (vd: thu xin viec, thu mdi, thu tfl ehd'i, thu phan nan, thu tin
d nhan); d c the loai bio d o , bai bao ngan, the loai tudng thuat, ke' chuyen, v.v va v.v Dieu nay cung gin gidng vdi mot khia canh cua nguyen tic tbfl tu cua dudng hudng day theo the loai
- Sinh vien nam thfl nhat mdi Idn bae dai bgc va mdi dugc gidi thieu vao viet d c the loai ma khdng duge gidi thieu d bae phd tbdng
- Qua thue te" danh gil khdng chinh thflc nhu d u , nguyen vgng cua mot nhdm sinh vien nam thfl nhat, khoa NN va VH Anb-My trong nam hgc 2004 - 2005, d e em bay to mong mud'n dugc tham khao nhieu mlu trudc khi viet, de' cd the nlm chic d c dac diem ve cau true
va ngdn ngfl eua the loai trudc khi bit tay vao viet the loai dd Dieu nay cung phu hgp vdi dac diem cua Giai doan Phan tich trong chu ky day vie't theo the loai
- Ve phuong phap hgc cua sinh vien: vi d c em mdi vao dai hgc, chua quen vdi phuong phap day va bgc d bae dai hgc, ndn cin dugc dinh hudng de phIt trien hon nfla kha nang hgc tap ddc lap cua bin than, tuy nhien cd the' phu thude d giao vien d mot mfle do nhat dinh Vdi muc dich giup ngudi hgc dan din nlm vflng the loai va cd the vie't ddc lap, chu ky day vie't theo the loai nhu da ndu d phan tren cd the giup dap flng dugc yeu cau nay cua sinh vien
Trang 6IV AP DUNG DAY VIET THEO THE LOAI VAO DAY VIET CHO SINH VIEN NAM THC; NHAT - KHOA NN VA VH ANH MY
Vdi nhflng phan tich tren day ve Australian Geme Approach va ve dac diem hgc vl day viet cho sinh vien nam thfl nhat, khoa NN va VH Anb-My, chung ta cd the thay dugc su phfl hgp cua dudng hudng nay ddi vdi viec day viet cho sinh vien nam tbfl nhat Vay cd nen ap dung dudng hudng nly khdng? Tic gia cua bio d o nay cd the tra Idi mot
d e b khi tu tin II nen Thuc te tbi da cd mot nghien cflu tbfl nghiem dudng buong nly vao day viet cho sinh vien nam thfl bai - K33 khoa Anh (Dang Tbi Kim Anh, 2001) va ket qui II rat kha quan Hon nfla, mac dfl dudng hudng nly chua dugc phd bien rdng rai trong day tie'ng Anh tai Viet Nam, no da dugc tic gil cua bio d o nay ap dung vio day vie't cho sinh vien nam thfl nhat va nam thfl bai lap Chat lugng cao khoa Anh, va vao day vie't cho sinh vien nam thfl nhlt he dai tra khoa Anh trong vai nam trd lai day Thuc te' cho thay hau bet sinh vien nlm rd ve the loai va cd the tu tin viet d c bai vie't thude d c the loai khIc nhau vay neu Ip dung Australian Genre Approach vao day viet cho sinh vien nam thfl nhat khoa NN va VH Anb-My, tbi d n cd nhflng thay ddi gi? Kinh nghiem cua tic gil, ket hgp vdi nghien cflu chinh thflc ddi vdi sinh vien K33 (Dang Tbi Kim Anh, 2001), cho thay:
- Nen Ip dung el ba giai doan cua chu ky day viet (nhu da gidi thieu trong phin II Co sd ly luan)
- Tuy nhien can cd mot so chfl y vl thay ddi sau cho d c giai doan:
- Giai doan Phan tich: Cho sinh vien bli mlu va phan tich dac diem cau true vl dac diem ngdn ngfl cua the loai Tuy nhien ddi vdi dac diem ngdn ngfl tbi cd the dimg lai d mfle co ban cua Ngfl phip cbfle nang, ket hgp vdi ngfl pblp truyen thd'ng
- Giai doan Cung xay dung: vi dac diem sinh vien d bae dai hgc, sinh vien cd the' xay dung d c bai vie't thude the loai theo nhdm,
va bd qua giai doan sinh vien va gilo vien viet cflng nhau
- Giai doan Viet dgc lap: Ket hgp bien tap nhieu lln, khuyen kbich sinh vien llm viec theo nhdm hoac el nhan khi solt bai va chfla Idi
Trang 7KET LUAN
Day chi la mot bio d o khiem tdn, nhim gidi thieu mot dudng hudng day vie't ed trien vgng cho ddc gia va chia se kinh nghiem cua tic gia Chic chin d n nhflng nghien cflu nfla trudc khi cd the' ap dung dudng hudng day vie't theo the loai tren dien rdng d khoa Anh - My Tic gia cflng rat mong nhan dugc d c y kien ddng gdp cung nhu trao ddi cua ddc gia ve dudng hudng Australian Genre Approach
Tai lieu tham khao
Barclay, K & Traser, L (1999) Supporting young researchers as they write to learn Childhood education, 75(4), 215 - 224
Callaghan, M & Rothery, J (1988) Teaching factual writing: a genre-based approach News South Wales: Metropolitan East
Disadvantaged Schools Program
Christie, F (1985) Language education Geelong: Deakin University Press
Christie, F (Ed.) (1989) Writing in schools: Study guide Geelong: Deakin University Press
Cope, B & Kalantzis, M (Eds.) (1993) The powers of literacy: A genre approach to teaching writing London" The Palmers Press
Dang, T K (2001) Applying a genre approach in teaching the writing of the English discussion genre to Vietnamese EFL students at the tertiary level
Derewianka, B (1990) Exploring how texts work Newton: Primary English Teaching Association
Donovan, C (2001) Children's development and control of written story and informational genres: Insights from one elementary school Research in the teaching of English, 35(3), 394-447
Feez, S & Joyce, H (1998) Writing skills: Narrative & non-fiction text-types Australia: Phoenix Education
Gee, S (1997) Teaching writing: a genre-based approach Hertfordshire: Prentice Hall Europe ELT in association with British Council
Trang 8Halliday, M K (1985) An introduction to functional grammar
(1" ed.) London: Arnold
Halliday, M K (1994) An introduction to functional grammar
(2"'' ed.) London: Arnold
Hyon, S (1996) Genre in three traditions: Implications for ESL TESOL Quarterly, 30(4), 693-722
Kim, V T (2001) Ky yi'u Hdi thdo Khoa hgc Qude gia: Ddo tgo giao viin ngogi ngd phd tlidng cho thdp ky ddu tlii'ky XXI (139 - 142) Nguyen, B N (2001) Ky yi'u Hdi thdo Khoa hgc Qude gia: Ddo tgo gido viin ngogi ngd phd thong cho thdp ky ddu thi'ky XXI (116 - 120) Nicolazzo, B (2000) Teaching genres in primary school: What teachers should know and do
Sandiford, C (1997) Teaching explanations to primary school children: the How and the Why
Sutojo (1994) Developing competence in writing in English as a foreign language - A study in the teaching of the writing of report to junior high school students in Indonesia using a genre-based approach
Ton, T N (2001) (2001) Ky yiu Hdi thdo Khoa hgc Qude gia: Ddo tgo gido viin ngogi ngd phd thdng cho thdp ky ddu thi' ky XXI (125 -129)