The Water Encyclopedia: Hydrologic Data and Internet Resources - Chapter 13 (end) pdf

SECTION 13A PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATERTable 13A.1 Variation of Properties of Pure Water with Temperature Temperature 8C Temperature 8F Density at 1 Atmosphere gm/cm3 Dynamic Viscosity,

Constants and Conversion Factors

Pedro Fierro, Jr.

CONTENTS

Section 13A Physical Properties of Water 13-2 Section 13B Water Quality 13-6 Section 13C Length 13-7 Section 13D Area 13-8 Section 13E Volume 13-9 Section 13F Velocity 13-12 Section 13G Flow Rate 13-12 Section 13H Weight 13-14 Section 13I Pressure 13-14 Section 13J Permeability 13-15 Section 13K Power 13-16 Section 13L Temperature 13-17

13-1

SECTION 13A PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER

Table 13A.1 Variation of Properties of Pure Water with Temperature

Temperature

(8C)

Temperature (8F)

Density at 1 Atmosphere (gm/cm3)

Dynamic Viscosity, in Centipoises (10L2 dyne-sec/cm2)

Kinematic Viscosity, in Centistokes (10L2cm2/sec)

Surface Tension Against Air (dyne/cm)

Vapor Pressure (mm Hg)

aInterpolated

Source: From U.S Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, 1977, Ground Water Manual

Table 13A.2 Density of Water Temperature (8F) Density (gm/cm3)

Note: Density of sea water: approximately 1.025 gm/cm3at 158C

Table 13A.3 Weight of Water Temperature Weight (lb/ft3)

Note: 1 cu in.Z0.0360 lb; 1 cu ftZ62.4 lb; 1 galZ 8.33 lb; 1 Imperial galZ10.0 lb: Weight of sea water: Approximately 63.93 lb/ft3at 158C

Table 13A.4 Properties of Water at Various Altitudes

Altitude (Feet)

Barometric Pressure (Inches Hg)

Atmospheric Pressure (psia) Feet Water

Table 13A.5 Properties of Water at Various Temperatures

Vapor Pressure Temperature (8F) psfa Feet Water Specific Weight pcf Specific Gravity

a

Temperature when specific gravityZ1.0000

Source: From Soil Conservation Service, U.S Department of Agriculture, 1971, Drainage of Agricultural Land

Table 13A.6 Variation of Boiling Point of Water with

Elevation Elevation, Feet above Mean Sea Level

Boiling Point (8F)

Note: U.S standard atmosphere is assumed

Table 13A.7 Heat of Vaporization, Viscosity, Vapor Pressure, Surface Tension, and Elastic Modulus of Water

Heat Viscosity Vapor Pressure Temperature

(8F)

Vaporization (Btu/lb)

Absolute (lb-sec/ft2)

Kinematic (ft2/sec) Millibars lb/in.2 Surface Tension

(lb/ft)

Elastic Modulus (lb/in.2)

32 1073 0.374!10K4 1.93!10K5 6.11 0.09 0.00518 287,000

Note: Heat of fusion at 328F: 143.5 Btu/lb

Table 13A.9 Velocity of Sound in Water and Sea Water Temperature (8C) Pure Water (m/sec) Sea Water (m/sec)

Note: Assuming atmospheric pressure and sea water salinity of 35,000 ppm

Source: From Berry, Bollay, and Beers, Handbook of Meteorology, McGraw-Hill,

Copyright 1945 With permission

Table 13A.8 Thermal Conductivity of Water

Temperature 8C (8F)

Cal/sec/cm2under 18C/cm Btu/sec/ft2under 18F/in

SECTION 13B WATER QUALITY

Table 13B.10 Constants and Conversion Factors for Water Quality

Grains per Imperial gallon Parts per million 14.3

Parts per million Tons per day Second-feet!0.0027

Parts Per Million to Equivalent Per Million

Aluminum (AlC3) 0.11119 Iron (FeC3) 0.05372

Bicarbonate (HCO3K1) 0.01639 Lithium (LiC1) 0.14409

Bromide (BrK1) 0.01251 Magnesium (MgC2) 0.08224

Calcium (CaC2) 0.04990 Manganese (MnC2) 0.03640

Carbonate (CO3K1) 0.03333 Manganese (MnC4) 0.07281

Chloride (ClK1) 0.02820 Nitrate (NO3K1) 0.01613

Chromium (CrC6) 0.11536 Phosphate (PO4K3) 0.03159

Copper (CuC2) 0.03148 Potassium (KC1) 0.02558

Fluoride (FK1) 0.05263 Sodium (NaC1) 0.04350

Hydrogen (HC1) 0.99206 Strontium (SrC2) 0.02282

Hydroxide (OHK1) 0.05880 Sulfate (SO4K2) 0.02082

Expressions of Hardness

1 grain per gallon Z1 grain CaCO3per U.S gallon

1 part per million Z1 part CaCO3per 1,000,000 parts of water

1 English, or Clark, degree Z1 grain CaCO3per Imperial gallon

1 French degree Z1 part CaCO3per 100,000 parts of water

1 German degree Z1 part CaO per 100,000 parts of water

Conversions

1 grain per U.S gallon Z17.1 ppm, as CaCO3

1 English degree Z14.3 ppm, as CaCO3

1 French degree Z10 ppm, as CaCO3

1 German degree Z17.9 ppm, as CaCO

For most waters, 1 part per millionZ1 mg/l The U.S Geological Survey has arbitrarily selected 7,000 ppm as the concentration above which a density correction must be made: the determined concentration of each constituent must be divided by the density to give the correct parts per million The computation is made before rounding the results

Parts per million are converted to equivalents per million by multiplying ppm by the reciprocals of combining weights of the appropriate ions (see table) The combining weight is equal to the molecular or ionic weight divided by the ionic charge, or valence

Specific Conductance Relations (Adapted from USGS Water Supply Paper 1454)

For most natural waters of a mixed type, the specific conductance, in micromhos (1 micromhoZ10K6mho The mho is unit of conductance; thus, a body has a conductance of one mho if one ampere of electric current flows when the potential difference is one volt The conductance of a body in mhos is the reciprocal of the value of its resistance in ohms.), multiplied by 0.65 approximates the residue on evaporation in parts per million This does not approach an exact relation, and usually increases as the total dissolved solids exceed 2000–

3000 ppm For waters containing appreciable concentrations of free acid, caustic alkalinity, or sodium chloride, the factor may be much less than 0.65 The relationship for any water becomes indefinite as saturation is approached

With similar limitations, the specific conductance divided by 100 approximates the equivalents per million of cations or anions

SECTION 13C LENGTH

Table 13B.11 Formula Weights and Equivalent Weights of Ions Found

in Water Ion Formula Weight Equivalent Weight

CO3 K2

PO4 K3

SO4 K2

Note: Weights expressed to three significant figures

Table 13C.12 Conversion Factors for Length

Z0.0254 mm

Z0.0278 yd Z25.4 mm Z2.54 cm Z0.0254 m

Z0.3333 yd Z1.89!10K4mi Z30.48 cm Z0.3048 m Z3.048!10K4km

Z3 ft Z5.68!10K4mi Z91.44 cm Z0.9144 m Z9.144!10K4km

Z1760 yd Z1609.3 m Z1.609 km (Continued)

SECTION 13D AREA

Table 13C.12 (Continued)

Z3.937!10K5in

Z0.1 cm Z1!10K3m

Z0.03281 ft Z0.01094 yd Z10 mm Z1!10K5km

Z3.281 ft Z1.094 yd Z6.21!10K4mi Z1000 mm Z100 cm Z1!10K3km

Z1093.6 yd Z0.621 mi Z1!105cm Z1000 m

1 league (land) Z5280 yd

Z3 mi Z4.828 km

1 International nautical mile Z6076.1 ft

Z1.151 mi Z1.852 km

Table 13D.13 Conversion Factors for Area

1 sq in Z6.944!10K3ft2

Z7.716!104yd2 Z6.452 cm2

1 sq ft Z144 in.2

Z0.1111 yd2 Z2.296!10K5acre Z3.587!10K8mi2 Z929.0 cm2

1 sq yd Z1296 in.2

Z9 ft2 Z2.066!104acres Z3.228!10K7mi2 Z0.8361 m2 Z8.361!10K5hectare

1 Acre Z43,560 ft2

Z4840 yd2 Z1.562!10K3mi2 Z4046.9 m2 Z0.4047 hectare Z4.047!10K3km2

(Continued)

SECTION 13E VOLUME

Table 13D.13 (Continued)

1 sq mi Z2.788!107ft2

Z3.098!106yd2 Z640 acres Z2.590!106m2 Z259.0 hectares Z2.590 km2 Z1 section (of land)

1 Township Z36 mi2

Z36 sections (of land)

1 sq cm Z0.1550 in.2

Z1.076!10K3ft2 Z1.196!10K4yd2 Z1!10K4yd2

1 sq m Z1550.0 in.2

Z10.76 ft2 Z1.196 yd2 Z2.471!10K4acre Z1!10K4hectare Z1!108km2

1 Hectare Z1.076!105ft2

Z1.196!104yd2 Z2.471 acres Z3.861!10K3mi2 Z1!104m2 Z0.01 km2

1 sq km Z1.076!107ft2

Z1.196!106yd2 Z247.1 acres Z0.3861 mi2 Z1!106mi2 Z100 hectares

Table 13E.14 Conversion Factors for Volume

1 cu in Z4.329!10K3gal

Z5.787!104ft3 Z16.39 cm3 Z0.01639 l

1 gal Z231 in.3

Z0.1337 ft3 Z4.951!10K3yd3 Z3.785!10K3cm3 Z3.785 l

Z3.785!10K3m3

1 cu ft Z1728 in.3

Z7.481 gal Z0.03704 yd3 Z2.832!104cm3 Z28.32 l Z0.02832 m3

1 cu yd Z4.666!104in.3

Z27 ft3 Z0.7646 m3 Z6.198!10K4acre-ft

1 Acre-in Z2.715!104gal

Z3630 ft3

1 Acre-ft Z3.259!105gal

Z43,560 ft3 Z1234 m3

(Continued)

Table 13E.14 (Continued)

1 cu cm Z0.06102 in.3

Z2.642!104gal Z3.532!10K5ft3 Z1!10K3l

Z0.2642 gal Z0.03532 ft3 Z1000 cm3 Z1!10K3m3

1 cu m Z264.2 gal

Z35.32 ft3 Z1.307 yd3 Z1!106cm3 Z1000 l

1 Imperial gallon Z277.4 in.3

Z1.201 gal Z0.1604 ft3 Z4.546 l

1 cfs-day Z1.98 acre-ft

Z0.0372 in mi2

1 in of rain Z5.610 gal/yd2

Z2.715!104gal/acre

1 in.-mi2 Z2.323!106ft3

Z53.3 acre-ft Z26.9 cfs-days

1 Barrel (oil) Z42 gal

1 Million gallons Z3.069 acre-ft

1 Pint Z28.875 in.3

Z0.5 qt Z0.473 l

1 Quart Z57.75 in.3

Z2 pt Z0.25 gal Z0.946 l

Table 13E.15 Areas and Volumes of Vertical Cylindrical Tanks and Wells

Diameter

Area, sq ft

or cu ft per

ft of Depth

U.S gal per

ft of Depth Diameter

Area, sq ft

or cu ft per

ft of Depth

U.S gal per

ft of Depth Diameter

Area, sq ft

or cu ft per

ft of Depth

U.S gal per

ft of Depth

10100 0.922 6.89 60300 30.68 229.5 280600 637.9 4,772

10200 1.069 8.00 60600 33.18 248.2 290 660.5 4,941

10300 1.227 9.18 60900 35.78 267.7 290600 683.5 5,113

10400 1.396 10.44 70 38.48 287.9 300 706.9 5,288

10500 1.576 11.79 70300 41.28 308.8 310 754.8 5,646

10600 1.767 13.22 70600 44.18 330.5 320 804.3 6,016

10700 1.969 14.73 70900 47.17 352.9 330 855.3 6,398

10800 2.182 16.32 80 50.27 376.0 340 907.9 6,792

10900 2.405 17.99 80300 53.46 399.9 350 962.1 7,197

101000 2.640 19.75 80600 56.75 424.5 360 1,018 7,616

101100 2.885 21.58 80900 60.13 449.8 370 1,075 8,043

20100 3.409 25.50 90300 67.20 502.7 390 1,195 8,940

20200 3.637 27.58 90600 70.88 530.2 400 1,257 9,404

20300 3.976 29.74 90900 74.66 558.5 410 1,320 9,876

20400 4.276 31.99 100 78.54 587.5 420 1,385 10,360

20500 4.587 34.31 100600 86.59 647.7 430 1,452 10,860

20600 4.909 36.72 110 95.03 710.9 440 1,521 11,370

20700 5.241 39.21 110600 103.9 777.0 450 1,590 11,900

(Continued)

Table 13E.15 (Continued)

Diameter

Area, sq ft

or cu ft per

ft of Depth

U.S gal per

ft of Depth Diameter

Area, sq ft

or cu ft per

ft of Depth

U.S gal per

ft of Depth Diameter

Area, sq ft

or cu ft per

ft of Depth

U.S gal per

ft of Depth

20800 5.585 41.78 120 113.1 846.0 460 1,662 12,430

20900 5.940 44.43 120600 122.7 918.0 470 1,735 12,980

201000 6.305 47.16 130 132.7 992.9 480 1,810 13,540

201100 6.681 49.98 130600 143.1 1,071 490 1,886 14,110

30 7.069 52.88 140 153.9 1,152 500 1,964 14,690

30100 7.467 55.86 140600 165.1 1,235 520 2,124 15,890

30200 7.876 58.92 150 176.7 1,322 540 2,290 17,130

30300 8.296 62.06 150600 188.7 1,412 560 2,463 18,420

30400 8.727 65.28 160 201.1 1,504 580 2,642 19,760

30500 9.168 68.58 160600 213.8 1,600 600 2,827 21,150

30600 9.621 71.97 170 227.0 1,698 620 3,019 22,580

30700 10.08 75.44 170600 240.5 1,799 640 3,217 24,060

30800 10.56 78.99 180 254.5 1,904 660 3,421 25,590

30900 11.04 82.62 180600 268.8 2,011 680 3,632 27,170

301000 11.54 86.33 190 283.5 2,121 700 3,848 28,790

301100 12.05 90.13 190600 298.6 2,234 720 4,072 30,450

40 12.57 94.00 200 314.2 2,350 740 4,301 32,170

40100 13.10 97.96 200600 330.1 2,469 760 4,536 33,930

40200 13.64 102.0 210 346.4 2,591 780 4,778 35,740

40300 14.19 106.1 210600 363.1 2,716 800 5,027 37,600

40400 14.75 110.3 220 380.1 2,844 820 5,281 39,500

40500 15.32 114.6 220600 397.6 2,974 840 5,542 41,450

40600 15.90 119.0 230 415.5 3,108 860 5,809 43,450

40700 16.50 123.4 230600 433.7 3,245 880 6,082 45,490

40800 17.10 128.0 240 452.4 3,384 900 6,362 47,590

40900 17.72 132.6 240600 471.4 3,527 920 6,648 49,720

401000 18.35 137.3 250 490.9 3,672 940 6,940 51,920

401100 18.99 142.0 250600 510.7 3,820 960 7,238 54,140

50 19.63 146.9 260 530.9 3,972 980 7,543 56,420

50300 21.65 161.9 260600 551.5 4,126 1000 7,854 58,750

50600 23.76 177.7 270 572.6 4,283

50900 25.97 194.3 270600 594.0 4,443

Table 13 E.16 Volumes of Horizontal Cylindrical Tanks

Percent Full Diameter

4 4.9 13.4 23.8 35.0 47.0 59.0 70.2 80.5 89.0 94.00

5 7.6 20.0 37.0 55.0 73.0 92.0 110.0 126.0 139.0 146.9

6 11.0 30.0 53.0 78.0 106.0 133.0 158.0 182.0 201.0 211.5

7 15.0 41.0 73.0 107.0 144.0 181.0 215.0 247.0 272.0 287.9

8 19.0 52.0 96.0 140.0 188.0 235.0 281.0 322.0 356.0 376.0

9 25.0 67.0 112.0 178.0 238.0 298.0 352.0 408.0 450.0 475.9

10 30.0 83.0 149.0 219.0 294.0 368.0 440.0 504.0 556.0 587.5

11 37.0 101.0 179.0 265.0 356.0 445.0 531.0 610.0 672.0 710.9

12 44.0 120.0 214.0 315.0 423.0 530.0 632.0 714.0 800.0 846.0

13 51.0 141.0 250.0 370.0 496.0 621.0 740.0 850.0 940.0 992.9

14 60.0 164.0 291.0 430.0 576.0 722.0 862.0 989.0 1084.0 1152.0

15 68.0 188.0 334.0 494.0 661.0 829.0 988.0 1134.0 1253.0 1322.0 Note: U.S gallons per foot of length

SECTION 13F VELOCITY

Table 13F.17 Conversion Factors for Velocity

1 ft/sec Z0.682 mi/h

Z0.3048 m/sec

Z0.869 International knots Z1.609 km/h

1 International knot Z1.151 mi/h

Z1.852 km/h

Z3.28 ft/sec Z2.237 mi/h Z1.94 knots

Z0.540 International knot

Table 13G.18 Conversion Factors for Flow Rate

1 gal/min Z1.44!10K3mgd

Z2.23!10K3cfs Z4.42!10K3AF/day Z0.0631 l/sec Z6.31!10K5m3/sec Z5.42 m3/day

1 Million gallons per day Z694 gpm

Z1.55 cfs Z3.07 AF/day Z43.7 l/sec Z0.0437 m3/sec Z3770 m3/day

1 Cubic foot per second Z449 gpm

Z0.646 mgd Z1.98 AF/day Z28.3 l/sec Z0.0283 m3/sec Z2450 m3/day

1 acre-foot per day Z226 gpm

Z0.326 mgd Z0.505 cfs Z14.2 l/sec Z0.0142 m3/sec Z1230 m3/day

Z0.0228 mgd Z0.0353 cfs

Z0.0703 AF/day Z0.001 m3/sec Z86.4 m3/day

1 Cubic meter per day second Z1.58!104gpm

Z22.8 mgd Z35.3 cfs Z70.0 AF/day Z1000 l/sec Z8.64!104m3/day

1 Cubic per day Z0.183 gpm

Z2.64!10K4mgd Z4.09 x:10K4cfs

(Continued)

Table 13G.19 Conversion of Daily Consumptive Use Rates to Equivalent Continuous Flow Rates per Unit Area

Equivalent Continuous Flow Rates Consumptive Use of Water by Crop per Hectare per Acre

Millimetres

per Day

Inches per Day

Litres per Second

Cubic Metres per Day

Cubic Feet per Second

U.S Gallons per Minutea

a

To convert to imperial gallons per minute, multiply values by 0.833

Source: From Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1974, Surface Irrigation Copyright FAO Reprinted with

permission

Table 13G.18 (Continued)

Z8.11!10K4AF/day Z0.0116 l/sec Z1.16!10K5m3/sec

1 Miner’s inch Z0.025 cubic foot per second

(in Arizona, California, Montana, and Oregon) Z0.02 cubic foot per second (in Idaho, Kansas, Nebraska, New Mexico, North and South Dakota, and Utah) Z0.026 cubic foot per second (in Colorado)

Z0.028 cubic foot per second (in British Columbia)

Table 13G.20 Time Required to Supply One Acre with

1 in of Water

SECTION 13H WEIGHT

Table 13H.21 Conversion Factors for Weight

1 Grain Z2.286!10K3oz

Z1.429!10K4lb

1 Ounce Z437.5 gr

Z0.0625 lb Z28.35 gm

Z16 oz Z453.6 gm Z0.4536 kg

1 Short ton Z2000 lb

Z907.2 kg Z0.9072 m ton

1 Long ton Z2240 lb

Z1016.0 kg Z1.016 m ton

1 Metric ton Z2204.6 lb

Z1000 kg Z1.102 short ton Z0.9842 long ton

Z0.03527 oz Z2.205!10K3lb Z0.001 kg

1 kilogram Z35.27 oz

Z2.205 lb Z1000 gm Z0.001 m ton

Table 13I.22 Conversion Factors for Pressure

1 in of water at 628F Z0.0361 lb/in.2

Z5.196 lb/ft2 Z0.0735 in of mercury at 628F

1 ft of water at 628F Z0.433 lb/in.2

Z62.36 lb/ft2 Z0.833 in of mercury at 628F Z2.950!10K2atmosphere

1 Atmosphere Z14.7 lb/in.2

Z2116 lb/ft2 Z33.95 feet of water at 628F Z29.92 in of mercury at 328F Z1013.2 millibars

Z760 mm of mercury at 328F Z1033 gm/cm2

Z1.033 kg/cm2

1 Pound per sq in Z2.309 feet of water at 628F

Z2.036 in of mercury at 328F Z0.06804 atmosphere Z0.07031 kg/cm2

1 in of mercury at 328F Z0.4192 lb/in.2

Z1.133 feet of water at 328F

1 kg/sq cm Z14.22 lb/in.2

1 Bar Z1!106dynes/cm2

Z1019.8 gm/cm2 Z0.9869 atmosphere Z14.50 lb/in.2 Z1000 millibars