Sulfur dioxide is emitted mainly by coal-fired power stations, oil refineries, factories and foundries.. Citizens have no right to complain about air pollution, however, if they drive an
Trang 1- to be dealt with : đ-ợc giải quyết
- collection : sự thu gom
- composting plant : nhà máy phân hữu cơ
- awkward : bất tiện, khó sử dụng,gây khó khăn
* awkward shape/door
* You put me in an awkward position : bạn đặt tôi vào một tình trạng khó xử
- to process sth into sth : chế biến cái gì thành cái gì
- to sort sth into sth : phân loại cái gì thành cái gì
- to deliver : giao, phân phối
- to subsidize : bao cấp, trợ cấp
* subsidized industries : các ngành công nghiệp đ-ợc bao cấp
April 22nd being Earth Day, my wife and I decided to clean up the valley behind our village With the help of a couple of neighbors, we pulled out all of the litter from the bushes and piled it up beside the road There were dozens of used tires, proving my theory that most of the litter was left
by drivers Other items of note included several bicycles, a toaster and eight fashionable shoes, none matching The most numerous category, however, was empty drink cans, of which there were enough to build a jumbo jet
I personally feel that litterbugs should be thrown into prison and made to chew old car tires and empty cans for the rest of their lives Unfortunately, however, they are very hard to catch, as most
of them sneak out under cover of darkness to do their evil deeds A more practical solution would
be to put the burden of collection on dealers If, for example, tire retailers were obliged by law to collect one used tire for every new one they sold, very few would be dumped The used tires could either be recycled or used as fuel to generate electricity In Britain, there is a power station which is fueled solely by used tires Alternatively, the government could introduce a penalty tax on dispos-
Trang 2able items such as tires and drink containers, which would be refunded to whoever returned the items for recycling
Most of the discarded cans littering the countryside were bought from vending machines The most effective solution, therefore, is to ban such machines This would also help reduce demand for energy, since the average vending machine consumes 600 watts of electricity 24 hours a day, 365 days every year, and it would cut consumption of antisocial products such as cigarettes, beer and bubble gum
Recycling enthusiasts often propose that drinks be sold in glass bottles instead of cans, since bottles can be washed and used again Having injured myself several times on broken bottles when hiking,
I am inclined to disagree Glass, unlike plastic or metal, does not decay If you leave a glass bottle,
a plastic bottle, an aluminum can and a paper container outside in the sunshine and rain, the paper container will decompose within three months, the aluminum can and plastic bottle will last 500 years, but the glass bottle will remain forever
Recycling is an excellent idea, but it is not a solution to the problem of litter The answer, in fact, is
to use biodegradable materials for all disposable products One such material, made from cornstarch, is as tough as plastic but decomposes and disappears within a year of exposure to the elements, with no jagged edges to harm the unwary hiker and no toxins to pollute the river Moreover, it is nutritious, and could be used to feed imprisoned litterbugs, thus saving taxpayers
* He proves hímelf to be an expert on English
Ông ta chứng tỏ mình rất lão luyện tiếng Anh
- fashionable : hợp thời trang
* fashionable clothes : áo quần hợp thời trang
- litterbug : ng-ời xả rác
- to be thrown into prison : bỏ tù
- to sneak out to do sth : lén lút làm cái gì, trốn chui trốn lũi làm cái gì
- retailer : ng-ời bán lẻ
- to be obliged to do sth: bị bắt buộc làm cái gì
- practical solution : giải pháp thực tế
- vending machine : máy bán hàng tự động
Trang 3- to be inclined to do sth : cã chiÒu h-íng lµm c¸i g×
Situated on a basin surrounded by snow-capped mountains, Mexico City might be one of the world's most beautiful capitals Instead, it is the most polluted Toxic smoke from 35,000 factories and exhaust gas from three million motor vehicles frequently get trapped over the city
by a natural phenomenon known as thermal inversion, forcing 16 million residents to breathe a cocktail of toxic gases In 1986 it was so bad that dead birds dropped out of the sky
Mexico City may be the worst, but cities throughout the world suffer similar problems In 1953, a deadly smog killed more than 4,000 Londoners and led to the world's first legislation aimed at reducing air pollution The situation improved greatly with the construction of higher factory chimneys and a ban on domestic coal fires
Urban air pollution consists of five main ingredients: sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, ozone and suspended particulate matter These are accompanied by various other toxic gases, depending on what local factories are producing Approximately 1.3 million tons of toxic chemicals are released into American skies every year Only seven of the 320 chemicals are regulated by the Environmental Protection Agency In some areas, air pollution is so severe that one in 10 residents is likely to suffer from cancer sooner or later Elsewhere, over a 100 million Americans breathe air which is certain to harm them over the long term
Sulfur dioxide is emitted mainly by coal-fired power stations, oil refineries, factories and foundries In the 1960s it was a serious problem in Japanese cit5 ies Since the introduction of strict controls in 1972, however, sulfur dioxide has become less of a problem On the other hand, there has been a drastic increase in the emission of nitrogen oxides These are also given off when coal, oil and gas are burned, but the main source is motor vehicles The relentless increase
in the number of cars and trucks on the roads has cancelled out any benefits from the decrease in sulfur emissions
Trang 4Auto exhaust gas also contains carbon monoxide - another poison - and reacts with sunlight to form ozone, another harmful gas The fifth member of the evil toxic quintet is suspended particulate matter, small particles of a tarlike substance containing over 400 different harmful ingredients The biggest 5 cause of SPM is exhaust gas from diesel engines, and trucks in particular
These five gases, alone or together, cause lung cancer, asthma, chronic bronchitis, eye diseases and many other ailments familiar to city dwellers
Notes:
- smog = smoke + fog : mồ hóng
- mask : mặt nạ
* gas mask : mặt nạ phòng hơi độc
- to be situated # to be located : nằm, toạ lạc, chiếm cứ
- snow-capped mountain : núi có tuyết phủ
- exhaust gas : khí thải từ ô tô- phenomenon : hiện tợng
- similar : tơng tự
* to be similar to : tơng tự với
- thermal : thuộc về nhiệt
* thermal spring : suối néơc nóng
- to lead to : dẫn đến, gây ra
* The road leads to my school
Con đờng dẫn đến trờng tôi
- legislation : luật, đạo luật
- to be aimed at : nhằm để làm gì
* My project is aimed at helping poor people
Dự án của tôi nhằm giúp dân nghèo
- chimney : ống khói
- domestic : thuộc về trong nhà
* domestic animals : vật nuôi
* Horses, cows and sheep are domestic animals
Ngựa, bò, và cừu là những vật nuôi
- to consist of # to be made up of : gồm có, bao gồm
* The committee consists of 10 members
Uỷ ban gồm 10 ngời
- suspended : treo lơ lững
Trang 5* to be suspended in air : lơ lững trong không khí
- to be accompanied by : cùng với
- to be released : thải ra
* Toxic chemicals are released into the sky
Hoá chất độc hại bị thải ra trong khí quyển
* to release a man from prison : thả một ngời ra khỏi tù
- severe : nghiêm trọng, dữ dội, nghiêm nghị
* a severe pain : cơn đau dữ dội
* a severe look : cái nhìn nghiêm nghị
- a drastic increase : một sự gia tăng đáng kể
- a relentless increase : một sự gia tăng nhảy vọt
- chronic bronchitis : bệnh viêm phổi mãn tính
When a cloud of toxic gas escaped from a U.S factory in Bhopal, India, in 1984, killing thousands of people, Americans said it couldn't happen at home They are wrong The same gas, methyl isocyanate, is emitted every day from chemical plants in the U.S.A., along with more than
300 other kinds of chemical, many of which are known to cause cancer A study by the Environmental Protection Agency in 1989 revealed that 205 factories were emitting dangerous quantities of harmful chemicals into the air, threatening the health of nearby residents
Factories are by no means the only source of air pollution Power stations, oil refineries and metal foundries also emit large quantities of pollutants Citizens have no right to complain about air pollution, however, if they drive an automobile: cars and trucks are the biggest source of toxic carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide and suspended particulate matter
In 1990, U.S legislators made a brave attempt to reduce harmful emissions by introducing strict new controls In order to comply with the new Clean Air Act, power stations, factories, smelters, oil refineries and large bakeries had to install expensive new antipollution equipment and automobile manufacturers had to design cleaner engines or fit efficient catalytic converters to tailpipes The new law was expected to cost Americans about $25 billion a year, but was nevertheless widely supported by both manufacturers and consumers
Air pollution authorities in California have had to go far beyond the limits of federal law in order
to tackle the haze in Los Angeles, North America's most polluted city Regulations on auto emissions - already the world's strictest - will become even stricter in the year 2003, when 10% of all new vehicles sold in California must be zero-emission vehicles Emission limits have been imposed not only on the major sources of pollution but also on bakeries, lawn mowers, chain saws, gas water heaters and even floor polish
Trang 6Clean air has begun to take priority over corporate profits in the West, thanks to the growing power of the environmental lobby Elsewhere, however, economic development still takes precedence over the environment In Benxi, China, the smog is so thick that for six months a year, maximum visibility is only 50 meters Factories in Cracow, Poland, pump an estimated 10,000 tons of toxic gases into the air every day India's most famous monument, the Taj Mahal,
is cracked and yellow after years of exposure to pollutants from nearby iron foundries in and around Agra These cities, and thousands like them, can afford neither to clean up their factories and foundries nor to close them down Unless they receive technological and financial help from rich industrialized nations, their residents may never breathe pure air
Notes:
- Environmental Protection Agency : Cơ Quan Bảo Vệ Môi tr-ờng
- to threaten : đe doạ
* to threaten to do sth : đe doạ làm cái gì
- to make an attempt : cố gắng
- strict : nghiêm túc, nghiêm ngặt
- to go far beyond the limit : v-ợt quá giới hạn
- to be imposed on : gây tác động cho, gây ảnh h-ởng cho
- monument : di tích
The production of plastics, drugs and farm chemicals results in a number of dangerous by-products: poisonous gases which cause air pollution, acid rain and global warming, deadly liquids which pollute nearby rivers and underground water resources, and toxic solid waste which has to be burned or dumped at great risk to the environment Mines and oil refineries also produce hazardous waste, but the chemical industry is the worst culprit
Some years ago, a huge quantity of toxic waste was found in Love Canal, a residential area near Niagara Falls This discovery was followed by an investi- gation which revealed over 35,000 toxic waste dumps all over the U.S.A Many people were found to be suffering from serious illnesses related to the poisonous chemicals in their neighborhoods and even beneath their homes, but no-body was prepared to accept responsibility until public opinion and a series of lawsuits forced the federal government to take action A "Superfund" was set up to pay for the cleaning up of toxic waste sites The huge costs were to be born by the companies which produced and dumped the waste, and by taxes on newly produced waste
Toxic waste dumps contain PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls), cadmium, chromium, arsenic, lead, dioxin and many other dangerous substances PCBs 20 cause cancer and reproductive disorders The Texas Eastern Transmission Corporation illegally dumped them in 89 different locations near
Trang 7their gas pipelines, contaminating local drinking water The penalty? A $15-million fine, in a year when the company earned $1,300 million in profits "Itai Itai" Disease was caused by cadmium dumped in the Jinzu River in Japan When people ate rice grown in nearby paddy fields, their bones became brittle and they suffered extreme pain More than a hundred people died
Problems like these occur because of inadequate control by the authorities Factory managers offer waste disposal contracts to the lowest bidder, with no concern as to where the waste is dumped Truck drivers merely follow orders, collecting their deadly cargoes and dumping them as instructed, often late at night Waste disposal companies make huge profits without having to pro-vide any details to the authorities
The situation will not improve until governments introduce strict controls on the disposal of hazardous waste Both producers and disposers must be required to inform local authorities and residents about every kilogram of toxic waste: where it was produced, who transported it and where
it ended up Operators who do not disclose such information, make false reports or dump waste illegally must be severely punished
Notes:
- deadly secret : bí mật chết ng-ời
- by-product : phó phẩm
- oil-refinery : nhà máy lọc dầu
- hazardous : nguy hiểm
- culprit : tội phạm
- residential area : vùng dân c-
- investigation : cuộc điều tra
- to be related to : có liên quan đến
- to be prepared to # to be ready to : sẵn sàng
- responsibility : trách nhiệm
* to take full responsibility for : chịu hoàn toàn trách nhiệm về
- public opinion : d- luận, ý kiến công chúng
- to make huge profit : kiếm đ-ợc nhiều tền lời, thu đ-ợc khoản lợi khổng lồ
- bidder : ng-ời đấu thầu, nhà thầu
- to be punished : bị phạt
Trang 8The disposal of toxic waste used to be easy It was put in big steel drums, transported by truck to isolated places and then dumped When this method was finally banned, companies began to buy
up old mines and other convenient sites in which to dump their waste When there were no more cheap sites and local residents began to sue them for polluting their water resources, companies began to load their waste on ships and dump it in the sea Soon, this practice was banned, and the waste was instead burned in special incinerator ships The highly toxic ash which remained was then illegally dumped in the sea or taken to the Third World, where government officials agreed
to accept the waste in exchange for desperately needed foreign money and large bribes
In 1987 and 1988, toxic waste from Italy was illegally dumped in Koko, Nigeria It was falsely classified as harmless, but when the drums leaked and many people became ill, the Nigerian government demanded that it be removed It was eventually returned to Italy on a ship named the
Karin B As a result of this incident - just one of many - the United Nations Environment
Program drafted an international agreement on waste disposal which was adopted at the Basel Convention in 1989 The agreement lists 47 dangerous chemicals which cannot be exported or imported by any of the 60-plus nations which have so far accepted it The European Union ratified the agreement in 1992 The U.S.A and Japan have accepted it on principle but not yet ratified it
As the possibilities for waste disposal in local and foreign landfills decrease, chemical companies are having to consider more creative alternatives The obvious solution would be to eliminate the waste at source, with new production techniques This might be possible for many, but not all of the millions of chemicals produced by modern industry; it would, however, be very costly Another possibility is to treat the waste with chemicals or bacteria in order to make it harmless Scientists at Stanford University have already succeeded in using bacteria to break down two dangerous chemicals, trichloroethylene and w vinyl chloride, and are hopeful that many more can be treated in this way
The suggestion that toxic waste might be recycled was not taken seriously until 1993, when a small American company named Molten Metal Technology began testing its Catalytic Extraction Processing technology for commercial use Toxic waste is injected into a pool of molten iron and breaks down into the elements of which it is composed These can be recovered and used again
Trang 9- to sue : th-a kiện
- to dump : đổ (rác )
- in exchange for : trao đổi, giao l-u
- bribe : khoản tiền hối lộ
* to receive a bribe : nhận tiền hối lộ
- to be classified : đ-ợc phân loại
- to leak : rò rĩ
- to draft : soạn thảo
- international agreement : hiệp định quốc tế
- to eliminate : huỷ bỏ
- landfill : đất đắp
- to treat waste by bacteria : xử lý rác thải bằng vi khuẩn
- to be recycled : đ-ợc tái chế, đ-ợc tái sinh
- Molten Metal Technology : công nghệ nóng chảy kim loại
Trang 10Lesson 19: THE CONSEQUENCES OF ACID RAIN
Many of Europe's power stations and factories burn coal or oil This results in the emission of large quantities of sulfur dioxide and smaller amounts of nitrogen oxides These gases are released through tall chimneys into the sky, where they mix with water vapor in clouds to form sulfuric and nitric acid After being blown great distances by prevailing winds, these clouds condense into acid rain and fall on land and sea, causing considerable harm
Many of Scandinavia's beautiful lakes have become too acidic to support life Trees throughout Germany are dying because of the acidity of the soil Church bells in Belgium and the Netherlands have lost their purity of sound and the magnificent stained glass windows of Chartres Cathedral have lost their luster, owing to corrosion from acid rain It also corrodes bridges, statues, rails, almost anything made of metal, including, ironically, the motor vehicles which are partly responsible for it through their emissions of nitrogen oxides It dissolves stone, bricks and mortar too Many of Europe's finest historical buildings have been irreparably damaged by acid rain and smog Acid rain is a problem not only for Europe In Quebec, 100,000 square kilometers of valuable maple forests have been damaged, resulting in serious losses for the maple syrup industry Acid rain does not respect international frontiers Much of the sulfur which killed thousands of lakes in Canada came from power plants in the U.S.A.; and forest damage in Japan has been blamed to some extent on Chinese factories and power stations
Acid rain is also dangerous to humans People who exercise outdoors when there is acid vapor in the air they breathe may suffer lung and kidney disease, 5 sore eyes and skin irritation Five million Britons are exposed to lead poisoning from their tap water because lead in their water pipes is being dissolved by acid in the water supply Moreover, alpine regions in which forests have been decimated by acid rain are prone to suffer sudden floods and avalanches capable of destroying entire villages
Over 150 years ago, the world's first air pollution official wrote the following comments in his
book Air and Rain: "when the air has so much acid there is no hope for vegetation galvanized
iron is useless stone and bricks of buildings crumble." Scientists have learned a lot about acid rain since Robert Angus Smith's far-sighted comments on air pollution in Britain were first pub-lished; but governments have been very slow to take remedial action
Notes:
- consequence : hËu qu¶
* environmental consequence: hËu qu¶ m«i tr-êng
- to mix : trén lÉn, hoµ trén
* to mix with : trén víi
- water vapor : h¬i n-íc
- to form : t¹o ra
Trang 11- to be blown : bị thổi đi, bị cuốn đi
- to condense into : nén lại, cô lại
- acidity : tính a xít
- purity : sự thuần khiết, sự tinh khiết
- corrosion : sự bào mòn, sự xói mòn
- to dissolve : làm tan rã, làm phân huỷ
- to be damaged : bị h- hại
- to some extent : ở một mức độ nào đó
- to exercise outdoors : tập thể dục ngoài trời
- kidney disease : bệnh thận
- to be prone to : thiên về, dễ
* He is prone to lose his temper
Hắn dễ nổi giận
What do withered trees, dead fish and retarded babies have in common? They are all victims of acid rain It kills trees by attacking their roots It cripples fish by destroying their gills It dissolves the lead in old water pipes, poisoning the water supply and indirectly causing the birth
of retarded babies
The annual costs of acid rain for farmers, fisheries, public authorities and private companies are enormous Any computation would have to include losses of farm and fishery products, repairs to damaged buildings and bridges, health care for people whose lungs were harmed by acid fog and measures taken to combat the effects of acid rain, such as pouring lime into rivers to reduce their acidity
It is thus hard to accept the claim by government representatives that effective measures to eliminate or reduce acid rain would be too costly They would certainly require considerable expense initially; but they would give rise to vast savings in the long run
The biggest source of the gases responsible for acid rain is coal-fired power stations Three of these monsters in Britain together account for one third of all nationwide emissions of sulfur dioxide There are various ways in which such emissions could be cut One approach would involve burning low-sulfur coal imported from Canada, or replacing coal altogether with North Sea oil or natural gas, both of which are low-sulfur fuels Better still, non-polluting sources such
as wind and sunshine could be exploited
Trang 12Another approach involves the use of fluidized-bed combustion technology to remove sulfur as coal is burned This process has only recently been developed and remains very expensive Much older technology would suffice for a third approach, flue-gas desulfurization, which filters the smoke as it goes up the chimney This process was invented in Britain in 1880 but neglected there for more than a century In Germany, it has been installed in nearly all power stations
A Japanese company has recently developed a process for converting waste gas into fertilizer The smoke is mixed with ammonia and then treated with electronic rays The resulting product can be sold to farmers, thereby subsidizing the cost of eliminating the waste gas Likewise, a power plant at Kalundborg in Denmark removes sulfur from its flue gases and sells some of it to
a local sulfuric acid manufacturer The rest is converted to gypsum and sold to a plasterboard manufacturer
It has been estimated that a 50% cut in sulfur dioxide emissions could be paid for by a mere 0.5% increase in electricity charges So far, 21 nations have become members of the "30% Club" by committing themselves to a 30% reduction of sulfur emissions over 1980 levels, including some with more ambitious targets But sulfur emissions can and should be eliminated entirely
Notes:
- withered : khô, héo, khinh miệt
* a withered tree : mọt cây khô
* a withered flower : một hoa héo
* a withered glance : một cái nhìn khinh miệt
- retarded ; phát triển chậm ( về thể chất)
* a retarded child : một đứa trẻ phát triển thể chất chậm
- to have sth in common : có chung cái gì, giống nhau
- victim : nạn nhân
- root : rễ cây
* trees with long roots : cây có rễ dài
* to have roots in : có nguồn gốc từ
- to cripple : làm cho tàn phế, gây tổn th-ơng
- gill : mang
- lead : chì
- water pipe : ống dẫn n-ớc
- enormous : lớn, khổng lồ
* an enormous breakfast : một bữa ăn sáng thịnh soạn
- to be harmed by : bị gây hại bởi
Trang 13- to combat the effect : chống lại những tác hại/hậu quả
- to pour : đổ
- lime : vôi
- costly # expensive : đắt đỏ, tốn nhiều tiền
- considerable expense : khoản chi phí đáng kể
- to give rise to vast savings : tiết kiệm đ-ợc một khoản tiền lớn
- coal-fired power station : nhà máy năng l-ợng chạy bằng than
- monster : quái vật
- approach : ph-ơng pháp, đ-ờng h-ớng
- to replace sth with sth : thay cái gì bằng cái gì
- non-polluting source : nguồn ( năng l-ợng ) không gây ô nhiễm/sạch
- to be exploited : đ-ợc khai thác, bị bóc lột
- ammonia : khí a mô ni ắc
- combusion : đốt
- to suffice : đủ để, đáp ứng nhu cầu của
* Will $10 suffice for the trip?
Liệu 10 đô la có đủ cho chuyến đi không?
- gypsum : thạch cao
- to be estimated : -ớc tính
* It is estimated that : Ng-ời ta -ớc tính rằng
The global climate is controlled by very complex factors, such as thermal currents in the air and sea, cloud movements and volcanic eruptions The most powerful factor is the sun, without which the earth would be a frozen wilderness Sunshine warms the earth, but most of the heat reaching the earth's surface would be radiated back into space were it not for the presence of certain gases in the atmosphere These gases, the most important of which is carbon dioxide, act as a blanket around the earth, allowing the heat of the sun to enter but preventing some of it from leaving
Since the Industrial Revolution, the density of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has been steadily increasing In 1850, it was about 280 parts per million By 1990, it had risen to 375 ppm If this trend continues at the present rate, the figure will have risen to 560 ppm by the year
Trang 142030 This, together with the steady accumulation of methane, nitrous oxide and CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons), will have a major impact on the world's climate Researchers with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reported in 1990 that within 30 years, mean global temperatures would rise by 1.8°C and within 80 years by 3.5°C if present trends continued
This increase in global temperatures resulting from what is commonly known as the Greenhouse Effect might seem attractive to residents of Scandinavia, Canada and Siberia, where winters are long and harsh However, it will have a number of very unpleasant consequences for people living elsewhere There will be severe droughts in India, Africa, Australia and Brazil The vast U.S grain belt may turn into a dust bowl Hurricanes, which only develop when temperatures exceed 26°C, will become more common and more severe Along with other diseases, malaria, a disease carried by mosquitoes which are unable to breed
at temperatures below 22°C, will spread throughout the Mediterranean region, Mexico and China
If global temperatures rise as predicted, with greater increases in the polar regions, much of the ice covering Greenland and Antarctica will melt, resulting in a rise in sea levels This will lead
to severe flooding of coastal areas, particularly in Bangladesh, the Nile Delta and the Netherlands, and will ruin as much as a third of the world's cropland Some island nations - Kiribati, Maldives and Tuvalu - may disappear entirely, and the damage to cities such as Amsterdam, Venice and Miami will be enormous It is estimated that 45 million people will lose their homes as a result of flooding, and many more will have to leave areas hit by drought Mass migration on such a scale could easily lead to war between neighboring countries Moreover, many species of animal, bird and plant may become extinct
Notes:
- global : thuộc về toàn cầu
* global economy : kinh tế toàn cầu
* global temperature : nhiệt độ toàn cầu
* globalization : toàn cầu hoá
- complex : phức tạp
* a complex system, network : một hệ thống, mạng l-ới phức tạp
- thermal : thuộc về nhiệt
* thermal current : dòng nhiệt
* thermal insulation : sự cách nhiệt
* thermal power station : nhà máy nhiệt điện
- volcanic eruption : sự phun trào của núi lửa
- surface : bề mặt
* the surface of the earth : bề mặt trái đất
Trang 15- to radiate : bức xạ
- blanket : cái chăn, lớp bao phủ
* a blanket of fog : lớp s-ơng mù
- to prevent sth from : ngăn ngừa, bảo vệ cái gì khỏi
- to allow sb to do sth : cho phép ai làm cái gì
* The trend of prices is still upwards
Chiều h-ớng giá cả còn gia tăng
- figure : con số
- to accumulate : tích luỹ
- to have an impact on sth : tác động lên cái gì
- to be known as : đ-ợc biết đến nh-
* To Huu is known as great poet
Tố Hữu đ-ợc biết đến nh- một nhà thơ vĩ đại
- Greenhouse Effect : hiệu ứng nhà kính
- to be attractive : quyến rủ
- harsh : khắc nghiệt
- drought : hạn hán
- grain belt : vành đai lúa mì
- dust bowl : vùng đầy bụi, vùng khô cằn
- hurricance : bão, gió lớn
- to spread : lan truyền
* Fear spread through the village
Nỗi sợ lan khắp làng
- to be predicted : đ-ợc dự báo
* as predicted : nh- đã đ-ợc dự báo
- sea level : mực n-ớc biển
- coastal area : vùng duyên hải
- cropland : vùng đất trồng, vùng đất canh tác
- neighbouring country : n-ớc láng giềng