The Water Encyclopedia: Hydrologic Data and Internet Resources - Chapter 7 pptx

Table 7A.8 Common Uses of Water in Relation to Consumptive and Nonconsumptive Uses Steam generation locomotive or stationary Steam released to atmosphere a Air conditioning Other cooling

7-1

SECTION 7A WATER USE — UNITED STATES

WellFactory

SewageTreatmentPlant

HydroelectricPlant

Recreation

Farm Pond

Irrigation

Steam PowerPlant

Figure 7A.1 The many uses of water (From Laas and Beicos, The Water in Your Life, Popular Library In 2nd Edition, 1967.)

THE WATER ENCYCLOPEDIA: HYDROLOGIC DATA AND INTERNET RESOURCES7-2

Figure 7A.2 Total water withdrawals for all off-stream water-use categories in the United States, 2000 (From Hutson, S.S et al., 2004,

Estimated use of water in the United States in 2000, U.S Geological Survey Circular 1268, www.usgs.gov/pubs/circ/2004/circ1268.)

Irrigation

Note: The 2000 data for rural domestic and livestock and other industrial are partial totals

Figure 7A.3 Total water withdrawal for public supply, rural, irrigation, thermoelectric power, and other industries in the United States,

1950–2000 (Based on data from Hutson, S.S et al., 2004, Estimated use of water in the United States in 2000, U.S.Geological Survey Circular 1268,www.usgs.gov.)

THE WATER ENCYCLOPEDIA: HYDROLOGIC DATA AND INTERNET RESOURCES7-4

a 48 States and district of Columbia, and Hawaii.

b 48 States and district of Columbia

c 50 States and district of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and U.S Virgin Islands

d 50 States and district of Columbia, and Puerto Rico

e

From 1985 to present this category includes water use for fish farms

f Data not available for all States; partial total was 5.46

g

Commercial use not available; industrial and mining use totaled 23.2

h Data not available

Source: From Hutson, S.S et al., 2004, Estimated use of water in the United States in 2000, U.S Geological Survey Circular 1268,http://water.usgs.gov

Self-supplied industrial

0102030405060708090

Total groundwater withdrawals

Figure 7A.4 Trends in groundwater use in the United States, 1950–2000 (Based on information from Dziegielewski, B et al., 2002,

Analysis of Water Use Trends in the United States: 1950–1995 University of lllinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois WaterResources Center, Special Report 28, February 2002, environ.uivc.edu/iwrc and Hutson, S.S et al., 2004, Estimated use ofwater in the United States in 2000, U.S Geological Survey Circular 1268,www.usgs.gov.)

Table 7A.2 Changes in Sectoral Withdrawals in the United States, 1950–1995

Source: From Dziegielewski, B et al., 2002, Analysis of Water Use Trends in the United States: 1950–1995 Southern Illinois

University at Carbondale, Carbondale, IL, February 28, 2002 Reprinted with permission, http://info.geography.siu.edu/geography_info/research/

THE WATER ENCYCLOPEDIA: HYDROLOGIC DATA AND INTERNET RESOURCES7-6

Table 7A.3 Percent of United States Population Relying on

Groundwater as a Source of Drinking Water, 1995

Source: Abstracted from Solley, W.B et al., 1998, Estimated use of water in theUnited States in 1995, U.S Geological Survey Circular 1200

41,700 Mgal/d

100,000 Mgal/d

28,000 Mgal/d

132,000 Mgal/d

241,000 Mgal/d

139,000 Mgal/d 76,400

Figure 7A.5 Source, use, and disposition of freshwater in the United States, 1995 For each water-use category, this diagram shows the

relative proportion of water source and disposition and the general distribtion of water from source to disposition The linesand arrows indicate the distribution of water from source to disposition for each category; for example, surface water was77.6 percent of total freshwater withdrawn, and going from "Source" to "Use" columns, the line from the surface-water block

to the domestic and commercial block indicates that 0.8 percent of all surface water withdrawn was the source for 4.8 percent

of total water (self-supplied withdrawals, public-supply deliveries) for domestic and commercial purposes In addition, goingfrom the "Use" to "Disposition" columns, the line from the domestic and commercial block to the consumptive use blockindicates that 19.2 percent of the water for domestic and commercial purposes was consumptive use; this represents 8.0percent of total consumptive use by all water-use categories (From Solley, W.B et al., 1998, Estimated use of water in theUnited States in 1995, U.S Geological Survey Circular 1200,www.usgs.gov.)

THE WATER ENCYCLOPEDIA: HYDROLOGIC DATA AND INTERNET RESOURCES7-8

Table 7A.4 (Continued)

Note: Figures may not sum of totals because of independent rounding All values are in million gallons per day —, data not collected

Source: From Hutson, S.S et al., Estimated use of water in the United States in 2000, U.S Geological Survey Circular 1268, 2004,http://water.usgs.gov/pubs/circ/2004/circ1268/

Electric

Table 7A.5 (Continued)

Public

Electric

Note: Figures may not sum to totals because of independent rounding All values are in million gallons per day —, data not collected

Source: From Hutson, S.S et al., 2004, Estimated use of water in the United States in 2000, U.S Geological Survey Circular 1268,www.usgs.gov

Withdrawals (mil gal/day)

Withdrawals(thousand acre-feet/yr)

By Source and Type

Population

Table 7A.6 (Continued)

Withdrawals (mil gal/day)

Withdrawals(thousand acre-feet/yr)

By Source and Type

Note: Figures may not sum to totals because of independent rounding

Source: From Hutson, S.S et al., 2004, Estimated use of water in the United States in 2000, U.S Geological Survey Circular 1268, usgs.gov/pubs/circ/2004/circ1268

Figure 7A.6 Total off-stream withdrawals by source in the United States, 1950–1995 (From Dziegielewski, B et al., 2002, Analysis of

Water Use Trends in the United States: 1950–1995, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, Carbondale, IL, February 28,

2002 Reprinted with permission.http://info.geography.siu.edu/geography_info/research/.)

Table 7A.7 Total and Percent of Withdrawals by Source in the United States, 1950–1995

Year

Total

With-drawals (bgd)

GroundwaterFresh(bgd)

Surface WaterFresh(bgd)

Surface WaterSaline(bgd)

GroundwaterFresh(%)

Surface WaterFresh(%)

Surface WaterSaline(%)

Source: From Dziegielewski, B et al., 2002, Analysis of Water Use Trends in the United States: 1950–1995, Southern Illinois University at

Carbondale, Carbondale, IL, February 28, 2002 Reprinted with Permission http://info.geography.siu.edu/geography_info/research/

Table 7A.8 Common Uses of Water in Relation to Consumptive and Nonconsumptive Uses

Steam generation (locomotive or stationary) Steam released to atmosphere a

Air conditioning

Other cooling (recirculating) Some water evaporated with each use a

Storage in surface reservoirs Evaporation from water surface Seepage underground

Processing foods, beverages, plastics Some water goes into manufactured products Carries organic compounds

Processing

Petroleum products Proportion of consumptive use is increased by

reuse of the nonconsumptive water

Carries chemicals

Paper and pulp Proportion of consumptive use is increased by

reuse of the nonconsumptive water

Carries pulp and chemicals

reuse of the nonconsumptive water

Carries toxic or other chemicals

Metal products Proportion of consumptive use is increased by

reuse of the nonconsumptive water

Carries sludge and soluble chemicals

sediments

one season to another

flow

a With efficient operation, nonconsumptive use is limited to that required for cooling and/or cleaning equipment

b Increase in water temperature may cause increased evaporation

c

Consumptive use by evaporation from water surfaces; may be increased by aerators

d Consumptive use is limited to losses through leaking pipes, valves, etc

e

Consumptive use is limited to evaporation from lakes, reservoirs, etc that are required for continuous operation

Source: From House of Representatives, U.S Congress

THE WATER ENCYCLOPEDIA: HYDROLOGIC DATA AND INTERNET RESOURCES7-16

Table 7A.9 United States Water Withdrawals and Consumptive Use Per Day by End Use, 1940–1995

Public supplya

SteamElectricUtilities(bil gal)Year

Total(bil gal)

Per Capitab(gal)

Irrigation(bil gal)

Total(bil gal)

Per Capitac(gal)

Rurald(bil gal)

Industrialand Misce(bil gal)Withdrawals

Includes commercial water withdrawals

b Based on U.S Census Bureau resident population as of July 1

c

Based on population served

d Rural farm and nonfarm household and garden use, and water for farm stock and dairies

e

For 1940 to 1960, includes manufacturing and mineral industries, rural commercial industries, air-conditioning, resorts, hotels, motels,military and other state and Federal agencies, and miscellaneous; thereafter, includes manufacturing, mining and mineral processing,ordnance, construction, and miscellaneous

f

Public supply consumptive use included in end-use categories

Source: From U.S Census Bureau, Statistical Abstracts of the United States: 2000,www.census.gov

Original Source: From 1940–1960, U.S Bureau of Domestic Business Development, based principally on committee prints, Water

Resources Activities in the United States, for the Senate Committee on National Water Resources, U.S Senate,thereafter, U.S Geological Survey, Estimated Use of Water in the United States in 1995, circular 1200, and previousquinquennial issues

SECTION 7B WATER USE — WORLDTHE WATER ENCYCLOPEDIA: HYDROLOGIC DATA AND INTERNET RESOURCES7-18

Total Intakea Recirculationb Gross Water Usec Total Discharged Consumptione

ChangefromPrevious

ChangefromPrevious

ChangefromPrevious

ChangefromPrevious

ChangefromPreviousPeriod

Table 7B.10 (Continued)

ChangefromPrevious

ChangefromPrevious

ChangefromPrevious

ChangefromPrevious

ChangefromPreviousPeriod

Note: Figures may not add up to totals due to rounding

a The quantity of water withdrawn from a water source

b The amount of water used more than once in an industrial application

c

Gross water use equals total water intake plus recirculation

d The quantity of water returned to the water source

e

Consumption is that part of water intake that is evaporated, incorporated into products or crops, consumed by humans or livestock, or otherwise removed from the local hydrologicenvironment

information is used with the permission of Statistics Canada Users are forbidden to copy this material and/or redisseminate the data, in an original or modified form, for commercialpurposes, without the expressed permission of Statistics Canada Information on the availability of the wide range of data from Statistics Canada can be obtained from StatisticsCanada’s Regional Offices, its World Wide Web site atwww.statcan.ca, and its toll-free access number 1-800-263-1136 With permission

Figure 7B.7 Dynamics of water use in the world by kind of economic activity (From Shiklomanov, I.A., 1999, Summary of the

Monograph “World Water Resources at the Beginning of the 21st Century” Prepared in the Framework of IHP UNESCO,International Hydrological Programme, UNESCO’s Intergovernmental Scientific Programme in Water Resources, WorldWater Resources and Their Use a Joint State Hydrological Institute (SHI)/UNESCO Product,http://webworld.unesco.org/water/ihp/db/shiklomanov/ Copyright q UNESCO 1999 Reproduced by permission of UNESCO.)

Table 7B.11 World Wide Freshwater Resources Availability and Use

Renewable Water Resources (annual) a

Water Withdrawals (annual)

Desalinated Water Production (mill m 3 )g g

Internal Renewable Water Resources (IRWR)

Natural Renewable Water Resources b

Year Total (mill m 3 )

Per Capita (m 3 person)

as a % of Renewable Water Resources

Sectoral Share (Percent) c

Groundwater Recharge (km 3 ) d

Surface Water (km 3 ) d

Overlap (km 3 )

Total e (km 3 ) Total (km 3 ) Per Capita

Table 7B.11 (Continued)

Renewable Water Resources (annual) a

Water Withdrawals (annual)

Desalinated Water Production (mill m 3 )g g

Internal Renewable Water Resources (IRWR)

Natural Renewable Water Resources b

Year Total (mill m 3 )

Per Capita (m 3 person)

as a % of Renewable Water Resources

Sectoral Share (Percent) c

Groundwater Recharge (km 3 ) d

Surface Water (km 3 ) d

Overlap (km 3 )

Total e (km 3 ) Total (km 3 ) Per Capita

Table 7B.11 (Continued)

Renewable Water Resources (annual) a

Water Withdrawals (annual)

Desalinated Water Production (mill m 3 )g g

Internal Renewable Water Resources (IRWR)

Natural Renewable Water Resources b

Year Total (mill m 3 )

Per Capita (m 3 person)

as a % of Renewable Water Resources

Sectoral Share (Percent) c

Groundwater Recharge (km 3 ) d

Surface Water (km 3 ) d

Overlap (km 3 )

Total e (km 3 ) Total (km 3 ) Per Capita

Surface water produced internally includes the average annual flow of rivers generated from endogenous precipitation and base flow generated by aquifers Surface water resources areusually computed by measuring or assessing total river flow occurring in a country on a yearly basis.

Overlap is the volume of water resources common to both surface and groundwater It is subtracted when calculating IRWR to avoid double counting Two types of exchanges create overlap:contribution of aquifers to surface flow, and recharge of aquifers by surface run-off In humid temperate or tropical regions, the entire volume of groundwater recharge typically contributes tosurface water flow In karstic domains (regions with porous limestone rock formations), a portion of groundwater resources are assumed to contribute to surface water flow In arid and semi-arid countries, surface water flows recharge groundwater by infiltrating through the soil during floods This recharge is either directly measured or inferred by characteristics of the aquifers andpiezometric levels

Total internal renewable water resources is the sum of surface and groundwater resources minus overlap; in other words, IRWR Z Surface Water Resources C GroundwaterRecharge — Overlap

Natural Renewable Water Resources, measured in cubic kilometers per year (km3/year), is the sum of internal renewable water resources and natural flow originating outside of the country.Natural Renewable Water Resources are computed by adding together both internal renewable water resources (IRWR — see above) and natural flows (flow to and from other countries).Natural incoming flow is the average amount of water which would flow into the country without human influence In some arid and semi-arid countries, actual water resources are presentedinstead of natural renewable water resources These actual totals, labeled with a footnote in the freshwater data table, include the quantity of flows reserved to upstream and downstreamcountries through formal and informal agreements or treaties The actual flows are often much lower than natural flow due to water scarcity in arid and semi-arid regions

Per Capita Natural Renewable Water Resources are measured in cubic meters per person per year (m3/person/year) Per capita values were calculated by using national population data for2002

Water Withdrawals (annual), measured in million cubic meters, refers to total water removed for human uses in a single year, not counting evaporative losses from storage basins Waterwithdrawals also include water from nonrenewable groundwater sources, river flows from other countries, and desalination plants

Per Capita Annual Withdrawals were calculated using national population data for the year the withdrawal data were collected

Water Withdrawals as a Percent of Renewable Water Resources is the proportion of renewable water resources withdrawn on a per capita basis, expressed in cubic meters per person peryear (m3/person/year) The value is calculated by dividing water withdrawals per capita by actual renewable water resources per capita

Sector Share of water withdrawals, expressed as a percentage, refers to the proportion of water used for one of three purposes: agriculture, industry, and domestic uses All water withdrawalsare allocated to one of these three categories

Agricultural uses of water primarily include irrigation and, to a lesser extent, livestock maintenance

Domestic uses include drinking water plus water withdrawn for homes, municipalities, commercial establishments, and public services (e.g hospitals)

Industrial uses include cooling machinery and equipment, producing energy, cleaning and washing goods produced as ingredients in manufactured items, and as a solvent

(Continued)

When possible, cross-checking of information among countries was used to improve assessment in countries where information was limited When several sources gave different orcontradictory figures, preference was always given to information collected at the national or sub-national level This preference is based on the assumption by FAO that no regionalinformation can be more accurate than studies carried out at the country level Unless proven to be wrong, official rather than unofficial sources were used In the case of shared waterresources, a comparison among countries was made to ensure consistency at river-basin level.

For more information on the methodology used to collect these data, please refer to the original source or: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO): WaterResources, Development and Management Service October, 2001 Statistics on Water Resources by Country in FAO’s AQUASTAT Programme (available on-line atfao.org/ag/agl/aglw/aquastat/water_res/index.stm) Rome: FAO

Frequency of Update by Data Providers: AQUASTAT was developed by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations in 1993; data have been available on-line since 2001.Most freshwater data are not available in a time series, and the global data set contains data collected over a time span of up to 30 years AQUASTAT updates their website as new databecome available, or when FAO conducts special regional studies Studies were conducted in Africa in 1994, the Near East in 1995–96, the former Soviet republics in 1997, selected Asiancountries in 1998–99, and Latin America & the Caribbean in 2000 Data from the Blue Plan on Mediterranean water withdrawals were last updated in 2002 Most data updates include revisions

of past data

Data Reliability and Cautionary Notes: While AQUASTAT represents the most complete and careful compilation of country-level water resources statistics to date, freshwater data aregenerally of poor quality Information sources are various but rarely complete Some governments will keep internal water resources information confidential because they are competing forwater resources with bordering countries Many instances of water scarcity are highly localized and are not reflected in national statistics In addition, the accuracy and reliability of informationvary greatly among regions, countries, and categories of information, as does the year in which the information was gathered As a result, no consistency can be ensured among countries onthe duration and dates of the period of reference All data should be considered order-of-magnitude estimates

Groundwater Recharge tends to be overestimated in arid areas and underestimated in humid areas

Natural Renewable Water Resources vary with time Exchanges between countries are complicated when a river crosses the same border several times Part of the incoming water flow maythus originate from the same country in which it enters, making it necessary to calculate a “net” inflow to avoid double counting of resources In addition, the water that is actually accessible tohumans for consumption is often much smaller than the total renewable water resources indicated in the data table

Renewable Water Resources Per Capita contains water resources data from a different set of years than the population data used in the calculation While the water resources data areusually long-term averages, inconsistencies may arise when combining it with 2002 population data

Water Withdrawals as a Percentage of Actual Water Resources are also calculated using per capita data from two different years While this ratio can indicate that some countries aredepleting their water resources, it does not accurately reflect localized over-extraction from aquifers and streams In addition, the calculation does not distinguish ground and surface water.Sectoral Withdrawal Data may not add to 100 because of rounding Evaporative losses from storage basins are not considered; users should keep in mind, however, that in some parts of theworld up to 25 percent of water that is withdrawn and placed in reservoirs evaporates before it is used by an sector

Desalinated Water Production may exist in some countries where the volume of production is indicated to be zero, since AQUASTAT assumes that production is zero if no value has beengiven for those countries where information on water use is available

a

Although data were obtained from FAC in 2002, they are long-term averages originating from multiple sources and years For more information, please consult the original source atfao.org/waicent/faoinfo/agricult/agl/aglw/aquastat/water_res/index.stm

b

Natural renewable water resources include internal renewable water resources plus or minus the flows of surface and groundwater entering or leaving the country

c Sectoral withdrawal data may not add up to 100 because of rounding

Calculation is based on withdrawals from various years, and population data from 2002

g Data on desalinated water originate from FAO country surveys conducted in various regions between 1992 and 2000

h

Data account for the portion of flow secured through treaties or agreements to other countries

i River discharges in Siberia are not well documented and highly uncertain

Source: From World Resources Institute, Earth trends environmental information, Water Resources and Freshwater Ecosystems, Data Tables, Freshwater Resources,www.earthtrends.

wri.org With permission

AQUASTAT Information System on Water in Agriculture: Review of Water Resource Statistics by Country Rome: FAO Available on-line at fao.org/waicent/faoinfo/agl/aglw/aquastat/water_res/index.htm

Water Withdrawals: Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO): Water Resources, Development and Management Service.2002 AQUASTATInformation System on Water in Agriculture Rome: FAO Avaliable on-line at www.fao.org/waicent/faoinfo/agricult/agl/aglw/aquastat/dbase/index.htm Data forMediterranean countries were provided directly to WRI from: J Margat, 2002 Present Water Withdrawals in Mediterranean Countries Paris: Blue Plan

Population Data (for per capita calculations): Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat 2002.WorldPopulation prospects: The 2000 Revision New York: United Nations Data set on CD-ROM

Table 7B.12 Worldwide Freshwater Withdrawal, by Country and Sector

TotalFreshwaterWithdrawal(km3/yr)

Per-CapitaWithdrawal(m3/p/yr)

USE

2000Population(millions)Region and Country Year

Domestic(%)

Industrial(%)

Agricultural(%)

Domestic(m3/p/yr)

Industrial(m3/p/yr)

Agricultural(m3/p/yr) Source

Table 7B.12 (Continued)

TotalFreshwaterWithdrawal(km3/yr)

Per-CapitaWithdrawal(m3/p/yr)

USE

2000Population(millions)Region and Country Year

Domestic(%)

Industrial(%)

Agricultural(%)

Domestic(m3/p/yr)

Industrial(m3/p/yr)

Agricultural(m3/p/yr) Source

Table 7B.12 (Continued)

TotalFreshwaterWithdrawal(km3/yr)

Per-CapitaWithdrawal(m3/p/yr)

USE

2000Population(millions)Region and Country Year

Domestic(%)

Industrial(%)

Agricultural(%)

Domestic(m3/p/yr)

Industrial(m3/p/yr)

Agricultural(m3/p/yr) Source

Note: Figures may not add to totals due to independent rounding 2000 Population numbers: medium United Nations variant

Limitations: Extreme care should be used when applying these data — they are often the least reliable and most inconsistent of all water resources information They come from a wide variety

of sources and are collected using different approaches with few formal standards Consistent data collection is needed in this area, using standard methods and assumptions As a result, thistable includes data that are actually measured, estimated, modeled using different assumptions, or derived from other data The data also come from different years, making directcomparisons difficult, though the effort of FAO to standardize water-use data for 2000 has somewhat reduced this problem Industrial withdrawals for Panama, St Lucia, St Vincent, and theGrenadines are included in the domestic category Another major limitation of these data is that they do not include the use of rainfall in agriculture Many countries use a significant fraction ofthe rain falling on their territory for agricultural production, but this water use is neither accurately measured nor reported

a

b World Resources Institute, 1990, World resources 1990–1991, New York: Oxford University Press

UNFAO 1999 Irrigation in Asia in figures Food and Agriculture Organization, United Nations, Rome

f Nix, H 1995 Water/Land/Life, Water Research Foundation of Australia, Canberra

g

UNFAO 2000 Irrigation in Latin America and the Caribbean Food and Agricultural Organization, United Nations, Rome

k

Ministry of Water Resources, China 2001 Water resources bulletin of China, 2000 People’s Republic of China, Beijing, September

m Hutson, S S., Barber, N L., Kenny, J E., Linsey, K S., Lumia, D S., and Maupin, M A 2004 Estimated use of water in the United States in 2000 United States Geological Survey,Circular 1268 Reston, Virginia

p See Wieland, U 2003 Water use and waste water treatment in the European Union and in candidate countries Eurostat Statistics in Focus, Theme 8 European Communities AndEurostat 2004 Statistics in Focus europa.eu.int/comm/eurostat europa.eu.int/comm/eurostat/newcronos/queen/display.do?screenZdetail&languageZen&productZTHEME8&rootZTHEME8_ copy_151979619462/yearlies_copy_1067300085946/dd_copy_251110364103/dda_copy_649289610368/dda10512_copy_729379227605

q Includes Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Croatia

Source : From World’s Water 2004–2005 by Peter H Gleick Copyright q 2004 Island Press Reproduced by permission of Island Press, Washington, DC

Table 7B.13 Freshwater Abstractions by Major Use in Selected Countries, 1980–1999

Public Water Supply (b) Irrigation (b) Manufacturing Industry No Cooling (b) Electrical Cooling (b) Percent

b) “Public water supply” refers to water supply by waterworks, and may include other uses besides the domestic sector “Irrigation”, “Industry

no cooling” and “Electrical cooling” refer to self supply (abstraction for own final use)

c) Data refer to 1999 or latest available year Data prior to 1995 have not been considered

Note: CAN, 1980, 1985 and 1990: 1981, 1986 and 1991 data; MEX, 1980: % based on totals excluding agricultural uses other than irrigation.Industry no cooling: includes cooling Electrical cooling 1980: data include Secretariat estimates; U.S.A., Industry no cooling: includescooling; JPN, Industry no cooling: includes industrial and electrical cooling; KOR, % based on partial totals: electrical cooling excluded.Public supply: data refer to domestic sector Irrigation: includes other agric, uses Industry no cooling includes cooling, 1999: 1997 data;AUS, 1980: 1977 data adjusted for average climatic year 1985: data refer to fiscal year 1983/84 and to both waterworks and self-supply;public supply: data refer to domestic sector; industry no cooling: may include industrial and electrical cooling, 1999: 1996/97 data; NZL, %based on partial totals; AUT, % based on partial totals Irrigation and industry no cooling: groundwater only Electrical cooling (includes allindustrial cooling): surface water only 1990:1992 data; irrigation includes other agricultural abstractions 1999: 1997 data; BEL, 1999: 1998data including Secretariat estimates; CZE, Industry no cooling: includes cooling; DNK, 1980: 1977 data 1990; % based on totals referring togroundwater abstractions only, which represent the majority of total freshwater abstractions (e.g 95–99% for 1995) Industry no cooling:includes some industrial and electrical cooling (self-supply) 1999: 1998 data, Irrigation: 1995 data; FIN, % based on partial total: 1985 and

1990 exclude agricultural uses besides irrigation (1985 data); industry no cooling: includes cooling Irrigation: 1999 data is country estimate;FRA, 1980 and 1999: 1981 and 1997 data Irrigation: includes other agricultural uses, but irrigation is the main use Industry no cooling:includes cooling 1997: break in time series; DEU, % based on totals excluding agricultural uses other than irrigation Industry no cooling:includes cooling 1980 and 1985: 1979 and 1983 data, for western Germany only 1990 and 1999: 1991 and 1998 data for total Germany;GRC, % based on partial totals excluding agricultural uses other than irrigation, 1999: 1997 data Public water supply: supply by 42 out of 75great water distribution enterprises; HUN, 1999: 1998 data; ISL, Public supply: includes the domestic use of geothermal water Industry nocooling: includes cooling After 1985, fish farming is a major user of abstracted water, explaining the change in the relative contribution ofother sectors 1990: 1992 data; IRL, Industry no cooling: includes cooling Irrigation: includes other agricultural uses (e.g rural domesticuse) % based on totals including 1980 data for electrical cooling; ITA, % based on totals excluding agricultural uses besides irrigation 1990and 1999: 1989 and 1998 data; LUX, Industry no cooling: includes cooling 1990: 1989 data, except for industry and electrical cooling (1983data); irrigation; estimated data; NLD, % based on partial totals excluding all agricultural uses 1980, 1985, 1990 and 1999: 1981, 1986, 1991and 1996 data; NOR, Data include 1978 data for industry 1985: 1983 data Industry no cooling: includes industrial cooling; POL, % based ontotals including abstractions for agriculture, which include aquaculture (areas over 10 ha) and irrigation (Arabic land and forest areas greaterthan 20 ha); animal production and domestic needs of rural inhabitants are not covered (selfsupply); PRT, % based on totals excludingagricultural uses besides irrigation 1990 and 1999: 1991 and 1998 data; SLO, Irrigation: Secretariat estimates Industry no cooling: includescooling; ESP, % based on totals excluding agricultural uses other than irrigation Industry no cooling: surface water only; includes industrialcooling Electrical cooling: until 1990 data include total industrial use 1990 and 1999: 1991 and 1997 data; SWE, Irrigation: 1980 and refer to1976; since 1985 data are estimates for dry year Industry no cooling: 1980 data refer to 1974 and include mining and quarrying and electricalcooling: 1985 and 1990 data refer to 1983 Electrical cooling: 1985 and 1990 data refer to 1983 1999: 1995 data; CHE, % based on partialtotals excluding all agricultural uses Public supply: includes industry (total industry—ISIC 10–45 rev 3), which totals 215 million m3(1994),and other activities (101 million m3(1994)) 1999: 1998 data; TUR, % based on totals excluding agricultural uses other than irrigation 1985:

% based on partial totals excluding electrical cooling Industry no cooling: includes cooling 1990: 1991 data Electrical cooling 1999:estimation (1995 data); UKD, England and Wales only Data include miscellaneous uses for power generation, but exclude hydroelectricpower water use; RUS, 1990 and 1999: 1991 and 1996 data

Source : From Table 3.1C, OECD Environmental Data Compendium 2002, q OCED 2002,www.oecd.org

Table 7B.14 Worldwide Fresh Water Utilization by Purpose, 2000

Total Volume ofFresh WaterUtilization(km3/yr)

Fresh Water Utilization by Purpose

3500300025002000150010005000

Assessment

Forecast

Forecast

Asia

Asia

(a)

(b)

Figure 7B.8 Dynamics of water use in the world by continents (From Shiklomanov, I.A., 1999, Summary of the Monograph “World Water

Resources at the Beginning of the 21st Century” Prepared in the Framework of IHP UNESCO, International HydrologicalProgramme, UNESCO’S, Intergovernmental Scientific Programme in Water Resources, World Water Resources and TheirUse a Joint State Hydrological Institute (SHI)/UNESCO Product,http://webworld.unesco.org/water/ihp/db/shiklomanov/.Copyright q UNESCO 1999 Reproduced by permission of UNESCO.)

Table 7B.15 Freshwater Abstractions by Source, in Selected Countries 1980–1999

Per Capita/

(m3/Capita)

(b)

As % ofResources/

(a) (b)

Total Abstractions(mill m3)

Surface Water(mill m3)

Groundwater(mill m3)

for electrical cooling based on electricity generated in power stations in 1980 1999: Total gross abstraction excluding 143 km used in hydroelectric energy generation; U.S.A., 1999:WWF estimate for 1995; JPN, 1999: 1997 data; KOR, Partial totals excluding electrical cooling 1999: 1997 data; AUS, 1980: 1977 data adjusted for an average climatic year 1985:fiscal year 1983/84 1999: 1996/97 data; NZL, Partial totals excluding industrial and electrical cooling 1980: composite total based on data for various years 1999: 1993 estimates;AUT, Partial totals Surface water: excluding agriculture, irrigation and industry except cooling Groundwater: excluding industry and electrical cooling 1999: 1997 data; BEL, 1999:

1998 data; data include Secretariat estimates; DNK, 1980 and 1999: 1977 and 1998 data 1990 refer only to groundwater abstractions, which represent the majority of total freshwaterabstractions (e.g 95–99% for 1995); FIN, Partial totals 1985 and 1990: exclude agricultural uses besides irrigations 1999: includes country estimate for agriculture; FRA, 1980 and1999: 1981 and 1997 data 1997: Break in time series; DEU, Excluding agricultural uses besides irrigation 1980 and 1985: 1979 and 1983 data for western Germany only 1990 and1999: 1991 and 1998 data for total Germany Data include electrical cooling; GRC, Partial totals excluding agricultural uses besides irrigation 1999: 1997 data including, for publicwater supply, data from 42 out of 75 great water distribution enterprises; HUN, 1999: 1998 data; ISL, Totals include the domestic use of geothermal water 1990: 1992 data; IRL, 1999:

1994 data; totals include 1980 data for electrical cooling; ITA, Excluding agricultural uses besides irrigation 1980: including 1973 estimates for industrial cooling 1990 and 1999: 1989and 1998 data; LUX, 1990: 1989 data, including 1983 data; NLD, Partial totals excluding all agricultural uses 1980, 1985, 1990 and 1999: 1981, 1986, 1991 and 1996 data; NOR, Datainclude 1978 data for industry 1985: 1983 data 1999: data are estimates for 1994; POL, Totals include abstractions for agriculture, which refer to aquaculture (areas over 10 ha) andirrigation (arable land and forest areas greater than 20 ha); animal production and domestic needs of rural inhabitants are not covered (selfsupply); PRT, Excluding agricultural usesbesides irrigation 1990: 1991 data 1999: 1998 data; ESP, Excluding agricultural uses besides irrigation Groundwater: excluding industry 1990 and 1999: 1991 and 1997 data; SWE,

1980, 1985 and 1990: include data from different years 1999: 1995 data; CHE, Partial totals excluding all agricultural uses 1999: 1998 data; TUR, Partial totals Excluding agriculturaluses besides irrigation 1980 and 1985: excluding electrical cooling 1990: 1991 data 1999: total: country estimates; surface and groundwater: 1997 data; UKD, Partial totals EnglandWales only Data include miscellaneous uses for power generation, but exclude hydroelectric power water use; RUS, 1990: 1991 data; Totals, Rounded figures, including Secretarialestimates OECD and EU until 1985: western Germany only % of renewable resources: calculated using the estimated totals for internal resources (not total resources as forcountries), and considering England and Wales only

a

Data refer to total abstraction divided by total renewable resources, except for regional totals, where the internal resource estimates were used to avoid double counting Total renewableresources represent the maximum quantity of water available on average

b

Data refer to 1999 or latest available year Data prior to 1994 have not been considered

c Data refer to 1999 or latest available year

Table 7B.16 Worldwide Annual Groundwater Withdrawals and Desalinization

Average Annual Groundwater

DesalinatedWaterProduction(mill m3) 1990Total (km3)

Years Vary

Per Capita (m3)Year 2000 Year Total (km3)

Percentage ofAnnualRecharge Per Capita (m3)

Sectoral Share (percent)a

Domestics Industry Agriculture