nghien cuu khoa hoc 2

The example of how a research report is structured.Title: Difficulties in using the English tenses and suggested solution for the second year accounting major students at Hung Yen univ

welcome

Group members:

1 Do Thi Vinh

2 Nguyen Thi Hanh

3 Pham Thi Huyen Trang

4 Hoang Thi Hau

5 Quach Xuan Tuan

6 Tao Thi Trang

Introduction

Lecturer: Hoang Thi Huyen

List of contents

5.1 The structure of the research paper

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5.1 The structure of the research paper

• The process of writing up your research can be

greatly facilitated by working out a structure for the report before beginning

The example of how a research report is structured.

Title: Difficulties in using the English tenses and

suggested solution for the second year accounting

major students at Hung Yen university of education and technology

1 Rationale of the study

2 Aim of the study

3 Research questions

4 Scope of the study

5 Methods of the study

6 Design of the study

Chapter 1: Literature review

1.1 Background of English

1.2 Tenses in English

1.3 Summary

Chapter 2: The study

2.1 Background of the study

5.1 The structure of the research paper

1 Summary of the study

2 Limitations of the study

3 Suggestion of the further study

References

Appendices

5.1 The structure of the research paper

 The paper falls naturally into several

sections It begins with an introduction,

purpose, and rationale, including an

indication of the literature review The study itself is then described, and the results are presented and discussed The paper

concludes with a discussion of the

theoretical and practical implications of the research, the limitations of the research, and suggestions for further studies

5.1 The structure of the research paper

Note: The expected format of a

research paper may vary from

institution to institution, so make

sure you check with your institution before writing up your research

paper

5.1 The structure of the research paper

What are purposes of the

different parts of a research report? 5.1 The structure of the research paper

Section Purpose of section

Abstract + To briefly introduce the reader to the aims of the study,

the methodology, results and findings

+ To define the research questions of the study+ To give a very brief background of relevant theory and practice for your topic

5.1 The structure of the research paper

Overview of the structure of your thesis

Literature review + To demonstrate that you are aware of theories and resarch in

Methodology + To demonstrate that you are aware of the research methods

used to study this topic.

+ To justify the research method and approach you have taken for your study

+ To show how and why you chose your research participants, and to describe the participiants and the context in mỏe detail.

+ To explain and justify the methods of data collection and analysis.

Results + To present the findings of your research in an orderly manner,

using headings planned in your methodology or headings arising from patterns found in the research.

5.1 The structure of the research

paper

5.1 The structure of the research paper

Discussion + To comment on the trends/ findings and show your understanding of what

your data suggests.

+ To compare your findings with what the literature says and with what you may have predicted or what you set out to find out more about

+ To highlight anything unexpected that came up.

Conclusion + To sum up your findings and highlight the significance of the outcomes of your

study.

+ To outline any implications or recommendations indicated by the findings.

+ To discuss the limitations of your study and indicate where further research is needed.

References + To list alphabetically all the reference materials that have been cited in the text

of the report.

Appendices + To present relevant details such as letters (e.g Regarding the ethics and

conduct of the project) to participants and organisation.

+ To present details of questionnaires, surveys and other relevant instrucments that you developed for the purpose of the study.

5.2 Writing the abstract

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 An abstract is summary of a body of information It

expresses the main claim and argument of a paper.

 Highlighting or reviewing the major points covered along with the content and scope of the writing.

 be a useful tool for writers to check that they have a

clear grasp of their thesis and argument.

 Saying everything of central importance in a way that

gives the reader a clear overview of what is contained in the essay.

5.2.1 The primary purpose of an

abstract is to guide readers

5.2.2 Essential elements of the abstract

Background: Placing the work in context

(1 -> 2 simple opening sentences).

Aims: Giving the purpose of the work (1 -> 2

5.2.3 Questions that an abstract answers

Why did you do this study or project ?

An abstract should include the few things you would like your reader

to remember long after the details of your paper may be forgotten

 Well developed paragraphs are unified, coherent, concise, and able

to stand alone.

 Uses an introduction/body/conclusion structure which presents the report’s purpose, results, conclusions, and recommendations in

that order.

 Follows strictly the chronology of the report.

 Provides logical connections between the information included.

 Adds no new information, but simply summarizes the report.

 Is understandable to a wide audience.

 Uses passive verbs to downplay the author and emphasize the

information

5.2.4 Qualities of a good abstract

5.2.5 Steps to writing effective abstracts

Look specifically for these main parts of the report: purpose, methods, scope, results,

conclusions, and recommendation.

Reread the research report with the goal of abstracting in mind

Step 1

5.2.5 Steps to writing effective abstracts

• Don’t merely

copy key sentences from the report.

• Don’t rely on

the way material was phrased in the report.

Write a rough draft without

looking back

at what you’re abstracting.

Step 2

5.2.6 DON’T

or similar It is better to write about the research than

about the paper.

reported”, “ is analyzed” or similar.

is believed that…”,”it is felt that…” or similar.

5.2.6 DON’T

Do not repeat or rephrase the title.

Do not refer in the abstract to information that is not in the document.

If possible, avoid trade names, acronyms,

abbreviations, or symbols

 the abstract should be about the research, not about the act of writing.

Where to find examples of abstracts

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5.2.7 Where to find examples of

abstracts

1

The best source

of example abstracts is journal articles

Look at biology journals, or electronic journal

on the web.

3

The more abstracts you read, the easier

it is to spot the good ones.

2

Pick and Read the best

abstract and article that is easier to read and figure out how they do it.

Examples

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5.2.9 Example of bad abstract

Grammar is a very important part besides the language skills due to the fact

that grammar provides indispensible input for students who have to read

English materials for their own majors However, in reality, applying English

grammar in general and the English tenses in particular to practice has caused

difficulties to almost learners, especially, the non- major English students The

analysis of the difficulties encountered in using the tenses will help students to use

English better.

In order to recognize what the difficulties are, this study surveyed and analyzed

190 second year students at the Department Of Economy, major in Accounting and 8

English teachers of Department of Foreign language Once problems have been

indentified, suggestions for students to improve the ability in using the English tenses

would be made.

The study consists of three parts It begins with an introduction to the thesis

The review of related literature, the research on the practical situation of teaching

and learning English grammar at UTEHY, the discussion and recommendations are

presented in the second part The final part focuses on the summary, the limitations

of the thesis and suggestions for further study.

•Backgr

ound to the study.

• aim

• method

•An overview

of organizat ion which should not have included

in the abstract

5.2.9 Example of good abstract

.

The study examines how Australian learners of Indonesian perform

requests in everyday situations compared to Indonesian native speakers

The data were collected by means of interactive role play Results

showed that both groups of subjects favour the same request type: query

preparatory However, learner subjects used a different modal verb to

perform their requests, used Want statements and hint statements more

than native Indonesians, and used elided imperatives less often The

findings emphasise the potential importance of positive pragmatic transfer,

of the negative effect of formal instruction, and of learners’ concern for

clarity The study also has developmental implications for L2 pragmatic

Most broadly, it supports the claim of Bialystok (1993) that the main task for

adult learners of L2 pragmatics is to gain control over knowledge rather

than knowledge itself It also suggests that Want statements and hint

statements will be used in inverse proportion to language proficiency, that

competence in aspects of requesting linked to conversational management

will develop in tandem with linguistic proficiency, and that a U-shaped curve

of development is likely in the acquisition of request strategies realized by

very short form

• Arm

• method

• results

•conclusi on

5.3 Writing the introduction

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• The purpose of the introduction: is to frame the paper for its reader

• It should provide:

 A brief description of the topic including any background that might be necessary for the general reader to

understand the research area

 A statement as to why the topic is worth researching or why it could be found interesting

 A statement of the research objectives or hypothesis.

 A statement of the method(s) and the scope of study.

 An overview of the rest of the paper

5.3 Writing the introduction

everything you know about a subject.

 State the hypothesis/ objective precisely – do not oversimplify

 As always, pay attention to spelling, clarity and appropriateness of sentences and phrases

5.3 Writing the introduction

• Example: Difficulties in using the English tenses and suggested solutions for the second year

accounting major students at Hung Yen University

of Education and Technology

5.3 Writing the introduction

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Thank You!