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accidentally accidentally /ks dentəli/ adverb without being planned or expected accommodation accommodation /ə kɒmə deʃən/ noun a place to live or somewhere to stay for a short time

absolutely 2 accompany

absolutely

absolutely adverb 1 /

pletely 쑗 I am absolutely sure I left the

keys in my coat pocket 2 /bsə

yes, of course 쑗 Did you build it

your-self? – Absolutely!

absorb

absorb /əb

something such as a liquid 쑗 The water

should be absorbed by the paper 쑗 Salt

absorbs moisture from the air 2. to

re-duce a shock 쑗 The car’s springs are

supposed to absorb any shock from the

road surface.

absurd

absurd /əb

unreasonable or impossible to believe 쑗

It’s absurd to expect you will win the

lot-tery if you only buy one ticket.

abuse

The people being arrested shouted

abuse at the police 2 very bad

treat-ment 쑗 the sexual abuse of children 쑗

She suffered physical abuse in prison.

(NOTE: [all senses] no plural)

abuse

abuse 2 /ə

one very badly, usually physically or

sexually 쑗 She had been abused as a

child 2 to make the wrong use of

some-thing 쑗 He abused his position as

fi-nance director 3 to say rude things

about someone 쑗 The crowd noisily

abused the group of politicians as they

entered the building.

academic

academic /kədemk/ adjective 1

re-lating to study at a university 쑗

Mem-bers of the academic staff received a

let-ter from the principal 2. only in theory,

not in practice 쑗 It is only of academic

interest 쐽noun a university teacher 쑗

All her friends are academics.

accelerate

accelerate /əkseləret/ verb to go

fast-er 쑗 Don’t accelerate when you get to

traffic lights.

accent

accent /ksənt/ noun 1 a particular

way of pronouncing something 쑗 He

speaks with an American accent 2 the

stronger or louder part of a word or

sen-tence 쑗 In the word ‘letter’ the accent is

on the first syllable 3 a mark over a

let-ter showing a particular way of

pro-nouncing it 쑗 Café has an accent on the

‘e’.

accept

accept /əksept/ verb 1 to take and keep

a present 쑗 We hope you will accept this

little gift 2 to say ‘yes’ or to agree to

something 쑗 She accepted the offer of a job in Australia 쑗 I invited her to come with us and she accepted (NOTE: Do not

confuse with except.)

acceptable

acceptable /əkseptəb(ə)l/ adjective good enough to be accepted, although

not particularly good 쑗 Fighting in the street is not acceptable behaviour 쑗

Smoking is becoming less socially ac-ceptable 쑗 A small gift of flowers would

be very acceptable 쑗 The offer is not acceptable to the vendor.

access

access /kses/ noun a way of reaching

a place 쑗 The concert hall has access for wheelchairs 쑗 At present there is no access to the site 왍 to have access to

something to be able to reach a place,

meet a person, or obtain something 쑗

I’ll have access to the studio day and night 쑗 The company has access to substantial funds 쐽verb to get

infor-mation from a computer 쑗 She tried to access the address list.

accident

accident /ksd(ə)nt/ noun 1 an

un-pleasant thing which happens and

caus-es damage or injury 쑗 He lost his leg in

an accident at work 쑗 She was involved

in a car accident and had to go to

hos-pital 2 something that happens

unex-pectedly 쑗 Their third baby was an ac-cident 왍 by accident without being

planned or expected 쑗 He found the missing papers by accident.

accidental

accidental /ksdent(ə)l/ adjective happening without being planned or

ex-pected 쑗 an accidental meeting 쑗 acci-dental damage 쑗 His death was not ac-cidental.

accidentally

accidentally /ksdent(ə)li/ adverb without being planned or expected accommodation

accommodation /əkɒmədeʃ(ə)n/ noun a place to live or somewhere to

stay for a short time 쑗 Are you still look-ing for accommodation? 쑗 Visitors have difficulty in finding hotel accommoda-tion during the summer (NOTE: In

Brit-ish EnglBrit-ish, accommodation has no

plural.) accompany

accompany /əkmp(ə)ni/ verb 1 to

go with someone or something 쑗 She

accompanied me to the door 2 to play

a musical instrument while someone

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accomplish 3 action

else plays another instrument or sings 쑗

She sang and was accompanied on the

piano by her father (NOTE:

accompa-nied by someone or something)

accomplish

accomplish /əkmplʃ/ verb to do

something successfully 쑗 You won’t

ac-complish anything by arguing.

according to

according to /ə

tion 1 as someone says or writes 쑗 The

washing machine was installed

accord-ing to the manufacturer’s instructions.

쑗 According to the police, the car was

going too fast 2 in agreement with

rules or a system 쑗 Everything went

ac-cording to plan or schedule 3 in

rela-tion to 쑗 The teachers have separated

the children into classes according to

their ages.

account

account /əkaυnt/ noun 1 same as

her account I was afraid something

might happen to her 앳 on account of

because of, due to 쑗 The trains are late

on account of the fog 쑗 We don’t use the

car much on account of the price of

pet-rol 앳 take something into account

to consider something 쑗 We have to take

the weather into account 앳 on no

accurate

accurate /kjυrət/ adjective correct in

all details 쑗 Are the figures accurate? 쑗

We asked them to make an accurate

copy of the plan.

accurately

accurately /kjυrətli/ adverb

correct-ly 쑗 The weather forecast accurately

predicted the storm.

accuse

accuse /ə

one has done something wrong 쑗 The

police accused her of stealing the

mon-ey (NOTE: You accuse someone of a

crime or of doing something.)

achieve

achieve /ə

ing something after trying very hard 쑗

Have you achieved all your aims? 쑗 The

company has achieved great success in

the USA.

achievement

achievement /ə

something which has been done

suc-cessfully 쑗 She is very modest about her

achievements 쑗 Coming sixth was a

great achievement, since he had never

entered the competition before.

acid

acid /sd/ noun a chemical substance that is able to dissolve metals

acknowledge

acknowledge /əknɒld"/ verb 1 to

say that something has been received 쑗

She didn’t acknowledge receiving my

letter 2 to accept that something is true

쑗 She acknowledged that she had seen

me there.

acknowledgement

acknowledgement /əknɒld"mənt/ noun a letter or note sent to say that something has been received

acorn

acorn / tree acquaintance

acquaintance /əkwentəns/ noun a

person you know slightly 쑗 She has many acquaintances in the travel indus-try but no real friends.

acquire

acquire /əkwaə/ verb to become the

owner of something 쑗 She has acquired

a large collection of old books.

across

across /əkrɒs/ preposition 1 from one

side to the other 쑗 Don’t run across the road without looking to see if there is

any traffic coming 2 on the other side

of 쑗 He saw her across the street 쐽 ad-verb from one side to the other 쑗 The river is only twenty feet across 쑗 The stream is very narrow – you can easily jump across.

act

act /kt/ noun 1 something which is

done 쑗 He thanked her for the many acts of kindness she had shown him over

the years 2 a part of a play or show 쑗

Act 2 of the play takes place in the

gar-den 3 a short performance 쑗 The show includes acts by several young singers.

4. a law passed by Parliament 쑗 an act

to ban the sale of weapons 쐽 verb 1 to

do something 쑗 You will have to act quickly if you want to stop the fire 쑗 She acted in a very responsible way 왍 to act

as someone or something to do the

work of someone or something 쑗 The thick curtain acts as a screen to cut out

noise from the street 2 to behave in a

particular way 쑗 She’s been acting very strangely 앳 to get your act together

to organise yourself properly 쑗 If they don’t get their act together, they’ll miss their train.

action

action /kʃən/ noun 1 the fact of doing

something 쑗 We recommend swift

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active 4 address

tion to prevent the problem spreading 쑗

What action are you going to take to

prevent accidents? 왍 out of action not

working 쑗 The car has been out of

ac-tion for a week 2 something that is

done 쑗 They’ve shown their

commit-ment by their actions 3 a movecommit-ment 쑗

Avoid sudden actions that could alarm

the animals 4 the things that happen in

a performance such as a play or film 쑗

The action of the play takes place in a

flat in London 5 a case in a law court

where someone tries to get money from

someone else 쑗 to bring an action for

damages against someone

active

active /ktv/ adjective 1 involved in

an activity or activities, especially in an

energetic way 쑗 He didn’t play an

ac-tive part in the attack on the police

sta-tion 쑗 My grandmother is still very

ac-tive at the age of 88 2 (of a volcano)

exploding or likely to explode 쑗

Scien-tists think the volcano is no longer

ac-tive 3 the form of a verb which shows

that the subject is doing something

(NOTE: If you say ‘the car hit him’ the

verb is active, but in ‘he was hit by the

car’ it is passive.)

activity

activity /ktvti/ noun 1 the act or

fact of being active 2 something that

someone does to pass time pleasantly 쑗

Children are offered various holiday

ac-tivities – sailing, windsurfing and

wa-ter-skiing (NOTE: The plural in this

sense is activities.)

actor

actor /ktə/ noun a person who acts in

the theatre, in films or on TV

actress

actress /ktrəs/ noun a woman who

acts in the theatre, in films or on TV

(NOTE: Many women prefer to call

themselves actors rather than

actress-es.)

actual

actual /ktʃuəl/ adjective real 쑗 It

looks quite small but the actual height is

5 metres 쑗 Her actual words were much

stronger.

actually

actually /ktʃuəli/ adverb really 쑗 It

looks quite small, but actually it is over

5 metres high 쑗 He said he was ill, but

actually he wanted to go to the football

match.

ad

ad /d/ noun an advertisement (informal )

쑗 If you want to sell your car quickly, put an ad in the paper.

adapt

adapt /ədpt/ verb 1 to change

some-thing to be suitable for a new situation 쑗

She adapted the story for TV 쑗 The car has been adapted for disabled drivers.

2. to change your behaviour to fit into a

new situation 쑗 We’ll all have to learn

to adapt to the new system.

adaptable

adaptable /ədptəb(ə)l/ adjective able to change or be changed easily to deal with new situations or uses add

add /d/ verb 1 to make a total of

num-bers 쑗 If you add all these numbers to-gether it should make fifty (NOTE:

Add-ing is usually shown by the sign + : 10

쑗 Interest is added to the account monthly 쑗 Add two cupfuls of sugar 쑗

Put a teabag into the pot and add boil-ing water 쑗 By building the annexe, they have added thirty rooms to the

ho-tel 3 to say or to write something more

쑗 I have nothing to add to what I put in

my letter 쑗 She added that we still owed her some money for work she did last month.

the figures do not add up the total is

not correct addition

addition /ədʃ(ə)n/ noun 1 someone or

something added to something else 쑗

the latest addition to the family 쑗 He showed us the additions to his collection

of paintings 2 the act of adding figures

to make a total 쑗 You don’t need a cal-culator to do a simple addition 왍 in

registered letters to be sent in addition

to this parcel 앳 in addition as well 앳

twelve registered letters to be sent in ad-dition to this parcel.

additional

additional /ədʃ(ə)nəl/ adjective in-cluded as well as what there is already address

address /ədres/ noun 1 a set of details

of the number of a house, the name of a street and the town where someone lives

or works 쑗 What is the doctor’s ad-dress? 쑗 Our address is: 1 Cambridge

Road, Teddington, Middlesex 2 the set

of letters, symbols and numbers that

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address book 5 advantage

identify someone’s email account 쐽

verb 1 to write details such as

some-one’s name, street and town on a letter

or parcel 쑗 That letter is addressed to

me – don’t open it! 2. to speak or write

to someone 쑗 Please address your

ques-tions to the information office 쑗

Teach-ers are not normally addressed as ‘Sir’

here 3 to make a formal speech to a

group 쑗 The chairman addressed the

meeting.

address book

address book /ədres bυk/ noun a

notebook or computer file in which you

can record people’s names, home

ad-dresses, telephone numbers and email

addresses

adequate

adequate /dkwət/ adjective 1.

enough for a purpose 쑗 We don’t have

adequate supplies for the whole journey.

쑗 His salary alone is barely adequate.

2. only just satisfactory

adhesive

adhesive /əd

stick to things 쐽 noun a substance

which sticks things together

adjacent

adjacent /əd"es(ə)nt/ adjective very

close to or almost touching something 쑗

My office is in an adjacent building.

adjective

adjective /d"ktv/ noun a word

which describes a noun 쑗 In the phrase

‘a big black cloud’, ‘big’ and ‘black’

are both adjectives.

adjust

adjust /əd"st/ verb to make a slight

change to something 쑗 I need to adjust

this belt a bit 왍 to adjust to something

to become used to something 쑗 How are

you adjusting to being a parent?

admiration

admiration /dməreʃ(ə)n/ noun

re-spect for someone or something

admire

admire /ədmaə/ verb to consider

someone or something with approval 쑗

He was admired for his skill as a

violin-ist 쑗 We admired the view from the

bal-cony.

admission

admission /ədmʃ(ə)n/ noun 1 the act

or fact of being allowed to go in to a

place 쑗 Admission to the exhibition is

free on Sundays 쑗 My friend was

re-fused admission to the restaurant

be-cause he was not wearing a tie 왍 no

ad-mission no one can enter 2 a statement

saying that something bad is true 쑗 Her

admission that she had taken the money led to her arrest.

admission fee

admission fee /əd

an amount of money paid to go into a place such as a museum

admit

admit /ədmt/ verb to allow someone to

go in to a place 쑗 Children are admitted free, but adults have to pay 쑗 This ticket admits three people (NOTE: admits –

doing something to say that you have

done something wrong 쑗 They admitted stealing the car.

adopt

adopt /ədɒpt/ verb 1 to take someone

legally as a son or daughter 쑗 They have

adopted a little boy 2 to decide to start

using something 쑗 The book has been adopted for use in all English classes 쑗

We need to adopt a more flexible ap-proach.

adore

adore /ə something very much adult

adult /dlt/ noun a fully-grown person

쐽 adjective 1 fully grown 쑗 an adult

ti-ger 2 relating to a mature person or

people 쑗 adult fiction

advance

advance /əd

ward 쑗 The police slowly advanced across the square 쐽noun 1 a

move-ment forwards 쑗 The police have made some advances in their fight against crime 쑗 The team made an advance

into their opponents’ half 2 money

paid as a loan or as a part of a payment

to be made later 쐽 adjective done before

something happens 쑗 She made an ad-vance payment of £3000 앳 in advance

earlier than the time something happens

쑗 You must phone in advance to make

an appointment 쑗 They asked us to pay

£200 in advance.

advanced

advanced /əd

is studied at a higher level 쑗 He’s stud-ying advanced mathematics 쑗 She’s studying for an advanced degree.

advantage

advantage /əd thing which will help you to be

success-ful 쑗 Being able to drive a car is an ad-vantage 쑗 Knowledge of two foreign languages is an advantage in this job 쑗

She has several advantages over the other job candidates 앳 to take

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adventure 6 afraid

something 쑗 They took advantage of the

cheap fares on offer 앳 to take

un-fairly from someone 앳 to (good or

someone or something appear

especial-ly good 쑗 She used her knowledge of

Italian to good advantage.

adventure

adventure /ədventʃə/ noun a new,

ex-citing and dangerous experience 쑗 I

must tell you about our adventures in

the desert.

adverb

adverb /

applies to a verb, an adjective, another

adverb or a whole sentence 쑗 In the

sen-tence ‘He walked slowly, because the

snow was very thick.’ both ‘slowly’ and

‘very’ are adverbs.

adverse

adverse /

tions) unpleasant and unwanted 쑗 an

adverse reaction 쑗 adverse effects

advert

advert /

tisement

advertise

advertise /dvətaz/ verb to make

sure that people know that something is

for sale, or that something is going to

happen 쑗 The company is advertising

for secretaries 쑗 Did you see that the

restaurant is advertising cheap meals

on Sundays? 쑗 I saw this watch

adver-tised in the paper.

advertisement

advertisement /əd

an announcement which tries to make

sure that people know that something is

for sale, or that something is going to

happen

advertising

advertising /dvətazŋ/ noun the act

of making sure that people know that

something is for sale, or that something

is going to happen 쑗 The company has

increased the amount of money it spends

on advertising 쑗 They spent millions on

the advertising campaign.

advice

advice /ədvas/ noun an opinion that

someone gives you about what you

should do 쑗 He went to the bank

manag-er for advice on how to pay his debts 쑗

They would not listen to the doctor’s

ad-vice 쑗 My grandfather gave me a very

useful piece of advice 쑗 His mother’s

advice was to stay in bed (NOTE: no

plu-ral: use some advice or, for one item, a piece of advice)

advise

advise /ədvaz/ verb 1 to suggest to

someone what they should do 쑗 He

ad-vised her to save some of the money 2.

to tell someone officially that something

has happened (formal) 쑗 They advised

us that the sale of the house had been completed.

adviser

adviser /ədvazə/, advisor noun

some-one who helps people to make decisions about what to do

aerial

aerial /eəriəl/ noun a piece of equipment for receiving radio or TV signals aeroplane

aeroplane /eərəplen/ noun a vehicle which flies in the air, carrying passen-gers or goods

affair

affair /əfeə/ noun 1 something which is

relevant to one person or group of

peo-ple only 쑗 That’s his affair – it’s nothing

to do with me 쑗 It’s an affair for the po-lice 쑗 His business affairs were very

complicated 2 a sexual relationship

with someone who is not your husband

or wife 쑗 He’s having an affair with his

boss’s wife 3 an event 쑗 The party is

just a family affair 4. an event or

situa-tion that shocks people 쑗 The whole sorry affair was on the front page of the newspapers for days 쐽 plural noun

public or private life affect

affect /əfekt/ verb to have an influence

on someone or something 쑗 The new regulations have affected our business.

쑗 Train services have been seriously af-fected by the strike.

affection

affection /əfekʃən/ noun a feeling of

liking someone, especially a friend 쑗

She always spoke of him with great af-fection.

afford

afford /ə

ey to pay for something 쑗 How will you afford such an expensive holiday? 왍 be

unable to afford, can’t afford to be

un-able to accept something because it

might cause you a problem 쑗 I can’t af-ford a delay of more than three weeks.

afraid

afraid /əfred/ adjective 1 frightened of

something or someone 쑗 I am afraid of snakes 쑗 He is too afraid to climb the

ladder 2 왍 to be afraid (that) to be

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after 7 agreement

sorry to say 쑗 I’m afraid that all the

cakes have been sold 쑗 You can’t see

the boss – I’m afraid he’s ill 쑗 Have

you got a pocket calculator? – No, I’m

afraid not.

after

after /

next in order to 쑗 If today is Tuesday,

the day after tomorrow is Thursday 쑗

They spoke one after the other 쑗 What’s

the letter after Q in the alphabet? 왍

arrived after six o’clock 쑗 We don’t let

the children go out alone after dark 쐽

conjunction later than a time 쑗 After the

snow fell, the motorways were blocked.

쑗 Phone me after you get home (NOTE:

after is used with many phrasal verbs:

Every-thing was all right after all 2 the fact is

쑗 He should be OK; after all, he is

eighteen now.

afternoon

afternoon / 

between midday and the evening 쑗 He

always has a little sleep in the

after-noon 쑗 There is an afternoon flight to

Paris 쑗 Can we meet tomorrow

after-noon?

afterwards

We’ll have lunch first and go shopping

afterwards.

again

again /ə'en/ adverb 1 another time 쑗

He had to take his driving test again 왍

again and again several times, usually

in a firm or determined way 쑗 The

po-lice officer asked the same question

again and again 2 back as you were

before 쑗 Although I like going on

holi-day, I’m always glad to be home again.

against

against /ə'enst/ preposition 1 so as to

touch 쑗 He was leaning against the

wall 쑗 She hit her head against the low

doorway 2 in opposition to 쑗 England

is playing against South Africa

tomor-row 쑗 It’s hard cycling uphill against

the wind 쑗 They went against his

ad-vice.

age

age /ed"/ noun the number of years

which you have lived 쑗 She is thirty

years of age 쑗 He looks younger than

his age 쐽 plural noun ages a very long

time (informal) 쑗 I’ve been waiting here

for ages 쑗 It took us ages to get served.

aged

aged 1 /ed"d/ adjective with the age of 쑗

a girl aged nine 쑗 She died last year, aged 83.

aged

aged 2 /ed"d/ adjective very old 쑗 an aged man

agency

agency /ed"ənsi/ noun an office which

represents another firm 쑗 an advertising agency

agenda

agenda /əd"endə/ noun a list of points for discussion 왍 what’s on the agenda?

what are we going to discuss? 쐽 a set of things that someone plans to do 왍 top of

your agenda what someone wants most

쑗 A holiday is top of my agenda at present.

agent

agent /ed"ənt/ noun a person who

works for or represents someone else 쑗

Our head office is in London but we have an agent in Paris.

aggression

aggression /ə'reʃ(ə)n/ noun a feeling

of anger against someone that is ex-pressed, especially in physical force 왍

an act of aggression an attack on

some-one aggressive

aggressive /ə'resv/ adjective ready

to attack someone aggressively

aggressively /ə'resvli/ adverb as if wanting to attack someone

ago

ago /ə'əυ/ adverb in the past 쑗 He phoned a few minutes ago 쑗 This all happened a long time ago (NOTE: ago

always follows a word referring to time.)

agree

agree /ə

permission 쑗 After some discussion he agreed to our plan (NOTE: You agree to

or on a plan.) 2 to say or show that you

have the same opinion as someone else

쑗 Most of the group agreed with her suggestion.

agreement

agreement /ə

or fact of thinking the same 쑗 to reach

an agreement or to come to an agree-ment on salaries 쑗 Agreement between the two sides is still a long way off 왍

they are in agreement with our plan

they agree with our plan 쑗 We discussed the plan with them and they are in

agreement 2 a contract 쑗 to draw up or

to draft an agreement 쑗 We signed an agreement with the Italian company.

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ahead 8 alive

ahead

ahead /əhed/ adverb 1 in front 쑗 Our

team was losing, but now we are ahead

again 쑗 Run on ahead and find some

seats for us 쑗 You need to go straight

ahead, and then turn left 2 in future 쑗

My diary is filled with appointments for

six weeks ahead 3. before 쑗 We try to

fill the vacancies at least three weeks

ahead 앳 ahead of /əhed ɒv/ 1 in

front of 쑗 Ahead of us was a steep hill.

쑗 They ran on ahead of the others 2 in

a future time 쑗 You have a mass of work

ahead of you 3. before (informal) 쑗

They drafted in extra police ahead of the

international match.

aid

aid /ed/ noun 1 help, especially money,

food or other gifts given to people living

in difficult conditions 쑗 aid to the

earth-quake zone 쑗 an aid worker (NOTE: This

meaning of aid has no plural.) 왍 in aid

aid of the Red Cross 쑗 They are

collect-ing money in aid of refugees 2

some-thing which helps you to do somesome-thing

쑗 kitchen aids 쐽 verb 1 to help

some-thing to happen 2 to help someone

aim

aim /em/ noun what you are trying to do

쑗 His aim is to do well at school and

then go to university 쑗 One of our aims

is to increase the speed of service 쐽

verb 1 to plan to do something 쑗 We

aim to go on holiday in June 2 to point

a gun at someone or something 쑗 He

was aiming or aiming a gun at the

po-liceman.

air

air /eə/ noun 1 a mixture of gases which

cannot be seen, but which is all around

us and which every animal breathes 쑗

His breath was like steam in the cold air.

above the ground 쑗 He threw the ball up

into the air (NOTE: These meanings of

refer-ring to a method of travelling or sending

goods using aircraft 쑗 new air routes 왍

trav-elling by air 쑗 It’s quicker to send the

letter by air 쐽 verb to make a room or

clothes fresh by giving them more air 쑗

Let’s open the windows to air the room.

aircraft

aircraft /

flies in the air 쑗 The passengers got into

or boarded the aircraft 쑗 The airline

has a fleet of ten aircraft (NOTE: The

plural is aircraft: one aircraft, six air-craft.)

airfare

airfare /eəfeə/ noun the amount of

mon-ey a passenger has to pay to travel on an aircraft

air force

air force / itary air organisation airline

airline /eəlan/ noun a company which takes people or goods to places in

air-craft 쑗 The airline has been voted the most popular with business travellers 쑗

He’s an airline pilot.

airplane

airplane /eəplen/ noun US an aircraft airport

airport /

craft land and take off 쑗 You can take the underground to the airport 쑗 We are due to arrive at Heathrow Airport at midday.

alarm

alarm /ə

sound 쑗 An alarm will sound if someone touches the wire 왍 to raise the alarm

to warn everyone of danger 2 same as

some-one 쑗 I don’t want to alarm you, but there’s a police car parked outside your house.

alarm clock

alarm clock /ə which rings a bell to wake you up album

album /lbəm/ noun 1 a large book 2.

a collection of songs on a CD, cassette

or record alcohol

alcohol /lkəhɒl/ noun a substance in drinks such as beer or wine that can

make people drunk 쑗 They will not serve alcohol to anyone under the age of 18.

alcoholic

alcoholic /lkəhɒlk/ adjective relat-ing to alcohol

alert

alert /ə ing carefully, ready to notice something alike

alike /əlak/ adjective very similar 쐽 ad-verb in a similar way 쑗 My sister and I just don’t think alike 쑗 The change will affect rich and poor alike.

alive

alive /əlav/ adjective 1 living 쑗 He was still alive when he was rescued from the burning building 쑗 When my grandfa-ther was alive, grandfa-there were no supermar-kets (NOTE: not used in front of a noun:

the fish is alive but a live fish.) 2 lively

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all 9 alphabetical

쑗 The holiday village really comes alive

at night 왍 to come alive to become

busy and active

all

all /

everyone 쑗 They all or All of them like

coffee 쑗 All trains stop at Clapham

Junction 쑗 Did you pick all (of) the

to-matoes? 쑗 Where are all the children?

쐽adverb 1 completely 쑗 The ground

was all white after the snow had fallen.

쑗 I forgot all about her birthday 2 왍 all

all by yourself 쑗 I’m all by myself this

evening – my girlfriend’s gone out 앳 all

including everything 앳 all of a sudden

suddenly 앳 all over 1 everywhere over

something 2 finished 앳 all right well 쑗

She was ill yesterday but she’s all right

now 앳 all the same in spite of this 쑗

I’m not really keen on horror films, but

I’ll go with you all the same.

allergic

allergic /ə

from or referring to an allergy 왍 to be

allergic to to react badly to a substance

쑗 Many people are allergic to grass

pol-len 쑗 She is allergic to cats.

allergy

allergy /ləd"i/ noun a bad reaction to

a substance which makes you sneeze, or

makes your skin itch, e.g 쑗 She has an

allergy to household dust 쑗 The baby

has a wheat allergy.

allow

allow /əlaυ/ verb to let someone do

something 쑗 She allowed me to borrow

her book 쑗 Smoking is not allowed in

the restaurant 쑗 You are allowed to

take two pieces of hand luggage onto the

plane.

allowance

allowance /əlaυəns/ noun 1 an

amount of money paid to someone

reg-ularly 쑗 a weekly allowance 2 an

amount of money which you are

al-lowed to earn without paying tax on it 3.

왍 to make allowances for to take

some-thing into account 쑗 You must make

al-lowances for his age.

ally

ally 1 /la/ noun 1 a country which

works together with another, especially

in a war (NOTE: The plural is allies.) 2.

someone who is willing to support you

in something you want to achieve 쑗

Jack has been my closest ally in the campaign.

ally

ally 2 /əla/ verb 왍 to ally yourself with

or to someone to join forces with

some-one 쑗 The unions have allied them-selves with the opposition (NOTE: allies

– allying – allied)

almost

London is almost as far from here as Paris 쑗 She’s almost as tall as I am 쑗

She’ll eat almost anything 쑗 Hurry up, it’s almost time for the train to leave.

alone

alone /ələυn/ adjective 1 with no one

else 쑗 She lives alone with her cats 쑗

He was all alone in the shop 2 only 쑗

She alone knew the importance of the message 쐽 adverb without other people

쑗 We don’t let the children go out alone after dark 쑗 I don’t like travelling alone 앳 leave alone 1 not to disturb

someone 쑗 Leave your sister alone,

she’s trying to read 2 to stop touching

or playing with something 쑗 Leave the cat alone, it doesn’t like being stroked.

쑗 Leave those keys alone, the noise is annoying me 앳 to go it alone to do

something, especially a business

activi-ty, without help from anyone along

along /əlɒŋ/ preposition 1 by the side

of 쑗 He has planted fruit trees along both sides of the garden path 쑗 The

riv-er runs along one side of the castle 2 in

a straight forward direction 쑗 She ran along the pavement 쑗 Walk along the street until you come to the post office 쑗

I was just driving along when I caught

sight of my brother 3 to a place 쑗 John came along after about five minutes 쑗

Is it ok if I bring a friend along?

aloud

aloud /əlaυd/ adverb in a voice which can be easily heard

alphabet

alphabet /lfəbet/ noun a series of let-ters in a specific order, e.g A, B, C, etc

쑗 G comes before H in the alphabet 쑗

If you’re going to Greece on holiday, you ought to learn the Greek alphabet.

alphabetical

alphabetical /lfəbetk(ə)l/ adjec-tive relating to the alphabet 왍 in

alpha-betical order in order of the first letter

of each word 쑗 The words in the dic-tionary are in alphabetical order 쑗 Sort out the address cards into alphabetical order of the people’s names.

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already 10 amount

already

already / redi/ adverb before now or

before the time mentioned 쑗 I’ve

al-ready done my shopping 쑗 It was

al-ready past ten o’clock when he arrived.

also

also /

thing or someone else that has been

mentioned 쑗 He’s a keen cyclist and his

sister also likes to cycle when she can 쑗

She sings well and can also play the

vi-olin (NOTE: also is usually placed

be-fore the main verb or after a modal or

auxiliary verb.)

alter

alter /

make something different, especially in

small ways or in parts only 쑗 They

wanted to alter the terms of the contract

after they had signed it 쑗 The shape of

his face had altered slightly.

alteration

alteration / reʃ(ə)n/ noun 1 the

act of becoming different or of making

something different 2 something that

has been, or needs, changing 쑗 She

made some alterations in the design.

alternate

alternate 1 / 

other one 쑗 We see each other on

alter-nate Sundays.

alternate

alternate 2 /

changing from one particular position or

state to another

alternative

alternative / 

place of something else 쑗 If the plane is

full, we will put you on an alternative

flight 쑗 Do you have an alternative

so-lution? 2 following a different way

from usual 쐽 noun something which

you do instead of something else 쑗 Now

that she’s ill, do we have any alternative

to calling the holiday off?

although

although / ðəυ/ conjunction in spite

of the fact that 쑗 Although it was

freez-ing, she didn’t put a coat on 쑗 I’ve

nev-er been into that shop although I’ve

of-ten walked past it.

altogether

altogether / 'eðə/ adverb taking

everything together 쑗 The food was £10

and the drinks £5, so that makes £15

al-together 쑗 The staff of the three shops

come to 200 altogether.

always

always /

쑗 She is always late for work 쑗 Why

does it always rain when we want to go

for a walk? 2 all the time 쑗 It’s always

hot in tropical countries 3 frequently,

especially when someone finds it

an-noying 쑗 She’s always asking me to lend her money.

am

am /əm, m/ 1st person present singular

of be

a.m.

a.m. /e em/ adverb before midday 쑗 I have to catch the 7 a.m train to work every day 쑗 Telephone calls made be-fore 6 a.m are charged at the cheap rate (NOTE: a.m is usually used to

show the exact hour and the word

o’clock is left out)

amazement

amazement /əmezmənt/ noun great

surprise 쑗 To his amazement he won first prize.

amazing

amazing /əmezŋ/ adjective 1 very

surprising 쑗 It was amazing that she

never suspected anything 2 extremely

interesting and unusual 쑗 It was an amazing experience, sailing so far from land at night.

ambition

ambition /mbʃ(ə)n/ noun a wish to

do something special 쑗 His great ambi-tion is to ride on an elephant.

ambulance

ambulance /mbjυləns/ noun a van which carries sick or injured people to

hospital 쑗 When she fell down the stairs, her husband called an ambulance.

American

American /əmerkən/ adjective relat-ing to America or to the United States among

among /əmŋ/, amongst /əmŋst/

preposition 1 surrounded by or in the

middle of 쑗 He was standing among a

crowd of tourists 2 between a number

of people in a group 쑗 Let’s share the

cake among us 3 in addition to other

people or things 쑗 Jack was there, among others.

amount

amount /əmaυnt/ noun a quantity of

something such as money 쑗 The amount

in my bank account has reached £1000.

쑗 We spent a large amount of time just waiting 왍 a certain amount some but

not a lot 쑗 Painting the house will take

a certain amount of time.

total of 쑗 My year’s savings amount to

less than £1000 2 to be similar or equal

to something 쑗 I think what he said

amounts to a refusal to take part 3 왍 to

amount to the same thing to mean the

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amuse 11 annoying

same, to be the same 쑗 Whether he took

cash or free holidays, it all amounts to

the same thing 쑗 The remaining

prob-lems don’t amount to much.

amuse

amuse /ə

one laugh 쑗 This story will amuse you.

왍 to amuse yourself to play or get

pleasure from what you are doing 쑗 The

children amused themselves quietly

while their parents talked 2 to make

the time pass pleasantly for someone 쑗

How can we amuse the children on the

journey?

amusement

amusement /ə

feeling of pleasure caused by something

that is funny 2 왍 to someone’s

amuse-ment making someone feel pleasure in

a funny situation 쑗 Much to her

amuse-ment, the band played ‘Happy Birthday

to you!’ 3 a way of passing the time

pleasantly 쑗 They had planned several

visits for the guest’s amusement.

amusing

amusing /ə

an

an /ən, n/ 쏡 a

analysis

analysis /ənləss/ noun a close

exam-ination of the parts or elements of

some-thing 쑗 job analysis 쑗 to make an

anal-ysis of the sales or a sales analanal-ysis 쑗 to

carry out an analysis of the market

po-tential (NOTE: The plural is analyses /ə

ancient

ancient /enʃənt/ adjective very old, or

belonging to a time long ago 쑗 He was

riding an ancient bicycle.

and

and /ən, ənd, nd/ conjunction used to

join two words or phrases 쑗 All my

un-cles and aunts live in the country 쑗 The

children were running about and

sing-ing 쑗 Come and sit down next to me.

(NOTE: and is used to say numbers

af-ter 100: ‘seven hundred and two

(702)’) 앳 and so on, and so forth,

similar things 쑗 He talked about plants,

flowers, vegetables, and so on.

anger

anger /ŋ'ə/ noun a feeling of being

very annoyed 쑗 He managed to control

his anger 쑗 She couldn’t hide the anger

she felt.

angle

angle /ŋ'əl/ noun a corner where two

lines meet 쑗 She planted the tree in the

angle of the two walls 앳 at an angle

not straight 쑗 The shop front is at an an-gle to the road.

angrily

angrily /ŋ'rli/ adverb in an angry

way 쑗 He shouted angrily when the children climbed over the fence.

angry

angry /ŋ'ri/ adjective upset and an-noyed, and sometimes wanting to harm

someone 쑗 The shopkeeper is angry with the children because they broke his window 쑗 He gets angry if the post is late 쑗 I am angry that the government

is doing nothing to prevent crime 쑗

When the cashier still hadn’t arrived at midday the boss got even angrier.

(NOTE: angrier – angriest)

animal

animal /nm(ə)l/ noun a living thing

that moves independently 쑗 I love hav-ing animals as pets (NOTE: animal may

include humans in scientific contexts.) ankle

ankle /ŋkəl/ noun the part of the body where your leg joins your foot anniversary

anniversary /n

same date as an important event that happened in the past

announce

announce /ənaυns/ verb to say

some-thing officially or in public 쑗 He an-nounced his resignation 쑗 She an-nounced that she would be standing for parliament.

announcement

announcement /ənaυnsmənt/ noun a

statement made in public 쑗 The manag-ing director made an announcement to the staff 쑗 There were several an-nouncements concerning flight chang-es.

annoy

annoy /ənɔ/ verb to make someone feel

slightly angry or impatient 쑗 Their rude behaviour really annoyed us.

annoyance

annoyance /ənɔəns/ noun a feeling of

being slightly annoyed 쑗 There was a tone of annoyance in her voice.

annoyed

annoyed /ənɔd/ adjective slightly

an-gry or impatient 쑗 He was annoyed with his neighbour who had cut down one of his trees 쑗 I was annoyed to find some-one had stolen my mobile phsome-one.

annoying

annoying /ənɔŋ/ adjective making

you angry or impatient 쑗 I find it very annoying that the post doesn’t come be-fore 10 o’clock 쑗 How annoying! I for-got to buy the milk 쑗 The baby has an annoying cough which won’t go away.

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