Climate Change and Managed Ecosystems - Chapter 1 pps

Chapter 2 details how and why the climate haschanged in the past; and what can be expected to occur in the foreseeable future.The implications of climate change to agriculture, forestry

Climate Change and Managed Ecosystems

Climate Change

and Managed Ecosystems

Edited by J.S Bhatti

R Lal M.J Apps M.A Price

CRC Press

Taylor & Francis Group

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Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742

© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Climate change and managed ecosystems / edited by J.S Bhatti [et al.].

Taylor & Francis Group

is the Academic Division of Informa plc.

a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climatesystem ” For agriculture, forestry and wetlands, these potentially dangerousinterferences include changes in ecosystems boundaries, loss of biodiversity,increased frequency of ecosystem disturbance by fire and insects, and loss anddegradation of wetlands Regional temperature increases, precipitation increases anddecreases, change in soil moisture availability, climatic variability and the occurrence

of extreme events are all likely to influence the nature of these impacts The book

is organized into five main parts

Part 1: Climate Change and Ecosystems (Chapters 1– ) We discuss the fragility

of ecosystems in the face of changing climates, particularly through human-causedincreases in atmospheric GHGs Chapter 2 details how and why the climate haschanged in the past; and what can be expected to occur in the foreseeable future.The implications of climate change to agriculture, forestry and wetland ecosystems

in Canada are discussed in Chapter 3, and potential adaptation responses to reducethe impacts of a changing climate are identified

Part 2: Managed Ecosystems — State of Knowledge (Chapters 4–15) Weexplore what is known about the impacts of climate on our agricultural, forestedand wetland ecosystems This section illustrates the importance of terrestrial eco-systems in the global carbon cycle and focuses on discussions of the potentialinteraction between terrestrial and atmospheric carbon pools under changing climaticconditions Our current understanding of the impact of climate change on food andfiber production as well as the potential role of the different ecosystems in carbonsource/sink relationships has been discussed in detail here

Part 3: Knowledge Gaps and Challenges (Chapters 16–18) We attempt to tify what needs to be known and done to ensure continued stability in these ecosys-tems This part includes a description of some of the activities that have beenundertaken in the past to identify gaps in our understanding of GHGs emissionsfrom agriculture, forest and wetland and their mitigation, as well as current researchinitiatives to address these gaps

iden-Part 4: Economics and Policy Issues (Chapter 19) This provides an overview

of economic reasoning applied to climate change and illustrates how terrestrial

carbon-uptake credits (offset credits) operate within the Kyoto Protocol framework.Attention is focused on the potential of terrestrial carbon sinks to slow the rate of

CO2 buildup in the atmosphere

Part 5: Summary and Recommendations (Chapters 20–21) We give an overallview of the knowledge gained from the conference and identify research needs toachieve reduced atmospheric carbon levels The first chapter (Chapter 20) synthe-sizes the major findings of all the previous chapters and examines the implicationsfor different ecosystems The second chapter (Chapter 21) identifies key knowledgegaps relating to climate and climate-change effects on agriculture, forestry, andwetlands It further points toward the needs to make management of these ecosys-tems part of a global solution, by identifying gaps in the current understanding ofadaptation or mitigation strategies for terrestrial ecosystems

While we are confident that the material contained in this book will be helpful

to anyone seeking up-to-date information, we are also aware that in such a rapidlyevolving field it is inevitable that material will quickly become dated With that inmind we encourage you, the reader, to contact the chapter authors for their currentviews and information on the topics covered

J.S Bhatti

R Lal M.J Apps M.A Price

This book would not have been possible without the assistance of a great manypeople and organizations We would like to acknowledge in particular our PlatinumSponsors: Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development; Canadian Adaptationand Rural Development Fund; Canadian Climate Impacts and Adaptation ResearchNetwork; National Agroclimate Information Service; Natural Resources Canada,Canadian Forest Service; Poplar Council of Canada; Prairie Adaptation ResearchCollaborative; and University of Alberta; our Gold Sponsor: Ducks Unlimited; andour Silver Sponsors: Agrium and MERIAL/igenity We also want to gratefullyacknowledge the thorough work of our anonymous group of reviewers, who helped

to ensure that the manuscripts met the highest scientific standards Thanks, too, toCindy Rowles for her invaluable clerical assistance and advice And finally, thanksare due to the managers and staff of Taylor & Francis Group for their careful attention

to detail in publishing this book

About the Editors

J.S Bhatti, Ph.D., is a research scientist and project leader with Natural Resources

Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Northern Forestry Centre, in Edmonton, Alberta

He received his Ph.D in soil science from University of Florida and started workingfor Natural Resources Canada, where he concentrated on nutrient dynamics in borealforests under various harvesting practices and moisture regimes

Dr Bhatti’s interest in climate change moved him to Northern Forestry Centre

in 1997, where his focus has been on carbon dynamics under changing climate anddisturbance regimes both in upland and low land boreal forest ecosystems Hisscientific publications deal with improving the precision of carbon stock and carbonstock estimates, changes in forest carbon dynamics in relation to disturbances,moisture, nutrient and climate regimes, and understanding the influence of bio-physical processes on forest dynamics He is coordinating a national effort to monitorforest carbon dynamics to understand and quantify the prospective impacts of climatechange on Canadian forests

R Lal, Ph.D., is a professor of soil physics in the School of Natural Resources and

Director of the Carbon Management and Sequestration Center, FAES/OARDC atThe Ohio State University He was a soil physicist for 18 years at the InternationalInstitute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria In Africa, Professor Lal conductedlong-term experiments on land use, watershed management, methods of deforesta-tion, and agroforestry Since joining The Ohio State University in 1987, he hasworked on soils and climate change Professor Lal is a fellow of the Soil ScienceSociety of America, American Society of Agronomy, Third World Academy ofSciences, American Association for the Advancement of Sciences, Soil and WaterConservation Society and Indian Academy of Agricultural Sciences

Dr Lal is the recipient of the International Soil Science Award, the Soil ScienceApplied Research Award and Soil Science Research Award of the Soil ScienceSociety of America, the International Agronomy Award and Environment QualityResearch Award of the American Society of Agronomy, the Hugh Hammond BennettAward of the Soil and Water Conservation Society, and the Borlaug Award He isthe recipient of an honorary degree of Doctor of Science from Punjab AgriculturalUniversity, India, and of the Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway

He is past president of the World Association of the Soil and Water Conservationand the International Soil Tillage Research Organization He was a member of theU.S National Committee on Soil Science of the National Academy of Sciences(1998–2002) He has served on the Panel on Sustainable Agriculture and the Envi-ronment in the Humid Tropics of the National Academy of Sciences He has authoredand co-authored more than 1100 research publications He has written 9 books andedited or co-edited 43 books

M.J Apps, Ph.D., retired as senior scientist, carbon and climate change, from

Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service in 2005, but continues to workpart time on various international projects He obtained his Ph.D in physics fromthe University of Bristol, and continued in solid state physics as a research associate

at Simon Fraser University before moving to the University of Alberta to take aresearch position in the Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, where

he set up the Neutron Activation Analysis system for trace element analysis at theSlowpoke Nuclear Reactor His interest in environmental issues led him to join theCanadian Forest Service in 1980, where he initiated research on trace pollutants andradionuclides in the terrestrial environment He moved into climate change andcarbon cycling as a focus for his work in forest ecosystem modeling in 1990, andspearheaded the development of the Carbon Budget Model of the Canadian ForestSector, now used for Canada's reporting under the Kyoto Protocol

Dr Apps is the author or co-author of more than 200 published manuscripts,has served as lead or convening lead author on many reports of the IntergovernmentalPanel on Climate Change, and sits on several international and national scientificsteering committees on global change issues He has received significant nationaland international recognition, including the International Forestry AchievementAward presented at the World Forestry Congress, an honorary diploma issued bythe International Boreal Forest Research Association in St Petersburg, designatedLeader of Sustainable Development by the five natural resource departments of thegovernment of Canada, and the 2005 Award of Excellence by the Public Service ofCanada

M.A Price, Ph.D., P.Ag., FAIC, is professor emeritus of livestock growth and meat

production at the University of Alberta and was, until his retirement in 2004, researchdirector at the university’s Beef Cattle Research Ranch at Kinsella, Alberta He wasborn and raised on the family farm in the U.K., and farmed there after high school

He received his post-secondary education at the University of Zimbabwe (B.Sc.,agriculture), University of New England, Australia (M.Rur.Sc and Ph.D in livestockproduction) and University of Alberta, Canada (NRC post-doctoral fellowship inanimal science)

Dr Price served as chairman of the Department of Animal Science at theUniversity of Alberta from 1987 to 1995 His areas of research concentrate mainly

on sustainable methods of increasing efficiency and decreasing costs of production

in meat production systems He has published more than 115 scientific papers inpeer-reviewed journals, and more than 130 extension articles in trade and industry

magazines He is the editor of the Canadian Journal of Animal Science.

M.J Apps

Canadian Forest Service

Natural Resources Canada

Pacific Forestry Centre

Department of Agricultural, Food

& Nutritional Science

Agriculture/Forestry Centre

University of Alberta

Edmonton, AB, Canada

R.O Ball

Department of Agricultural, Food

& Nutritional Science

Agriculture/Forestry Centre

University of Alberta

Edmonton, AB, Canada

V.S Baron

Crops & Soils Research Station

Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada

Lacombe, AB, Canada

I.E Bauer

Canadian Forest Service

Northern Forestry Centre

Edmonton, AB, Canada

P.Y Bernier

Canadian Forest Service

Natural Resources Canada

Saint-Foy, PQ, Canada

J.S Bhatti

Natural Resources CanadaCanadian Forest ServiceNorth Forestry CentreEdmonton, AB, Canada

O.G Clark

Department of Agricultural, Food

& Nutritional ScienceAgriculture/Forestry CentreUniversity of AlbertaEdmonton, AB, Canada

Edmonton, AB, Canada

J.J Feddes

Department of Agricultural, Food

& Nutritional ScienceAgriculture/Forestry CentreUniversity of AlbertaEdmonton, AB, Canada

H Hengeveld

Environment Canada

Scientific Assessment and Integration

Downsview, ON, Canada

G Hoogenboom

Department of Biological &

Agricultural Engineering

The University of Georgia

Griffin, GA, USA

B.C Joern

Department of Agronomy

West Lafayette, IN, USA

C La Bine

Campbell Scientific (Canada) Corp

Edmonton, AB, Canada

R Lal

School of Natural Resources

College of Food, Agricultural

& Environmental Sciences

The Ohio State University

Columbus, OH, USA

Department of Agricultural, Food

& Nutritional Science

University of Alberta

Edmonton, AB, Canada

P.C Mielnick

Blackland Research Center

Texas A&M University

Temple, TX, USA

S Moehn

Department of Agricultural, Food

& Nutritional Science

Edmonton, AB, Canada

K.H Ominski

Department of Animal Science

University of Manitoba Winnipeg, MB, Canada

J.D Price

Technical Services DivisionAlberta Agriculture, Food & Rural Development

Edmonton, AB, Canada

M.A Price

Department of Agricultural, Food

& Nutritional ScienceUniversity of AlbertaEdmonton, AB, Canada

W.C Sauer

Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional ScienceUniversity of AlbertaEdmonton, AB, Canada

J Sauvé

Alberta Agriculture

Food & Rural Development

Edmonton, AB, Canada

R.H Skinner

USDA-ARS

Pasture Systems and Watershed

Management Research Unit

University Park, PA, USA

Department of Plant Biology

Southern Illinois University

Carbondale, IL, USA

K.M Wittenberg

Department of Animal Science

University of Manitoba Winnipeg, MB, Canada

Y Zhang

Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science

University of AlbertaEdmonton, AB, Canada

R.T Zijlstra

Department of Agricultural, Food

& Nutritional ScienceUniversity of AlbertaEdmonton, AB, Canada

PART I Climate Change and Ecosystems

Chapter 1

Interaction between Climate Change and Greenhouse Gas Emissions

from Managed Ecosystems in Canada 3

J.S Bhatti, M.J Apps, and R Lal

Anthropogenic Changes and the Global Carbon Cycle 71

J.S Bhatti, M.J Apps, and R Lal

Chapter 8

Net Ecosystem Carbon Dioxide Exchange over a Temperate, Short-Season Grassland: Transition from Cereal to Perennial Forage 163

V.S Baron, D.G Young, W.A Dugas, P.C Mielnick, C La Bine,

R.H Skinner, and J Casson

Chapter 9

Forests in the Global Carbon Cycle: Implications of Climate Change 175

M.J Apps, P.Y Bernier, and J.S Bhatti

Chapter 10

Peatlands: Canada’s Past and Future Carbon Legacy 201

D.H Vitt

Chapter 11

Linking Biomass Energy to Biosphere Greenhouse Gas Management 217

D.B Layzell and J Stephen

Chapter 12

Ruminant Contributions to Methane and Global Warming —

A New Zealand Perspective 233

G.C Waghorn and S.L Woodward

Mitigating Environmental Pollution from Swine Production 273

A.L Sutton, B.T Richert, and B.C Joern

Chapter 15

Diet Manipulation to Control Odor and Gas Emissions from

Swine Production 295

O.G Clark, S Moehn, J.D Price, Y Zhang, W.C Sauer, B Morin,

J.J Feddes, J.J Leonard, J.K.A Atakora, R.T Zijlstra, I Edeogu,

and R.O Ball

PART III Knowledge Gaps and Challenges

Chapter 16

Identifying and Addressing Knowledge Gaps and Challenges Involving

Greenhouse Gases in Agriculture Systems under Climate Change 319

D Burton and J Sauvé

Chapter 17

Knowledge Gaps and Challenges in Forest Ecosystems under Climate

Change: A Look at the Temperate and Boreal Forests of North America 333

P.Y Bernier and M.J Apps

Chapter 18

Knowledge Gaps and Challenges in Wetlands under Climate Change

in Canada 355

B.G Warner and T Asada

PART IV Economics and Policy Issues