The Water Encyclopedia: Hydrologic Data and Internet Resources - Chapter 9 potx

Table 9A.2 Typical Wastewater Flowrates from Recreational Facilities in the United States Flowrate, gal/unit d Flowrate, l/unit d Camp With central toilet and bath facilities Recreationa

CHAPTER 9 Wastewater William H Lynch

CONTENTS

Section 9A Wastewater Characteristics 9-2 Section 9B Centralized Wastewater Treatment 9-20 Section 9C Decentralized Wastewater Treatment 9-40 Section 9D Industrial Wastewater Treatment 9-49

9-1

SECTION 9A WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS10.0

8.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.5 Ratio of Q peak hourly/Q design ave 1.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.7 1.0

Population in thousands

Q peak hourly: Maximum rate of wastewater flow (Peak hourly flow)

Q design ave: Design average daily wastewater flow

2 3 4 5 7 10 20 30 40 50 70 100

Source: Q peak hourly/Q design ave = 18 + P - - - (P = population in thousands)

4 + P Figure 9A.1 Ratio of peak hourly flow to design average flow (From Board of State and Provincial Public Health and EnvironmentalManagers, Health Education Services Division, Recommended Standards for Wastewater Facilities, Figure 1, p 10.5, 2004 Edition.www.hes.org.)

Preliminary Primary

Nitrogen removalNitrification–denitrificationselective ion exchangebreakpoint chlorinationgas strippingoverland flow

Phosphorus removalChemical precipitationbiological

Suspended solids removalChemical coagulationfiltration

Organics & metals removalCarbon adsorptionchemical precipitation

Dissolved solids removalReverse osmosiselectrodialysisdistillationion exchange

Sedimentation

Low-rate processes

High-rate processes

Stabilization pondsaerated lagoons

Activated sludgetrickling filtersRBCs

Table 9A.1 Typical Wastewater Flowrates from Urban Residential Sources in the United States

Source: From Metcalf & Eddy, Inc., McGraw-Hill, Wastewater Engineering Treatment and Reuse, Fourth

Edition, 2003, Table 3.1, p 156 With permission Adapted in part from AWWARF (1999)

Table 9A.2 Typical Wastewater Flowrates from Recreational Facilities in the United States

Flowrate, gal/unit d Flowrate, l/unit d

Camp

With central toilet

and bath facilities

Recreational vehicle park

Source: From Metcalf & Eddy, Inc., McGraw-Hill, Wastewater Engineering Treatment and Reuse, Fourth Edition,

2003, Table 3.4, p 159 With permission Adapted from Metcalf & Eddy (1991), Salvato (1992), andCrites and Tchobanoglous (1998)

Table 9A.3 Typical Wastewater Flowrates from Commercial Sources in the United States

Flowrate, gal/unit d Flowrate, l/unit d

Restaurant:

Source: From Metcalf & Eddy, Inc., McGraw-Hill, Wastewater Engineering Treatment and Reuse, Fourth

Edition, 2003, Table 3.2, p 157 With permission Adapted from Metcalf & Eddy (1991), Salvato (1992),and Crites and Tchobanoglous (1998)

Table 9A.4 Typical Wastewater Flowrates from Institutional Sources in the United States

Flowrate, gal/unit d Flowrate, l/unit d

Source: From Metcalf & Eddy, Inc., McGraw-Hill, Wastewater Engineering Treatment and Reuse, Fourth

Edition, 2003, Table 3.3, p 158 With permission Adapted from Metcalf & Eddy (1991), Salvato (1992),and Crites and Tchobanoglous (1998)

THE WATER ENCYCLOPEDIA: HYDROLOGIC DATA AND INTERNET RESOURCES9-4

Table 9A.5 Terminology Used to Quantify Observed Variations in Flowrate and Constituent Concentrations

Average dry-weather flow (ADWF) The average of the daily flows sustained during dry-weather periods with limited infiltrationAverage wet-weather flow (AWWF) The average of the daily flows sustained during wet-weather periods when infiltration is a factorAverage annual daily flow The average flowrate occurring over a 24-h period based on annual flowrate data

Instantaneous peak Highest record flowrate occurring for a period consistent with the recording equipment In many

situations the recorded peak flow may be considerably below the actual peak flow because ofmetering and recording equipment limitations

Peak hour The average of the peak flows sustained for a period of 1 h in the record examined (usually

based on 10-min increments)Maximum day The average of the peak flows sustained for a period of 1 day in the record examined (the

duration of the peak flows may vary)Maximum month The average of the maximum daily flows sustained for a period of 1 month in the record

examinedMinimum hour The average of the minimum flows sustained for a period of 1 h in the record examined

(usually based on 10-min increments)Minimum day The average of the minimum flows sustained for a period of 1 day in the record examined

(usually for the period from 2 a.m to 6 a.m.)Minimum month The average of the minimum daily flows sustained for a period of 1 month in the record examinedSustained flow (and load) The value (flowrate or mass loading) sustained or exceeded for a given period of time

(e.g., 1 h, 1 day, or 1 month)Source: From Metcalf & Eddy, Inc., McGraw-Hill, Wastewater Engineering Treatment and Reuse, Fourth Edition, 2003, Table 3.11, p

179 With permission Adapted in part from Crites and Tchobanoglous (1998)

Table 9A.6 Terminology Commonly Used in the Field of Wastewater Engineering

Biosolids Primarily an organic, semisolid wastewater product that remains after solids are stabilized

biologically or chemically and are suitable for beneficial useClass A biosolidsa Biosolids in which the pathogens (including enteric viruses, pathogenic bacteria, and viable

helminth ova) are reduced below current detectable levelsClass B biosolidsa Biosolids in which the pathogens are reduced to levels that are unlikely to pose a threat to

public health and the environment under specific use conditions Class B biosolids cannot

be sold or given away in bags on other containers or applied on lawns or home gardensCharacteristics (wastewater) General classes of wastewater constituents such as physical, chemical, biological, and

biochemicalComposition The makeup of wastewater, including the physical, chemical, and biological constituentsConstituentsb Individual components, elements, or biological entities such as suspended solids or

ammonia nitrogen

Disinfection Reduction of disease-causing microorganisms by physical or chemical means

Nonpoint sources Sources of pollution that originate from multiple sources over a relatively large areaNutrient An element that is essential for the growth of plants and animals Nutrients in wastewater,

usually nitrogen and phosphorus, may cause unwanted algal and plant growths in lakesand streams

Point sources Pollutional loads discharged at a specific location from pipes, outfalls, and conveyance

methods from either municipal wastewater treatment plants or industrial waste treatmentfacilities

Reclamation Treatment of wastewater for subsequent reuse application or the act of reusing treated

wastewater

(Continued)

Table 9A.6 (Continued)

Recycling The reuse of treated wastewater and biosolids for beneficial purposes

Repurification Treatment of wastewater to a level suitable for a variety of applications including indirect or

direct potable reuseReuse Beneficial use of reclaimed or repurified wastewater or stabilized biosolids

Sludge Solids removed from wastewater during treatment Solids that are treated further are termed

biosolidsSolids Material removed from wastewater by gravity separation (by clarifiers, thickeners, and

logoons) and is the solid residue from dewatering operations

a U.S EPA (1997b)

b

To avoid confusion, the term “constituents” is used in this text in place of contaminants, impurities, and pollutants

Source: From Metcalf & Eddy, Inc., McGraw-Hill, Wastewater Engineering Treatment and Reuse, Fourth Edition, 2003, Table 1.1, p 4

With permission Adapted in part from Crites and Tchobanoglous (1998)

Table 9A.7 Levels of Wastewater Treatment

Preliminary Removal of wastewater constituents such as rags, sticks, floatables, grit, and grease that may

cause maintenance or operational problems with the treatment operations, processes, andancillary systems

Primary Removal of a portion of the suspended solids and organic matter from the wastewaterAdvanced primary Enhanced removal of suspended solids and organic matter from the wastewater Typically

accomplished by chemical addition or filtrationSecondary Removal of biodegradable organic matter (in solution or suspension) and suspended solids

Disinfection is also typically included in the definition of conventional secondary treatmentSecondary with nutrient removal Removal of biodegradable organics, suspended solids, and nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, or

both nitrogen and phosphorus)Tertiary Removal of residual suspended solids (after secondary treatment), usually by granular medium

filtration or microscreens Disinfection is also typically a part of tertiary treatment Nutrientremoval is often included in this definition

Advanced Removal of dissolved and suspended materials remaining after normal biological treatment

when required for various water reuse applicationsSource: From Metcalf & Eddy, Inc., McGraw-Hill, Wastewater Engineering Treatment and Reuse, Fourth Edition, 2003, Table 1.4, p 11

Adapted in part from Crites and Tchobanoglous (1998)

THE WATER ENCYCLOPEDIA: HYDROLOGIC DATA AND INTERNET RESOURCES9-6

Table 9A.8 Commonly Used Treatment Processes and Optional Treatment Methods

Free water surface constructed wetlandVegetated submerged bed

Packed-bed media filters (incl dosed systems)Granular (sand, gravel, glass, bottom ash)Peat, textile

Mechanical disk filtersSoil infiltrationSoluble carbonaceous BOD

and ammonium removal

Aerobic, suspended-growthreactors

Extended aeration

Fixed-film activated sludgeSequencing batch reactors (SBRs)Fixed-film aerobic bioreactor Soil infiltration

Packed-bed media filters (incl dosed systems)Granular (sand, gravel, glass)

Peat, textile, foamTrickling filterFixed-film activated sludgeRotating biological contactors

Free water surface constructed wetlands

Denitrification (D) Fixed film bio-reactor (N)

Recirculating media filter (N, D)Fixed-film activated sludge (N)Anaerobic upflow filter (N)Anaerobic submerged media reactor (D)Submerged vegetated bed (D)

Free water surface constructed wetland (N, D)

Anion exchange (nitrate removal)

Chemical flocculation and settlingIron-rich packed-bed media filter

Pathogen removal (bacteria,

viruses, parasites)

Filtration/Predation/Inactivation Soil infiltration

Packed-bed media filtersGranular (sand, gravel, glass bottom, ash)Peat, textile

Ultraviolet light

Septic tank

Aerobic biological treatment(incidential removal will occur;

overloading is possible)

Aerobic biological systems

Source: From USEPA, On-Site Wastewater Treatment Systems Manual, Office of Water, Office of Research and Development, EPA,

(EPA/625/R-00/0008).www.epa.gov/ord/NRMRL/Pubs/625R00008/625R00008totaldocument.pdf

Table 9A.9 Number of Operational Treatment Facilities and Collection Systems in 2000

Results presented in this table for American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Nevada, Puerto

Rico, Virgin Islands, and Wyoming are from the 1996 survey because these States and Territories did not

participate in the CWNS 2000

Source: From 2000 Clean Watersheds Needs Survey Report to Congress, Published 2003, Appendix C,

Table C.1, p C.2 epa.gov/owm/mtb/cwns/2000rtc/cwns2000-appendix-c.pdf, epa.gov/owm/mtb/

cwns/2000rtc/toc.htm

THE WATER ENCYCLOPEDIA: HYDROLOGIC DATA AND INTERNET RESOURCES9-8

Table 9A.10 Number of Operational Treatment Facilities and Collection Systems if All Documented Needs

b Results presented in this table for American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Nevada, Puerto Rico, Virgin

Islands, and Wyoming are from the 1996 survey because these States and Territories did not participate in the

Table 9A.11 Number of Treatment Facilities by Flow Range

Treatment Facilities in Operation in 2000a,bExisting Flow Range (mgd) Number of Facilities Total Existing Flow (mgd)

Treatment Facilities in Operation in 2000 if All Documented Needs Are Meta,b

Design Flow Range (mgd) Number of Facilities

Total Future Design FlowCapacity (mgd)

b Results presented in this table for American Samoa, Guam, Nevada, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico,

Virgin Islands, and Wyoming are from the 1996 survey because these States and Territories did not

participate in the CWNS 2000

c Flow data for these facilities were unavailable

Source: From 2000 Clean Watersheds Needs Survey Report to Congress, Published 2003, Appendix C,

Table C.3, p C.4.www.epa.gov/owm/mtb/cwns/2000rtc/cwns2000-appendix-c.pdf, www.epa.gov/

1996 Number ofFacilities

Change1992–1996 (%)

2000 Number ofFacilities

Change1992–2000 (%)

Change1996–2000 (%)

No discharge refers to facilities that do not discharge effluent to surface waters (e.g., spray irrigation, groundwater recharge)

b Includes facilities granted section 301(h) waivers from secondary treatment for discharges to marine waters As of January 1, 2000,waivers for 34 facilities in the CWNS 2000 database had been granted or were pending

c The number of facilities includes 222 facilities that provide partial treatment and whose flow goes to another facility for further treatment.Source: From 2000 Clean Watersheds Needs Survey Report to Congress, Published 2003, Table 3.2, p 3–4 www.epa.gov/

owm/mtb/cwns/2000rtc/toc.htm,www.epa.gov/owm/mtb/cwns/2000rtc/cwns2000-chapter-3.pdf

THE WATER ENCYCLOPEDIA: HYDROLOGIC DATA AND INTERNET RESOURCES9-10

Table 9A.13 Comparison of Total Needs for the 1992 Needs Survey, 1996 Clean Water Needs Survey, and CWNS 2000 (January

2000 Dollars in Billions)

Publicly Owned Wastewater Treatment and Collection Systems and Storm Water Management Programs

Nonpoint Source Pollution Control Projects

Collection and conveyance categoriesIII and IV only

Table 9A.14 Number of Treatment Facilities by Level of Treatment

Treatment Facilities in Operation in 2000a,b

Level of Treatment Number of Facilities

Present DesignCapacity (mgd)

Number of PeopleServed

Percent of U.S.Population

Treatment Facilities in Operation in 2000 if All Documented Needs Are Meta,b

Level of Treatment Number of Facilities

Future DesignCapacity (mgd)

Number of PeopleServed

Percent of U.S.Population

California, Colorado, New York, and South Dakota did not have the resources to complete the updating of these data

b Results presented in this table for American Samoa, Guam, Nevada, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, andWyoming are from the 1996 survey because these States and Territories did not participate in the CWNS 2000

c Less-than-secondary facilities include facilities granted or pending section 301(h) waivers from secondary treatment for discharges tomarine waters

d No-discharge facilities do not discharge treated wastewater to the Nation’s waterways These facilities dispose of wastewater viamethods such as industrial reuse, irrigation, or evaporation

Table 9A.15 Clean Watersheds Needs Survey 2000 Total Needs (January 2000 Dollars in Millions)

Table 9A.15 (Continued)

I Secondary wastewater treatment III-B Sewer replacement/rehabilitation V Combined sewer overflow correction

II Advanced wastewater treatment IV-A New collector sewers and appurtenances VI Storm water management programs

III-A Infiltration/inflow correction IV-B New interceptor sewers and

Estimate is less than $0.5 million

Source: From 2000 Clean Watersheds Needs Survey Report to Congress, Published 2003, Appendix A, Table A.1, p A.2 and A.3.www.epa.gov/owm/mtb/cwns/2000rtc/toc.htm,

Table 9A.16 Number of Treatment Facilities and Population Served Per State by Level of Treatment for Year 2000

Number of Facilities Providing Listed Effluent Level Population Served by Listed Effluent Level

State

Less thanSecondarya Secondary

GreaterthanSecondary

NoDischargeb

Less thanSecondarya Secondary

GreaterthanSecondary

NoDischargeb

Table 9A.16 (Continued)

Number of Facilities Providing Listed Effluent Level Population Served by Listed Effluent Level

State

Less thanSecondarya Secondary

GreaterthanSecondary

NoDischargeb

Less thanSecondarya Secondary

GreaterthanSecondary

NoDischargeb

Table 9A.17 Typical Wastewater Pollutants of Concern

Total suspended solids (TSS) and

turbidity (NTU)

In surface waters, suspended solids can result in the development of sludge deposits thatsmother benthic macroinvertebrates and fish eggs and can contribute to benthic enrichment,toxicity, and sediment oxygen demand Excessive turbidity (colloidal solids that interfere withlight penetration) can block sunlight, harm aquatic life (e.g., by blocking sunlight needed byplants), and lower the ability of aquatic plants to increase dissolved oxygen in the watercolumn In drinking water, turbidity is aesthetically displeasing and interferes with disinfectionBiodegradable organics (BOD) Biological stabilization of organics in the water column can deplete dissolved oxygen in surface

waters, creating anoxic conditions harmful to aquatic life Oxygen-reducing conditions canalso result in taste and odor problems in drinking water

Pathogens Parasites, bacteria, and viruses can cause communicable diseases through direct/indirect body

contact or ingestion of contaminated water or shellfish A particular threat occurs whenpartially treated sewage pools on ground surfaces or migrates to recreational waters.Transport distances of some pathogens (e.g., viruses and bacteria) in groundwater or surfacewaters can be significant

Nitrogen Nitrogen is an aquatic plant nutrient that can contribute to eutrophication and dissolved oxygen

loss in surface waters, especially in lakes, estuaries, and coastal embayments Algae andaquatic weeds can contribute trihalomethane (THM) precursors to the water column that maygenerate carcinogenic THMs in chlorinated drinking water Excessive nitrate-nitrogen indrinking water can cause methemoglobinemia in infants and pregnancy complications forwomen Livestock can also suffer health impacts from drinking water high in nitrogenPhosphorus Phosphorus is an aquatic plant nutrient that can contribute to eutrophication of inland and coastal

surface waters and reduction of dissolved oxygenToxic organics Toxic organic compounds present in household chemicals and cleaning agents can interfere with

certain biological processes in alternative OWTSs They can be persistent in groundwater andcontaminate downgradient sources of drinking water They can also cause damage to surfacewater ecosystems and human health through ingestion of contaminated aquatic organisms(e.g., fish, shellfish)

Heavy metals Heavy metals like lead and mercury in drinking water can cause human health problems In the

aquatic ecosystem, they can also be toxic to aquatic life and accumulate in fish and shellfishthat might be consumed by humans

Dissolved inorganics Chloride and sulfide can cause taste and odor problems in drinking water Boron, sodium,

chlorides, sulfate, and other solutes may limit treated wastewater reuse options (e.g.,irrigation) Sodium and to a lesser extent potassium can be deleterious to soil structure andSWIS performance

Source: From USEPA, On-Site Wastewater Treatment Systems Manual, Office of Water, Office of Research and Development, EPA,

(EPA/625/R-00/0008), Table 3.16, p 3–23 www.epa.gov/ord/NRMRL/Pubs/625R00008/625R00008totaldocument.pdf;Adapted in part from Tchobanoglous and Burton, 1991

THE WATER ENCYCLOPEDIA: HYDROLOGIC DATA AND INTERNET RESOURCES9-16

Table 9A.18 Wastewater Constituents of Concern and Representative Concentrations in the Effluent of Various Treatment Units

Tank-Based Treatment Unit Effluent Concentrations

Constituents of

Concern

Example Direct orIndirect Measures(Units) Domestic STEa

Domestic STEwith N-RemovalRecycleb

Aerobic UnitEffluent

Sand FilterEffluent

Foam or TextileFilter Effluent

SWIS Percolateinto Groundwater

at 3 to 5 ft Depth(% Removal)

100 mL)

Virus (e.g., hepatitis, polio,

echo, coxsackie, coliphage)

Specific virus(pfu/mL)

0–105(episodicallypresent at highlevels)

0–105(episodicallypresent at highlevels)

0–105(episodicallypresent at highlevels)

0–105(episodicallypresent at highlevels)

0–105(episodicallypresent at highlevels)

0 to trace levels (?) 0 to trace levels (?) 0 to trace levels (?) 0 to trace levels (?) 0 to trace levels (?) O99%

Heavy metals (e.g., Pb, Cu,

Ag, Hg)

Individual metals(mg/L)

0 to trace levels 0 to trace levels 0 to trace levels 0 to trace levels 0 to trace levels O99%

a

Septic tank effluent (STE) concentrations given are for domestic wastewater However, restaurant STE is markedly higher particularly in BOD, COD, and suspended solids whileconcentrations in graywater STE are noticeably lower in total nitrogen

b

N-removal accomplished by recycling STE through a packed bed for nitrification with discharge into the influent end of the septic tank for denitrification

Source: From Van Cuyk, S.M., R.L Siegrist, and A.L Logan 2001 Evaluation of virus and microbiological purification in wastewater soil absorption systems using multicomponent surrogate

and tracer additions On-Site Wastewater Treatment: Proceedings of the Ninth National Symposium on Individual and Small Community Sewage Systems American Society ofAgricultural Engineers, St Joseph, MI; USEPA, On-Site Wastewater Treatment Systems Manual, Office of Water, Office of Research and Development, EPA (EPA/625/R-00/0008), Table 3.19, p 3–29.www.epa.gov/ord/NRMRL/Pubs/625R00008/625R00008totaldocument.pdf

Table 9A.19 Proposed On-Site System Treatment Performance Standards in Various Control Zones

Standard

BOD(mg/L)

TSS(mg/L)

PO.-P(mg/L)

NH.-N(mg/L)

N03-N(mg/L)

Total N(% Removed)a Fecal Coliforms

(CFU/1,000 mL)bT81—primary treatment

Note: NA, not available

a

Minimum percentage reduction of total nitrogen (as nitrate-nitrogen plus ammonium nitrogen) concentration in the raw, untreated wastewater

b Total coliform colony densities !50 per 100 mL of effluent

Source: From Hoover, M.T., A Arenovski, D Daly, and D Lindbo 1998 A risk-based approach to on-Site system siting, design and management In On-Site Wastewater Treatment

Proceedings of the Eighth National Symposium on Individual and Small Community Sewage Systems American Society of Agricultural Engineers, St Joseph, MI; USEPA, On-SiteWastewater Treatment Systems Manual, Office of Water, Office of Research and Development, EPA, (EPA/625/R-00/0008), Table 3.27, p 3–48.www.epa.gov/ord/NRMRL/Pubs/625R00008/625R00008totaldocument.pdf

Table 9A.20 Typical Wastewater Constituent Data for Various Countries

Country/ Constituent BOD, g/capita d TSS, g/capita d TKN, g/capita d NH3-N, g/capita d Total P, g/capita d

Source: From Metcalf & Eddy, Inc., McGraw-Hill, Wastewater Engineering Treatment and Reuse, Fourth Edition, 2003, Table 3.14,

p 184 With permission Adapted from Henze et al (1997), Ozturk et al (1992), Andreadakis (1992), and Nashashibi and vanDuijl (1995)

SECTION 9B CENTRALIZED WASTEWATER TREATMENT

Table 9B.21 Gravity Sewer Average Design Flows for Development Types

Residential

Source: From Darby, 1995; USEPA, Collection Systems Technology Fact Sheet, Sewers,

Conventional Gravity, Office of Water, Municipal Technology Branch, Table 1,(EPA/823/F-02/007), September 2002 epa.gov/owm/mtb/congrasew.pdf

Table 9B.22 Minimum Slope for Gravity Sewers

Nominal Sewer Size

Minimum Slope (in ft per

Source: From Board of State and Provincial Public Health and

Environmental Managers, Health Education ServicesDivision, Recommended Standards for Wastewater Facili-ties, 2004 Edition hes.org

Table 9B.23 Force Main Capacity

Source: From Metcalf and Eddy, 1981; USEPA, Wastewater Technology Fact Sheet Sewers, Force Main, Office of

Water, Municipal Technology Branch, Table 2 (EPA /823/f-00/071), September 2000 epa.gov/own/mtb/

force_main_sewers.pdf

THE WATER ENCYCLOPEDIA: HYDROLOGIC DATA AND INTERNET RESOURCES9-20

Table 9B.24 Common Sewer Cleaning Methods

Mechanical

Rodding Uses an engine and a drive unit with continuous rods or sectional rods As blades rotate

they break up grease deposits, cut roots, and loosen debrisRodders also help thread the cables used for TV inspections and bucket machinesMost effective in lines up to 300 mm (12 in.) in diameter

Bucket machine Cylindrical device, closed on one end with 2 opposing hinged jaws at the other

Jaws open and scrape off the material and deposit it in the bucketPartially removes large deposits of silt, sand, gravel, and some types of solid wasteHydraulic

Balling A threaded rubber cleaning ball that spins and scrubs the pipe interior as flow increases

in the sewer lineRemoves deposits of settled inorganic material and grease build-upMost effective in sewers ranging in size from 13 to 60 cm (5–24 in.)Flushing Introduces a heavy flow of water into the line at a manhole Removes floatables and

some sand and gritMost effective when used in combination with other mechanical operations, such asrodding or bucket machine cleaning

Jetting Directs high velocities of water against pipe walls Removes debris and grease build-up,

clears blockages, and cuts roots within small diameter pipesEfficient for routine cleaning of small diameter, low flow sewers

Scooter Round, rubber-rimmed, hinged metal shield that is mounted on a steel framework on

small wheels The shield works as a plug to build a head of waterScours the inner walls of the pipe lines

Effective in removing heavy debris and cleaning grease from lineKites, bags, and poly pigs Similar in function to the ball

Rigid rims on bag and kite induce a scouring actionEffective in moving accumulations of decayed debris and grease downstream

Must be emptied on a regular basis as part of the maintenance programGrease traps and sand/oil interceptors The ultimate solution to grease build-up is to trap and remove it

These devices are required by some uniform building codes and/or sewer-useordinances Typically sand/oil interceptors are required for automotive businessdischarge

Need to be thoroughly cleaned to function properlyCleaning frequency varies from twice a month to once every 6 months, depending onthe amount of grease in the discharge

Need to educate restaurant and automobile businesses about the need to maintainthese traps

Chemicals

Before using these chemicals review

the material safety data sheets

(MSDS) and consult the local

authorities on the proper use of

chemicals as per local ordinance and

the proper disposal of the chemicals

used in the operation If assistance or

guidance is needed regarding the

application of certain chemicals,

contact the U.S EPA or state water

pollution control agency

Used to control roots, grease, odors (H2S gas), concrete corrosion, rodents andinsects

Root control — Longer lasting effects than power rodder (approximately 2–5 years)

H2S gas — Some common chemicals used are chlorine (Cl2), hydrogen peroxide(H2O2), pure oxygen (O2), air, lime (Ca(OH2)), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and ironsalts

Grease and soap problems — Some common chemicals used are bioacids,digester, enzymes, bacteria cultures, catalysts, caustics, hydroxides, andneutralizers

Source: From information provided by Arbour and Kerri, 1997 and Sharon, 1989; USEPA, Collection Systems, O&M Fact Sheet, Sewer

Cleaning and Inspection, Office of Water, Municipal Technology Branch, Table 1 (EPA/823/f-99/031), September 1999.www.epa.gov/owm/mtb/sewcl.pdf

Table 9B.26 Limitations of Standard Inspection Techniques for Sewer Lines

Visual inspection In smaller sewers, the scope of problems detected is minimal because the only portion of the

sewer that can be seen in detail is near the manhole Therefore, any definitive information oncracks or other structural problems is unlikely However, this method does provide informationneeded to make decisions on rehabilitation

Camera inspection When performing a camera inspection in a large diameter sewer, the inspection crew is

essentially taking photographs haphazardly, and as a result, the photographs tend to be lesscomprehensive

Closed circuit television (CCTV) This method requires late night inspection and as a result the TV operators are vulnerable to

lapses in concentration CCTV inspections are also quite expensive and time-consumingLamping inspection The video camera does not fit into the pipe and during the inspection it remains only in the

maintenance hole As a result, only the first 10 ft of the pipe can be viewed or inspected usingthis method

Source: From Water Pollution Control Federation, 1989; USEPA, Collection Systems, O&M Fact Sheet, Sewer Cleaning and Inspection,

Office of Water, Municipal Technology Branch, Table 3 (EPA/823/F-99/031), September 1999 sewcl.pdf

www.epa.gov/owm/mtb/-Table 9B.27 Limitations of Cleaning Methods for Sewer Lines

Balling, jetting, scooter In general, these methods are only successful when necessary water pressure or head is maintained

without flooding basements or houses at low elevations Jetting—The main limitation of thistechnique is that caution needs to be used in areas with basement fixtures and in steep-grade hillareas Balling—Balling cannot be used effectively in pipes with bad offset joints or protruding serviceconnections because the ball can become distorted

Scooter—When cleaning larger lines, the manholes need to be designed to a larger size in order toreceive and retrieve the equipment Otherwise, the scooter needs to be assembled in the manhole.Caution also needs to be used in areas with basement fixtures and in steep-grade hill areasBucket, machine This device has been known to damage sewers The bucket machine cannot be used when the line is

completely plugged because this prevents the cable from being threaded from one manhole to thenext Set-up of this equipment is time-consuming

Flushing This method is not very effective in removing heavy solids Flushing does not remedy this problem

because it only achieves temporary movement of debris from one section to another in the systemHigh velocity cleaner The efficiency and effectiveness of removing debris by this method decreases as the cross-sectional

areas of the pipe increase Backups into residences have been known to occur when this methodhas been used by inexperienced operators Even experienced operators require extra time to clearpipes of roots and grease

Kite or bag When using this method, use caution in locations with basement fixtures and steep-grade hill areasRodding Continuous rods are harder to retrieve and repair if broken and they are not useful in lines with a

diameter of greater than 300 mm (0.984 ft) because the rods have a tendency to coil and bend Thisdevice also does not effectively remove sand or grit, but may only loosen the material to be flushedout at a later time

Source: From USEPA, 1993; USEPA, Collection Systems, O&M Fact Sheet, Sewer Cleaning and Inspection, Office of Water, Municipal

Technology Branch, Table 4 (EPA/823/F-99/031), September 1999.www.epa.gov/owm/mtb/sewcl.pdf

Table 9B.25 Frequency of Maintenance Activities for Sewer Lines

Source: From ASCE, 1998; USEPA, Collection Systems, O&M Fact Sheet, Sewer

Cleaning and Inspection, Office of Water, Municipal Technology Branch,Table 2 (EPA/823/f-99/031), September 1999 www.epa.gov/owm/mtb/

sewcl.pdf

THE WATER ENCYCLOPEDIA: HYDROLOGIC DATA AND INTERNET RESOURCES9-22

Table 9B.28 Comparison of Various Sewer Rehabilitation Techniques

MaximumInstallation (m) Liner Material

(KEP & KUP)

Winched-in-place 100–1,400 (4–54 in.) 150 (500 ft) Thermoset resin/fabric

compositeSpray-on-linings 76–4,500 (3–180 in.) 150 (500 ft) Epoxy resins/cement

mortarModified cross-sectional

methods

Deformed/reformed 100–400 (4–15 in.) 800 (2,500 ft) (Thermoplastics) HDPE

(thermoplastics)

Thin-walled lining 500–1,100 (20–46 in.) 960 (3,000 ft) HDPE

etcNote: Spiral wound sliplining, robotic repair, and point CIPP can only be used only with gravity pipeline All other methods can be used withboth gravity and pressure pipeline EPDM, ethylene polypelene diene monomer; GRP, glassfiber reinforced polyester; HDPE, highdensity polyethylene; MDPE, medium density polyethylene; PE, polyethylene; PP, polypropylene; PVC, poly vinyl chloride; PVDF,poly vinylidene chloride

Source: From Iseley and Najafi (1995); USEPA, Collection Systems, O&M Fact Sheet, Trenchless Sewer Rehabilitation, Office of Water,

Municipal Technology Branch, Table 1 (EPA/823/F-99/0032), September 1999.www.epa.gov/owm/mtb/rehabl.pdf

Table 9B.29 Limitations of Trenchless Sewer Rehabilitation Techniques

Insertion pit requiredPercussive action can cause significant groundmovement may not be suitable for all materials

Reduces pipe diameterNot well suited for small diameter pipes

Curing can be difficult for long pipe segmentsMust allow adequate curing time

Defective installation may be difficult to rectifyResin may clump together on bottom of pipeReduces pipe diameter

Modified cross section Bypass or diversion of flow required

The cross section may shrink or unfold after expansionReduces pipe diameter

Infiltration may occur between liner and host pipe unlesssealed

Liner may not provide adequate structural supportSource: From USEPA, Collection Systems, O&M Fact Sheet, Trenchless Sewer Rehabilitation, Office of

Water, Municipal Technology Branch, Table 2 (EPA/823/F-99/0032), September 1999

www.epa.gov/owm/mtb/rehabl.pdf

Table 9.31 Design Parameters for Static Screens

Note: gal/min/ft ! 0.207Z l/m/s

a

Bauer Hydrasievese have 3-stage slopes on each screen: 258, 358, 458

Source: From USEPA, Combined Sewer Overflow, Technology Fact Sheet, Screens

Office of Water, Municipal Technology Brach, Table 1 (EPA/823/F/F-99/040),September 1999.www.epa.gov/own/mtb/screens.pdf

Table 9B.30 Characteristics of Common Force Main Pipe Materials

Cast or ductile iron, cement lined High pressure available

pressure surges

More expensive thanconcrete and fiberglass

36-in C pipe sizes

No corrosion slow greasebuildup

Relatively brittle

Fiberglass reinforced epoxy pipe Moderate pressure for up to

36-in pipe sizes

No corrosion slow greasebuildup

350 psi max pressure

Branch, Table 1 (EPA/823/F-99/040), September 1999.www.epa.gov/owm/mtb/force_main_sewers.pdf

Table 9B.32 Design Parameters for Drum Screens and Rotary Screen

105 recommended

Drum speed, r/min

nology Brach, Table 2 (EPA/823/F/F-99/040), September 1999.www.epa.gov/owm/mtb/screens.pdf

THE WATER ENCYCLOPEDIA: HYDROLOGIC DATA AND INTERNET RESOURCES9-24

Table 9B.33 Typical Design Parameters for Package Plant

Source: Adapted from Metcalf and Eddy, 1991 and WEF, 1998; USEPA, Wastewater Technology Fact Sheet, Package Plants,

Office of Water, Municipal Technology Branch, Table 1 (EPA/823/F-00/016) September 2000 www.epa.gov/owm/mtb/package_plant.pdf

Table 9B.34 Extended Aeration Performance

Typical Effluent Quality

Aldie WWTP(Monthly Average)

a May require chemicals to achieve

b DEQ does not require monitoring of these parameters

Source: From Sloan, 1999 and Broderick, 1999; USEPA, Wastewater Technology Fact Sheet,

Package Plants, Office of Water, Municipal Technology Brach, Table 1 (EPA/823/F-00/016)September 2000.www.epa.gov/owm/mtb/package_plant.pdf

To solids handling, disposal, or beneficial reuse

Thickening

Equalization Filtration

Figure 9B.3 Sequencing batch reactors key design parameters for a conventional load (From USEPA, Wastewater TechnologyFact Sheet, Sequencing Batch Reactors, Office of Water, Municipal Technology Branch, Figure 1 (EPA/823/F-99/073) September 1999.www.epa.gov/owm/mtb/sbr_new.pdf.)

Table 9B.36 Sequencing Batch Reactors Performance

Source: From Sloan, 1999 and Reynolds, 1999; USEPA, Wastewater Technology Fact

Sheet, Sequencing Batch Reactors, Office of Water, Municipal TechnologyBrach, Table 2 (EPA/823/F-99/073) September 1999.www.epa.gov/owm/mtb/

sbr_new pdf

Table 9B.35 Sequencing Batch Reactors Key Design Parameters for A Conventional Load

Typically low water level mixed liquor suspended

solids

Source: From USEPA, Wastewater Technology Fact Sheet, Sequencing Batch Reactors, Office of Water,

Municipal Technology Brach, Table 1 (EPA/823/F-00/073) September 1999.www.epa.gov/owm/

mtb/sbr_new pdf

AeratorOxidation ditch

Hopper

From primary treatment

Return Activated Sludge

To disinfectionClarifier

Figure 9B.4 Typical oxidation ditch activated sludge system (From USEPA, Wastewater Technology Fact Sheet, Oxidation Ditches,Office of Water, Municipal Technology Branch, Figure 1 (EPA /823/F-00/013) September 2000.www.epa.gov/owm/mtb/oxidation_ditch.pdf.)

THE WATER ENCYCLOPEDIA: HYDROLOGIC DATA AND INTERNET RESOURCES9-26

Table 9B.37 Oxidation Ditch Performance

With 28 Clarifier With Filter % Removal Effluent

Note: 28, secondary; NA, not available

Source: From Kruger, 1999 and Holland, 1999; USEPA, Wastewater Technology Fact Sheet, Package

Plants, Office of Water, Municipal Technology Branch, Table 4 (EPA/823/F-00/016)September 2000.www.epa.gov/owm/mtb/package_plant.pdf

Table 9B.38 Trickling Filters Operational Parameters

Source: From USEPA, Technology Transfer, Summary Report, Small Community Water and

Wastewater Treatment, Table 1, p 20 (EPA/625/R-92/010) September 1992