Extra-corporeal shock wave therapy in patients with tennis elbow and painful heel.. Extracorporal shock wave application – an effective treatment for patients with chronic and therapy-re
Trang 1mation was observed without bony
consolida-tion They concluded that high-energy ESWT
was an excellent noninvasive treatment for
pseudarthrosis and should be used as a
pri-mary treatment method Beutler et al (19 9 9 )
reported 11 out of 27 patients healed (41 %) 3
months after SWT with two times 2000
impulses at 18 kv Schaden (2000)
demon-strates a success rate of 75.4 % in 49
nonuni-ons and of 75 % in 15 infected nonuninonuni-ons He
suggestes that shock waves had a stimulating
effect on osteoformation In 2001, Schaden et
al had treated 115 patients with nonunions or
delayed fracture healing In 87 of the patients
a single SWT resulted in bony consolidation.
Wang and co-workers (2001) applied 6000
impulses at 28 kV for posttraumatic
nonuni-ons of the femur and tibia, 3000 impulses at
28 kV for nonunions of the humerus, 2000
impulses at 24 kV for nonunions of the radius
and ulna, and 1000 impulses at 20 kV for
nonunions of the metatarsal bones
Alto-gether, 72 patients underwent SWT The rate
of bony unions was described as 40 % at 3
months, 60.9% at 6 months, and 80 % at 12
months The least effectiveness was seen in
atrophic nonunions.
The current observational cohort study
focused on the treatment of nonunions of
femur or tibia, being defined as a fracture or
osteotomy in which no radiological signs of
cortical bridging occurred for at least 9
months after the last operative intervention.
Stringent exclusion criteria were applied, SWT
was standardized, and adjunct treatment
remained unchanged The decision whether
bony healing had occurred was made by an
independent observer Radiological success
was seen in 72 % of the patients, and a clear
connection with a positive tracer uptake in
the mineralization phase of bone scintigraphy.
Therefore, patients with a scintigraphically
inactive pseudarthrosis are excluded Six out
of eight patients with an inactive
pseudar-throsis and subsequent treatment failure after
ESWT smoked, each more than 20 cigarettes
per day In the knowledge of a possible direct
relationship between the development of a
nonunion and the presence of nicotine (Silcox
et al 1995) we recommended our patients stop smoking before starting with high-energy ESWT.
Several weak points of the current study deserve attention Firstly, the suggestions of the Food and Drug Administration panel of the United Stated Department of Health and Human Services of 1986 (Taylor 1992) for the definition of a pseudarthrosis were only par-tially adopted: the determination of visible progressive signs of healing for 3 months were excluded because according to the radiological department involved in the cur-rent study this criterion should not be used as
a success parameter because of the wide range of interobserver variability in its assess-ment It was thought that if cortical consolida-tion had not appeared after 9months in long bones, spontaneous union had to be regarded
as improbable, even in hypertrophic,
hyper-vascular nonunions as shown in Figure 8.3.
One may wonder whether the nonunion would have united spontaneously However,
in this case, as in all the others, it was an inde-pendent observer who diagnosed a nonunion, and operative revision could have been sug-gested at this point.
Secondly, the author attempted to select a homogenous group of patients But it is evi-dent that there may be differences between healing times of posttraumatic and postosteo-tomy nonunions With the small number of patients available, an individual statistical comparison of the two groups would have given no adequate statistical information Nevertheless, better results were observed after postosteotomy than after postfracture nonunions.
Thirdly, there is no control group Naturally, whenever a new method of treatment is sug-gested it must be compared with an adequate set of controls A study design with a placebo control had been dismissed as unethical The alternative must be the comparison of high-energy ESWT and a standardized operative or conservative procedure The author strongly favors a multicenter study Given the small number of our patients available in one department, an additional subdivison into
Discussion 69
Trang 2two treatment groups would have given no
adequate information from a statistical point
of view.
Beyond the preliminary clinical studies, the
author is not aware of any other studies that
document the effectiveness of high-energy
ESWT in the treatment of pseudarthrosis The
author thinks that additional clinical
corrobo-ration of the stimulation of bone healing with use of standardized high-energy extracorpo-real shock waves is highly recommended, and may lead to useful application of shock waves
in the treatment of pseudarthroses, and a determination of the total energy most likely
to accomplish healing.
8 Extracorporeal Shock Wave Application in the Treatment of Nonunions
70
Trang 3Altchek DW, Warren RF, Wickiewicz TL
Arthro-scopic acromioplasty: technique and results J
Bone Joint Surg 1990; 72A:1198–207
Ark JW, Flock TJ, Flatow EL, Bigliani LU Arthroscopic
treatment of calcific tendinitis of the shoulder
Arthroscopy 1992; 8:183–188
Atkins D, Crawford F, Edwards J, Lambert M A
sys-tematic review of treatments for the painful heel
Rheumatology 1999; 38:968–973
Augat P, Claes L, Suger G In vivo effects of shock
waves on the healing of fractured bone Clin
Bio-mech 1995; 10:374–378
Auersperg V Orthopaedic ESWT of soft tissues
Stoßwelle 1998; 2:16–21
Backman C, Boquist L, Friden J, Lorentzon R,
Toola-nen G Chronic Achilles paratenonitis with
tendi-nosis: an experimental model in the rabit J
Orthop Res 1990; 8:541–547
Barrett SL, Day SV Endoscopic plantar fasciotomy for
chronic plantar fasciitis/heel spur syndrome:
sur-gical technique, early clinical results J Foot Surg
1991; 30:568–570
Basset CAL Effects of electric currents on bone in
vivo Nature 1964; 204:643
Bassett CAL The development and application of
pulsed electromagnetic fields for ununited
frac-tures and arthrodesis Orthop Clin North Am
1984; 15:61–64
Benson K, Hartz AJ A comparison of observational
studies and randomized, controlled trials N Engl J
Med 2000;342:1878–1886
Benton-Weil W, Borelli AH, Weil LS J r., Weil LS Sr
Percutaneous plantar fasciotomy: a minimally
invasive procedure for recalcitrant plantar
fascii-tis J Foot Ankle Surg 1998; 37:269–272
Berkowitz JF, Kier R, Rudicel S Plantar fasciitis: MR
imaging Radiology 1991; 179:665–667
Besch L, Bielstein D, Schuckart M, Zenker W Analyse
von 55 posttraumatischen Pseudarthrosen nach
Unterschenkelfraktur Zentralbl Chir 1994;
119:702–705
Beutler S, Regel G, Pape HC, Machtens S, Weinberg
AM, Kremeike I, J onas U, Tscherne H Die
extrakor-porale Stoßwellentherapie (ESWT) in der
Behand-lung von Pseudarthrosen des Röhrenknochens
Erste Ergebnisse einer prospektiven klinischen
Untersuchung Unfallchirurg 1999; 102:839–847
Bhan S, Mehara AK Percutaneous bone grafting for nonunion and delayed union of fractures of the tibial shaft Int Orthop 1993; 17:310–312 Bigliani LU, Morrison DS, April EW The morphology
of the acromion and its relationship to the rotator cuff tears Orthop Trans 1982; 10:228–233 Blanco CE, Leon HO, Guthrie TB Endoscopic treat-ment of calcaneal spur syndrome: A comprehen-sive technique Arthroscopy 2001;17:517–522 Bogduk N Innervation and pain patterns of the cervical spine In: Grant R, ed Clinics in physical therapy: physical therapy of the cervical and thoracic spine New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1994:65–76
Bosch U, Skutek M, Kasperczyk WJ , Tscherne H Dia-physäre Oberarmpseudarthrosen – operative und konservative Behandlung Chirurg 1999; 70:1202–1208
Bosworth DM Calcium, deposits in the shoulder and subacromial bursitis JAMA 1941; 116:2482–2485 Boxberg W, Perlick L, Giebel G Shock wave treat-ment for refractory soft-tissue pain Chirurg 1996; 67:1174–1178
Boyer MI, Hastings H Lateral tennis elbow: Is there any science out there? J Shoulder Elbow Surg 1999; 8:481–491
Braun W, Rueter A Frakturheilung Morphologische und physiologische Gesichtspunkte Unfallchirurg 1996; 99:59–67
Bruemmer F, Braeuner T, Huelser DF Biological effects of shock waves World J Urol 1990; 8:224–232
Brunner W, Thüringer R, Ascher G, Neuking A, Flesch
A, Solleder A The extracorporeal shock wave ther-apy in orthopaedic surgery: results of 443 cases after 3 months Orthop Praxis 1997; 33:461–464 Buch M, Fleming L, Theodore G, Amendola A, Bach-mann C, Zingas C Resultate einer prospektiven placebokontrollierten randomisierten doppelblin-den Multicenterstudie zur Evaluation der Effekti-vität und Sicherheit der Stoßwellentherapie bei plantarer Fasciitis Lecture, Symposium Musculo-skeletal Shock Wave Therapy, Mainz, 2001 Bürger RA, Witzsch U, Haist J, Karnovsky V Extrakor-porale Stoßwellenbehandlung bei Pseudarthrose und aseptischer Knochennekrose Urologe A 1991; 30:48–49
Trang 4Butler DS Ein typischer Tennisellenbogen In: Butler
DS, ed Mobilisation des Nervensystems Berlin:
Springer; 1995:415–420
Cass AS, Doce CD, Ugarte RR Extracorporeal shock
wave lithotripsy induced stimulation of the
obtu-rator nerve J Urol 1994; 151:144–145
Cattaneo R, Catagni MA, Guerreschi F Applications
of the Ilizarov method in the humerus Hand Clin
1993; 9:729–739
Chard MD, Hazleman BL Tennis elbow – a
reap-praisal Brit J Rheumatol 1989; 28:186–192
Chapman JF Subacromial bursitis and supraspinatus
tendinitis: its roentgen treatment Calif Med
1942; 56:248–251
Chaussy C, Forssmann B, Brendel W, Jocham D,
Eisenberger F, Hepp W, Gokel JM Berührungsfreie
Nierensteinzertrümmerung durch extrakorporal
erzeugte, fokussierte Stoßwellen Beiträge zur
Urologie Band 2 Basel: Karger; 1980
Chen H-S, Chen L-M, Huang T-W Treatment of
pain-ful heel syndrome with shock waves Clin Orthop
2001; 387:41–46
Coles C.P, Gross M Closed tibial shaft fractures:
Management and treatment complications Can J
Surg 2000; 43:256–262
Concato J, Shah N, Jorwitz RI Randomized,
controlled trials, observational studies, and the
hierarchy of research N Engl JMed 2000;
342:1887–1892
Constant CR, Murley AHG A clinical method of
func-tional assessment of the shoulder Clin Orthop
1987; 214:160–164
Conti RJ, Shinder M Soft tissue calcifications
induced by local cortico-steroid injection J Foot
Surg 1991; 30:34–37
Crawford F, Atkins D, Edward J Interventions for
treating plantar heel pain (Cochrane Review) In:
The Cochrane Library, Issue 3 Oxford: Update
Software; 2000
Cyriax J Textbook of orthopaedic medicine 11th
edition London: Balli `ere Tindall; 1982
Daecke W, Loew M, Schuknecht B Der Einfluß der
Applikationsdichte auf die Wirksamkeit der ESWA
bei der Tendinosis calcarea der Schulter Orthop
Praxis 1997; 33:119–123
Damien CJ, Parsons JR Bone graft and bone graft
substitutes A review of current technology and
applications J Appl Biomech 1991; 2:187–208
Day BH, Govindasamy N, Patnaik R Corticosteroid
injections in the treatment of tennis elbow
Practi-tioner 1978; 220:459–465
de Branche B Analysis of 58 cases of tendinitis in the
elbow region treated by manipulation of the
cer-vical spine Manuelle Medizin 1988; 26:77–80
Delius M Medical applications and bioeffects of
extracorporeal shock waves Shock Waves 1994;
4:55–72
Delius M Biomedical shock wave research: a brief
update In: Chaussy C, Eisenberger F, Jocham D,
Wilbert D, eds High energy shock waves in medi-cine Stuttgart: Thieme; 1997:1–14
Delius M, Draenert K, Aldiek Y, Draenert Y Biological effects of shock waves: in vivo effect of high energy pulses on rabbit bone Ultrasound Med Biol 1995; 21:1219–1225
Delius M, Enders G, Heine G, Stark H, Remberger K, Brendel W Biological effects of shock waves – lung hemorrhage by shock waves in dogs – pres-sure dependence Ultrasound Med Biol 1987; 13:61–67
Deliveliotis C, Picramenos D, Kiriakakis C, Kiriazis P, Alexopoulou K, Kostakopoulos A Stimulation of the obturator nerve during extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy Int Urol Nephrol 1995; 27:515–519
de Marco F, Ricci MG, Bonaiuti D Clinical trials among worker populations: the value and signifi-cance of anamnestic findings and clinical and instrumental tests for diagnosing work-related musculoskeletal disorders of the upper limb Ergonomics 1998; 41:1322–1339
De Palma AF, Kruper JS Long-term study of shoulder joints afflicted with and treated for calcific tendi-nitis Clin Orthop 1961; 20:61–72
Diesch R, Haupt G Anwendung der hochenergeti-schen extrakorporalen Stoßwellentherapie bei Pseudarthrosen Orthop Praxis 1997; 33:470–471 Donath K, Breuner G A method for the study of undecalcified bones and teeth with attached soft tissue J Oral Pathol 1982; 11:318–323
Ehmer B Orthopädische Erkrankungen des Ellenbo-gengelenkes In: Ehmer B, ed Orthopädie und Traumatologie für Physiotherapeuten Stuttgart: Ferdinand Enke; 1988:251–255
Ekkernkamp A, Haupt G, Knopf H.J Effects of extra-corporeal shock waves on standardized fractures
in sheep Urology 1991; 145:257–261
Ekkernkamp A, Bosse A, Haupt G, Pommer A Der Einfluß der extrakorporalen Stoßwellen auf die standardisierte Tibiafraktur am Schaf In: Ittel T, Sieberth G, Matthiaß H, eds Aktuelle Aspekte der Osteologie Berlin: Springer; 1992:307–310 Ellman H Arthroscopic subacromial decompression: analysis of one to three year results Arthroscopy 1987; 3:173–181
Ellman H, Kay SP Arthroscopic subacromial decom-pression for chronic impingement: two to five year results J Bone Joint Surg 1991; 73B:395–398 Esch JC, Ozerkis LR, Helgager JA Arthroscopic subac-romial decompression: results according to the degree of rotator cuff tear Arthroscopy 1988; 4:241–249
Farin PU, Rasanen H, J aroma H, Harju A Rotator cuff calcifications: treatment with ultrasound-guided percutaneous needle aspiration and lavage Skele-tal Radiol 1996; 25:551–554
Finestone H, Helfenstein S Spray bottle epicondyli-tis Diagnosing and treating workers in pain Can Fam Phys 1994; 40:336–337
References
72
Trang 5Foley AE Tennis elbow Am Fam Physician 1993;
48:281–288
Forriol F, Solchaga L, Moreno JL, Canadell J The effect
of shock waves on mature and healing cortical
bone 1994; 8:325–329
Frankel VH, Ryaby JP, Hagenmeyer K, McCabe J The
effects of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound on the
healing of fractures Abstract SICOT 96 Congress,
Amsterdam, 1996
Friedenberg ZB, Roberts PG, Didizian NH, Brighton
CT Stimulation of fracture healing by direct
cur-rent in the rabbit fibula J Bone Joint Surg 1971;
53A:1400–1408
Fukada E, Yasuda K On the piezoelectric effect of
bone J Phys Soc Japan 1957; 12:1158–1162
Gaertner J Tendinosis calcarea –
Behandlungsergeb-nisse mit dem Needling Z Orthop Ihre Grenzgeb
1993; 131:461–469
Gartsman GM, Blair ME, Noble PC Arthroscopic
sub-acromial decompression: an anatomical study
Am J Sports Med 1988; 16:48–50
Gelberman RH, Steinberg D, Amiel D, Akeson W
Fibroblast chemotaxis after tendon repair J Hand
Surg 1991; 16:686–693
Gerdesmeyer L, Bachfischer K, Peters P, Gradinger R
The indication of the application of high energetic
extracorporeal shock waves in the treatment of
pseudarthrosis – clinical and radiological results
Lecture, 2nd International Congress of the
Euro-pean Society for Musculoskeletal Shock wave
Therapy, London, 1999
Göbel F, Huber R, Hein W Stellenwert der
extrakor-poralen Stoßwellenbehandlung bei
therapieresis-tenter Epicondylitis humeri radialis Z Orthop
Ihre Grenzgeb 1997; 135A:95
Graff J Die Wirkung hochenergetischer Stoßwellen
auf Knochen und Weichteilgewebe
Habilitations-schrift Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 1989
Graff J, Richter KD, Pastor J Effect of high energy shock
waves on bony tissue Urol Res 1988; 16:252–258
Grasel RP, Schweitzer ME, Kovalovich AM, Karsick D,
Wapner K, Hecht P, Wander D MR imaging of
plantar fasciitis: edema, tears, and occult marrow
abnormalities correlated with outcome Am J
Roentgenol 1999; 173:699–701
Grieve G Referred pain and other clinical features
In: Boyling J, Palastanga N, eds Grieve’s modern
manual therapy: The vertebral column
Edin-burgh: Churchill Livingstone; 1994:271–292
Griffin EJ, Karselis TC Physical agents for physical
therapists In: Griffin EJ, ed Ultrasonic Energy
Springfield: Charles C Thomas; 1982:
Gschwend N, Scherer M, Loehr J Die Tendinitis
cal-carea des Schultergelenks Orthopäde 1981;
10:196–205
Gunn C, Milbrandt W Tennis elbow and the cervical
spine Can Med Assoc 1976; 114:803–809
Haake M, Boeddeker I ESWT bei Epicondylitis
radia-lis – Ergebnisse der prospektiven
placebokontrol-lierten Multicenterstudie der DGOT Lecture, Sym-posium Musculoskeletal Shock Wave Therapy, Mainz, 2001
Haake M, Thon A, Bette M Absence of spinal response to extracorporeal shock waves on the endogene opioid system in the rat Ultrasound Med Biol 2001; 27:279–284
Habermeyer P, Hansen N, Jung D Arthroskopisch-chirugische Maßnahmen am Schultergelenk Chi-rurg 1998; 68:1085–1092
Hagelauer U, Russo S, Gigliotti S, de Durante C, Cor-rado EM Interactive navigation system for shock wave applications Comput Aided Surg 2001; 6:22–31
Hammer DS, Rupp S, Ensslin S, Kohn D, Seil R Extra-corporeal shock wave therapy in patients with tennis elbow and painful heel Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2001; 120:304–307
Harmon PH Methods and results in the treatment of
2580 painful shoulders Am J Surg 1958; 95:527–544
Hasegawa S, Kato K, Takashi M, Zhu Y, Obata K, Miy-ake K S100a0 protein as a marker for tissue dam-age related to extracorporeal shock wave litho-tripsy Eur Urol 1993; 24:393–395
Haupt G Use of extracorporeal shock waves in the treatment of pseudarthrosis, tendinopathy and other orthopedic diseases J Urol 1997; 158:4–11 Haupt G, Haupt A, Ekkernkamp A, Gerety B, Chvapil
M Influence of shock waves on fracture healing Urology 1992; 39:529–532
Hawkins R, Kennedy JC Impingement syndrome in athletes Am J Sports Med 1980; 8:151–158
Heckman J D, Ryaby J P, McCabe J , Frey J J , Kilcoyne RF Acceleration of tibial fracture-healing by non-invasive low-intensity pulsed ultrasound J Bone Joint Surg 1994; 76A:26–34
Hedtmann A, Fett A Die sogenannte Periarthropa-thia humero-scapularis – Klassifizierung und Ana-lyse anhand von 1266 Fällen Z Orthop Ihre Grenzgeb 1989; 127:643–649
Hefti F, Stoll TM Heilung von Ligamenten und Seh-nen Orthopäde 1995; 24:237–45
Heller KD, Niethard FU Der Einsatz der extrakorpo-ralen Stoßwellentherapie in der Orthopädie – eine Metaanalyse Z Orthop Ihre Grenzgeb 1998; 136:390–401
Henney JE From the food and drug administration: shock wave for heel pain JAMA 2000; 284:2711 Henricson AS, Westlin NE Chronic calcaneal pain in athletes: entrapment of the calcaneal nerve? Am J Sports Med 1984; 12:152–154
Hessling KH, Schlick RW, Luckey R, Gratz K, Allhoff
EP Die therapeutische Wertigkeit der ambulanten extrakorporalen Stoßwellenlithotripsie von speichelsteinen Ergebnisse einer prospektiven Studie Laryngorhinootologie 1993; 72:109–115 Huguenin F Epicondylalgia in manual medicine Manuelle Medizin 1988; 26:73–76
References 73
Trang 6Hulth A Current concepts of fracture healing Clin.
Orthop 1989; 249:265–284
Ikeda K, Tomita K, Takayama K Application of
extra-corporeal shock wave on bone: preliminary
report J Trauma 1990; 47:946–950
Jerosch J, Strauss JM, Schmiel S Arthroscopic
treat-ment of calcific tendinitis of the shoulder J
Shoul-der Elbow Surg 1998; 7:30–37
Johannes EJ, Kaulesar Sukul DM, Matura E, Schutte
HE High-energy shock waves for the treatment of
nonunions: an experiment on dogs J Surg Res
1994; 57:246–254
Kay S.P, Amstutz HC Shoulder hemiarthroplasty at
UCLA Clin Orthop 1988; 228:42–48
Kilcoyne RF, Reddy PK, Lyons F Optimal plain film
imaging of the shoulder impingement syndrome
Am J Roentgenol 1989; 53:795–797
Kitaoka HB, Alexander IJ, Adelaar RS, Nunley JA,
Myerson MS, Sanders M Clinical rating systems
for the ankle-hindfoot, midfoot, hallux, and lesser
toes Foot Ankle Int 1994; 15:349–53
Kogler GF, Veer FB, Verhulst SJ, Solomonidis SE, Paul
JP The effect of heel elevation on strain within the
plantar aponeurosis: in vitro study Foot Ankle Int
2001; 22:433–9
Köhrmann KU, Back W, Bensemann J , Florian J ,
Weber A, Kahmann F, Rassweiler J , Alken P The
isolated perfused kidney of the pig: new model to
evaluate shock wave-induced lesions J Endourol
1994; 8:105–110
Krause H Physik und Technik medizinischer
lensysteme In: Rompe JD Extrakorporale
Stoßwel-lentherapie London: Chapmann & Hall; 1997:15–34
Kraushaar BS, Nirschl RP Current concepts review
Tendinosis of the elbow (tennis elbow) J Bone
Joint Surg 1999; 81A:259–278
Krischek O, Rompe JD, Zöllner J Extrakorporale
Stoßwellentherapie bei der Tendinosis calcarea
der Schulter – eine kritische Bestandsaufnahme
nach einem Jahr Phys Rehab Kur Med 1997;
7:272–277
Krischek O, Rompe J D, Herbsthofer B, Nafe B
Sym-ptomatische niedrig-energetische
Stoßwellenthe-rapie bei Fersenschmerzen und radiologisch
nach-weisbarem Fersensporn Z Orthop Ihre Grenzgeb
1998; 136:169–174
Krischek O, Hopf C, Nafe B, Rompe JD Shock-wave
therapy for tennis and golfer’s elbow Arch
Orthop Trauma Surg 1999; 119:62–66
Kristiansen TK The effect of low power specifically
programmed ultrasound on the healing of fresh
fractures using a Colle’s model J Orthop Trauma
1990; 4:227–228
Kuner EH, Berwarth H, Lücke SV
Behandlungsprin-zipien bei aseptischen Pseudarthrosen
Ortho-päde 1996; 25:394–404
Kvist M, J ozsa L, J ärvinen M, Kvist H Chronic
Achilles paratenonitis in athletes: a histological
and histochemical study Pathol 1987; 19:1–11
Labelle H, Guibert R, Newman N, Fallaha M, Rivard C-H Lack of scientific evidence for the treatment
of lateral epicondylitis of the elbow J Bone Joint Surg 1992; 74B:646–651
Lapidus PW Infiltration therapy of acute tendinitis with calcification Surg Gynecol Obstet 1943; 76:715–725
Lapidus PW, Guidotti FP Painful heel: Report of 323 patients with 364 painful heels Clin Orthop 1965; 39:178–185
Leach R, Jones R, Silva T Rupture of the plantar fascia
in athletes JBone Joint Surg 1978; 60–A:537–539
Leach RE, DiIorio E, Harney RA Pathologic hindfoot conditions in the athlete Clin Orthop 1983; 177:116–121
Lehmann EL Nonparametrics: Statistical methods based on ranks San Francisco: Holden-Day; 1975 Litchman HM, Silver CM, Simon SD The surgical management of calcific tendinitis of the shoulder Int Surg 1968; 50:474–482
Loehr JF, Uhthoff HK Tendinosis calcarea Orthopäde 1996; 25:484–493
Loew M, Jurgowski W, Mau HC, Thomsen M Treatment of calcifying tendinitis of rotator cuff by extracorporeal shock waves: a prelimi-nary report J Shoulder Elbow Surg 1995; 4:101–106
Loew M, Daecke W, Kusnierczak D, Rahmanzadeh M, Ewerbeck V Extracorporal shock wave application – an effective treatment for patients with chronic and therapy-resistant calcifying tendinitis? J Bone Joint Surg 1999; 81B:863–867
Lohrer H, Schöll J, Alt W, Hirschmann M Die extra-korporale Stoßwellentherapie – erste Ergebnisse beim Einsatz in der Sportorthopädie Leistungs-sport 1998; 2:42–44
Lonner JH, Siliski JM, Jupiter JB, Lhowe DW Posttrau-matic nonunion of the proximal tibial metaphysis
Am J Orthop 1999; 28:523–528
Lubock P The physics and mechanics of lithotripters Dig Dis Sci 1989; 34:999–1005,
Maier M, Steinborn M, Staebler A, Koehler S, Pfahler
M, Dürr H-R, Refior H-J Extracorporeal shock wave application for chronic plantar fasciitis – prediction of outcome by imaging? J Rheumatol 2000a; 27:2455–2461
Maier M, Stabler A, Lienemann A, et al Shockwave application in calcifying tendinitis of the shoulder – prediction of outcome by imaging Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2000b; 120:493–498
Maier M, Saisu T, Beckmann J, Delius M, Grimm F, Hupertz V, Milz S, Nerlich A, Refior HJ , Schmitz C, Ueberle F, Weiler C, Messmer K Impaired tensile strength after shock wave application in an animal model of tendon calcification Utrasound Med Biol 2001; 27:665–671
Maigne R Manipulative treatment in patients with epicondylagia Manuelle Medizin 1988; 26:69–72 References
74
Trang 7Maitland GD Peripheral manipulation 3rd ed.
Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann; 1991
Martin RL, Irrgang J J , Conti SF Outcome study of
subjects with insertional plantar fasciitis Foot
Ankle Int 1998; 19:803–8011
Maurer W, Hothorn LA, Lehmacher W Multiple
comparison in drug clinical trials and preclinic
assays: a-priori ordered hypotheses In: Vollmer J,
ed Biometrie in der pharmazeutischen Industrie
Vol 6, Testing principles in clinical and preclinical
trials Stuttgart: Fischer; 1995:3–18
McCormack D, Lane H, McElwain J The osteogenic
potential of extracorporeal shock wave therapy:
an in vivo study Irish J Med Sci 1996; 165:20–22
Melzack R Folk medicine and the sensory modulation
of pain In: Wall PD, Melzack R, eds Textbook of pain
3rd ed Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 1994
Mohr W Pathologie des Bandapparates Sehnen,
Sehnenscheiden, Faszien, Schleimbeutel In: Doerr
W, Seifert G, eds Spezielle pathologische
Anato-mie Band 19 Berlin: Springer; 1987
Mol ´e D, Kempf J F, Gleyze P R ´esultats du traitement
arthroscopique des tendinopathies non-rompues
de la coiffe des rotateurs 2 Calcifications de la
coiffe Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot
1993; 79:532–541
Neer II CS Anterior acromioplasty for the chronic
impingement syndrome in the shoulder A
prelim-inary report J Bone and Joint Surg 1972;
54A:41–50
Ogden J A, Alvarez R, Levitt R, Cross GL, Marlow M
Extracorporeal shock wave therapy for chronic
plantar fasciitis Clin Orthop 2001; 387:47–59
Perlick L, Boxberg W, Giebel G High energy shock
wave treatment of the painful heel spur
Unfallchi-rurg 1998; 101:914–918
Perlick L, Gassel F, Zander D, Schmitt O, Wallny T
Comparison of the medium energetic
extracorpo-ral shock wave therapy and surgical treatment of
chronic epicondylitis humeri radialis – a one year
follow-up Z Orthop 1999a; 137:316–321
Perlick L, Korth O, Wallny T Die
Desintegrationswir-kung der Stoßwellen bei der extrakorporalen
Stoßwellenbehandlung der Tendinois calcarea –
ein in vitro Modell Z Orthop Ihre Grenzgeb
1999b; 137:10–16
Perlick L, Wallny T, Zander D Einfluß der
Energief-lußdichte auf die Resorptionsrate der Kalkdepots
bei der Stoßwellentherapie der Tendinosis
calca-rea – Ein-Jahres-Ergebnisse Orthop Praxis
1999c; 35:355–360
Perren SM Aktivierung der Knochenbildung durch
Stosswellentherapie in der Frakturbehandlung
Davos: AO Forschungsinstitut; 1993
Pfeffer G, Bacchetti P, Deland J , Lewis A, Anderson R,
Davis W, Alvarez R, Brodsky J , Frey C, Herrick R,
Myerson M, Sammarco J, Janecki C, Ross S,
Bow-man M, Smith R Comparison of custom and
pre-fabricated orthoses in the initial treatment of
proximal plantar fasciitis Foot Ankle Int 1999; 20:214–221
Pfister J, Gerber H Behandlung der Periarthropathia humero-scapularis calcarea mittels Schulter-kalkspülung: retrospektive Fragebogenanalyse Z Orthop Ihre Grenzgeb 1994; 132:300–305
Pienimäki T, Kauranen K, Vanharanta H Bilaterally decreased motor performance of arms in patients with chronic tennis elbow Arch Phys Med Reha-bil 1998; 78:1092–1095
Pienkowski D, Pollack SR, Brighton CT, Griffith NJ Low-power electromagnetic stimulation of osteo-tomized rabbit fibulae J Bone Joint Surg 1994; 76A:489–501
Pigozzi F, Giombini A, Parisis A, Casciello G, Di Salvo
V, Santori N, Mariani PP The application of shock wave therapy in the treatment of resistant chronic painful shoulder J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2000; 40:356–361
Pilla AA, Mont MA, Nasser PR, Khan SA, Figueiredo
M, Kaufman JJ, Siffert RS Non-invasive low-intensity pulsed ultrasound accelerates bone healing in the rabbit J Orthop Trauma 1990; 4:246–253
Plaisier PW, van der Hul RL, Terpstra OT, Bruining H Current role of extracoporeal shock wave therapy
in surgery Br J Surg 1994; 81:174–181
Plenk HP Calcifying tendinitis of the shoulder Radi-ology 1952; 59:384–408
Postacchini F, Accinni L, Natali PG, Ippolito E, DeMar-tino C Regeneration of rabbit calcanaeal tendon A morphological and immunohistochemical study Cell Tissue Res 1987; 145:81–97
Prat F, Ronchon T, Berger F, Chapelon J Y, Gagnon P, Cathignol D Hepatic lesions in the rabbit induced
by acoustic cavitation Gastroenterology 1991; 100:1345–1350
Probe RA, Baca MA, Adams R, Prece C Night splint treatment for plantar fasciitis A prospective ran-domized study Clin Orthop 1999; 368:190–195 Rahn BA Intra vitam staining techniques In: von Recum AF, ed Handbook of biomaterial evaluation Scientific, technical and clinical testing of implant materials New York: Macmillan; 1986:471–487 Rawat B, Wolber R, Burhenne H.J Long-term soft-tissue effects of biliary extracorporeal shock waves: an animal study Am J Roentgenol 1991; 156:73–76
Re jr LP, Karzel RP Management of rotator cuff calci-fications Orthop Clin North Am 1993; 24:125–132
Reichelt A Konservative versus operative Therapie der Tendinosis calcarea In: Springorum H-W, Kat-thagen B-D, eds Aktuelle Schwerpunkte der Orthopädie 6 Stuttgart: Thieme: 1996:59–64
Rijnberg WJ, van Linge B Central grafting for persis-tent nonunion of the tibia A lateral approach to the tibia, creating a central compartment J Bone Joint Surg 1993; 75B:926–931
References 75
Trang 8Rochwerger A, Franceschi JP, Viton JM Surgical
man-agement of calcific tendinitis of the shoulder: an
analysis of 26 cases Clin Rheumatol 1999;
18:313–316
Rodriguez de Oya R, Sanchez Benitez de Soto J,
Gar-cia Munilla M Treatment of non-union with
extracorporeal shock waves Lecture, International
Congress of the European Society for
Musculo-skeletal Shock Wave Therapy, London, 1999
Roetert EP, Brody H, Dillmann CJ, Groppel JL,
Schul-theis J M The biomechanics of tennis elbow An
integral approach Clin Sports Med 1995;
14:47–57
Roles NC, Maudsley RH Radial tunnel syndrome:
resistant tennis elbow as nerve entrapment J
Bone Joint Surg 1972; 54B:499–508
Rompe JD, Rumler F, Hopf C, Nafe B, Heine J
Extra-corporal shock wave therapy for calcifying
tendi-nitis of the shoulder Clin Orthop 1995;
321:196–201
Rompe JD, Hopf C, Küllmer K, Heine J, Bürger R
Analgesic effect of extracorporeal shock wave
therapy on chronic tennis elbow J Bone Joint
Surg 1996a; 78B:233–237
Rompe JD, Hopf C, Nafe B, Buerger R Low-energy
extracorporeal shock wave therapy for painful heel
Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 1996b; 115:75–79
Rompe JD, Eysel P, Hopf C, Vogel J, Küllmer K
Extra-korporale Stoßwellenapplikation bei gestörter
Knochenheilung Eine kritische
Bestandsauf-nahme Unfallchirurg 1997; 100:845–849
Rompe JD, Kirkpatrick CJ, Küllmer K, Schwitalle M,
Krischek O Dose-related effects of shock waves on
rabbit tendo Achillis A sonographic and
histologi-cal study J Bone Joint Surg 1998a; 80B:546–552
Rompe JD, Bürger R, Hopf C, Eysel P Shoulder
func-tion after extracorporeal shock wave therapy for
calcific tendinitis J Shoulder Elbow Surg 1998b;
7:505–509
Rompe JD, Zoellner J, Nafe B Bedeutung der
Kalkde-potelimination bei Tendinosis calcarea der
Schul-ter Z Orthop Ihre Grenzgeb 2000; 138:335–339
Rompe JD, Riedel C, Betz U, Fink C Chronic lateral
epicondylitis of the elbow (tennis elbow) –
Pro-spective comparison of low-energy shock wave
therapy with low-energy shock wave therapy plus
manual therapy of the cervical spine Arch Phys
Med Rehabil 2001a; 82:578–582
Rompe J D, Zöllner J , Nafe B Shock wave therapy
ver-sus conventional surgery in the treatment of
calci-fying tendinitis of the shoulder Clin Orthop
2001b; 387:72–82
Rompe JD, Rosendahl T, Schöllner C, Theis C
High-energy extracorporeal shock wave treatment of
nonunions Clin Orthop 2001c; 387:102–111
Rompe JD, Schoellner C, Nafe B Evaluation of low
energy extracorporeal shock wave application and
treatment in chronic plantar fasciitis J Bone Joint
Surg 2002; 84-A: in press
Rosenthal RK, Folkman J, Glowacki J Demineralized bone implants for non-union fractures, bone cysts, and fibrous lesions Clin Orthop 1999; 364:61–69
Rosson JW, Simonis RB Locked nailing for nonunion
of the tibia J Bone Joint Surg 1992; 74B:358–361 Rowe CR Tendinitis, bursistis, impingement, snap-ping scapula, and calcific tendinitis In: Rowe CR,
ed The Shoulder New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1988:105–129
Rubenthaler F, Wittenberg RH Mittelfristige Nachuntersuchungsergebnisse der operativ ver-sorgten Tendinosis calcarea des Schultergelenkes
Z Orthop Ihre Grenzgeb 1997; 135:354–359 Rupp S, Seil R, Kohn D Calcifying tendinitis of the rotator cuff Orthopäde 2000; 29:852–867 Russo S, Briganti F, Gigliotti S, De Durante C, Peluso
GF, Corrado EM Treatment of scaphoid nonunion
by lithotripsy Lecture, 6th Congress of the Inter-national Federation of Societies for Surgery of the Hand (IFSSH), Helsinki, 1995
Sachs RA, Stone ML, Devine S Open vs arthroscopic acromioplasty: A prospective, randomized study Arthroscopy 1994; 10:248–254
Schaden W Single application of extracorporeal shock waves in 97 patients with nonunions or delayed healing fractures Lecture, 67th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, New Orleans, 2000
Schaden W, Fischer A, Sailler A Extracorporeal shock wave therapy of nonunion or delayed osse-ous union Clin Orthop 2001; 387:90–94 Schaub T, Schweden F, Witzsch U, el-Damanhoury H, Schild H, Thelen M Computertomographie nach extrakorporaler Stoßwellenlithotripsie (ESWL) der Nieren Teil III: Prospektive CT-Untersuchung bei 105 Patienten und 3-Jahres-Kontrolle bei 23 Patienten mit CT und seitengetrennter 99 mTc-MAG3-Clearance RöFo 1993; 158:121–126 Schelling G, Delius M, Gschwnder M, Grafe P, Gam-bihler S Extracorporeal shock waves stimulate frog sciatic nerves indirectly via a cavitation-mediated mechanism Biophys J 1994; 66:133–140
Schepsis AA, Leach RE, Gorzyca J Plantar fasciitis Etiology, treatment, surgical results, and review of the literature Clin Orthop 1991; 266:185–96 Schleberger R, Senge T Non-invasisve treatment of long bone pseudarthrosis by shock waves (ESWL) Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 1992; 111:224–22 Schmitz C Zellbiologische und molekularbiologis-che Untersuchungen bei Stosswellentherapie Lec-ture, Working Group ESWT, 49th Annual Meeting
of South German Orthopaedic Association, Baden-Baden, 2001
Seemann O, Rassweiler J, Chvapil M, Alken P, Drach
GW Effect of low dose shock wave energy on frac-ture healing: An experimental study J Endurol 1992; 6:219–223
References
76
Trang 9Silcox DH III, Daftari T, Boden SD, Schimandle JH,
Hutton WC, Whiteside TE The effect of nicotine
on spinal fusion Spine 1995; 20:1549–1553
Simon JP, Stuyck J, Hoogmartens M, Fabry G
Pos-terolateral bone grafting for nonunion of the tibia
Acta Orthop Belg 1992; 58:308–313
Sistermann R, Katthagen BD 5-years lithotripsy of
plantar heel spur: experiences and results – a
follow-up study after 36.9 months Z Orthop Ihre
Grenzgeb 1998; 136:402–406
Smits GA, Jap PH, Heerschap A, Oosetrhof GO,
Deb-ruyne FM, Schalken JA Biological effects of high
energy shock waves in mouse skeletal muscle:
Correlation between 31P magnetic resonance
spectroscopic and microscopic alterations
Ultra-sound Med Biol 1993; 19:399–409
Sobel E, Levitz SJ, Caselli MA Orthoses in the
treat-ment of rear foot problems J Am Podiatr Med
Assoc 1999; 89:220–233
Spindler A, Berman A, Lucero E Extracorporeal
shock wave treatment for chronic calcific
tendini-tis of the shoulder J Rheumatol 1998;
25:1161–1163
Steinborn M, Heuck A, Maier M, Schnarkowski P,
Scheidler J , Reiser M MRI of plantar fasciitis RoFo
Fortschr Geb Rontgenstr Neuen Bildgeb Verfahr
1999; 170:41–46
Sutter M Wesen, Klinik und Bedeutung
spondyloge-ner Reflexsyndrome Schweiz Rdsch Med Praxis
1995; 42:1341–1357
Taylor JC Delayed union and nonunion of fractures
In: Crenshaw AH, ed Campbell’s Operative
Ortho-paedics Vol 2 St Louis: CV Mosby; 1992
Tillander BM, Norlin RO Change of calcifications
after subacromial decompression J Shoulder
Elbow Surg 1998; 7:213–217
Tomczak RL, Haverstock BD A retrospective
compar-ison of endoscopic plantar fasciotomy to open
plantar fasciotomy with heel spur resection for
chronic plantar fasciitis/heel spur syndrome J
Foot Ankle Surg 1995; 34:305–311
Tsironis K, Burger C, Meurer A, Helbig K, Becker U
Rehm KE Long-term results of extracorporeal
shock wave therapy in insertion tendinitis of the
shoulder, elbow and heel Orthop Praxis 1997;
33:669–672
Ueberle F Shock wave technology In: Siebert W,
Buch M, eds Extracorporeal shock waves in
ortho-paedics Berlin: Springer; 1997:59–87
Uhthoff HK, Loehr JF Calcifying tendinitis In:
Rock-wood A, Matsen FA, eds The shoulder
Philadepl-phia: Saunders; 1998:989–1008
Valchanou VD, Michailov P High energy shock
waves in the treatment of delayed and nonunion
of fractures Int Orthop 1991; 15:181–184
Vaterlein N, Luessenhop S, Hahn M, Delling G, Meiss
AL The effect of extracorporeal shock waves on
joint cartialge – an in vivo study in rabbits Arch
Orthop Trauma Surg 2001; 120:403–406
Vebostad A Calcific tendinitis in the shoulder region Acta Orthop Scand 1975; 46:205–210 Verhaar J, Walenkamp G, Kester A, van Mameren H, van der Linden T Lateral extensor release for ten-nis elbow A prospective long-term follow-up study J Bone Joint Surg 1993; 75A:1034–1043 Verhaar JAN, Walenkamp GHIM, van Mamaren H, Kester ADM, Van Der Linden AJ Local corticoste-roid injection versus cyriax-type physiotherapy for tennis elbow J Bone Joint Surg 1996; 78B:128–132
Vicenzino B, Collins D, Wright A The initial effects of
a cervical spine manipulative physiotherapy treat-ment on the pain and dysfunction of lateral epi-condylalgia Pain 1996; 68:69–74
Vogel J, Rompe, JD, Hopf C, Heine J Application of extracorporeal shock waves in the treatment of pseudoarthrosis of the lower extremity Prelimi-nary results Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 1997; 116:480–483
vom Dorp G, Pettrone F, Boatright J, Covall D Ran-domized clinical study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the Siemens Sonocur ESWT System in treating patients with lateral epicondylitis (chronic tennis elbow) Personal communication, 2001
Wagenhäuser JF Die Periarthropathie-Syndrome Therapiewoche 1972; 37:3187–3192
Wagner KL, Sharkey PF The use of night splints for treatment of recalcitrant plantar fasciitis Foot Ankle 1991; 12:135–137
Wainner RS, Hasz M Management of acute calcific tendinitis of the shoulder J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1998; 27:231–237
Waldis MF G Hohmann’s operation on the elbow – surgical treatment of a symptom Z Orthop Ihre Grenzgeb 1989; 127:606–610
Wang C Treatment of fracture non-union with shock wave application Lecture, 2nd International Congress of the European Society for Musculo-skeletal Shock Wave Therapy, London, 1999
Wang CJ, Chen HS, Chen WS, Chen LM Treatment of painful heels using extracorporeal shock wave J Formos Med Assoc 2000; 99:580–583
Wang CJ, Chen HS, Chen CE, Yang KD Treatment of long bone fractures with shock waves Clin Orthop 2001; 387:95–101
Wang SJ, Lewallen DG, Bolander ME, Chao EYS, Ilst-rup DM, Greenleaf JF Low intensity ultrasound treatment increases strength in a rat femoral frac-ture model J Orthop Res 1994; 12:40–47
Wanivenhaus A Differential diagnosis of epicondyli-tis humeri radialis Z Orthop Ihre Grenzgeb 1986; 124:775–779
Warren SB, Brooker AF Intramedullary nailing of tib-ial nonunions Clin Orthop 1992; 285:236–243 Ward WG, Clippinger FW Proximal medial longitu-dinal arch incision for plantar fascia release Foot Ankle 1987; 8:152–155
References 77
Trang 10Wehner HD, Sellier K Compound action potentials
in the peripheral nerve induced by shock waves
Acta Chir Scand Suppl 1982; 508:179–184
Weise K, Winter E Die Rolle des Marknagels bei
Pseudarthrosen und Fehlstellungen Orthopäde
1996; 25:247–258
Wess O, Ueberle F, Dührßen RN, Hilcken D, Krauß W,
Reuner T, Schultheiß R, Staudenraus I, Rattner M,
Haaks W, Granz B Working group technical
devel-opments – consensus report In: Chaussy C,
Eisen-berger F, Jocham D, Wilbert D, eds High energy
shock waves in medicine Stuttgart: Thieme;
1997:59–71
Wirsching RP, Eich W, Misselbeck E
Langzeitergeb-nisse nach extrakorporaler Stoßwellentherapie
bei Pseudarthrosen Stosswelle 1998; 1:22–26
Wiss DA, Stetson WB Nonunion of the tibia treated
with a reamed intramedullary nail J Orthop
Trauma 1994; 8:189–194
Wirth CJ , Kohn D, Melzer C, Markl A Wertigkeit
diagnostischer Maßnahmen bei
Weichteilerkran-kungen und Weichteilschäden des
Schulterge-lenks Unfallchirurg 1990; 93:339–345
Wolf T, Breitenfelder J First experiences with
extra-corporeal shock wave therapy in localized pain
conditions of the locomotor apparatus Orthop
Praxis 1996; 32:480–483
Wolff JM, Mattelaer P, Boeckmann W, Kraemer U,
Jakse G Evaluation of possible tissue damage in
patients undergoing extracorporeal shock wave
lithotripsy employing C-reactive protein Scand J Urol Nephrol 1997; 31:31–34
Woolnough J Tennis heel Med J Aus 1954; 2:857–861
Wright A, Thurnwald P, O’Callaghan J Hyperalgesia
in tennis elbow patients J Musculoskeletal Pain 1994; 2:83–96
Wu CC, Shih CH, Chen W.J Nonunion and shortening after femoral fracture treated with one-stage lengthening using locked nailing technique Good results in 48/51 patients Acta Orthop Scand 1999a; 70:33–36
Wu CC, Shih CH, Chen WJ, Tai CL High success rate with exchange nailing to treat a tibial shaft aseptic non-union J Orthop Trauma 1999b; 13:274 Wyke BD Neurology of the cervical spinal joints Physiotherapy 1979; 65:72–76
Xavier CAM, Duarte LR Treatment of non-unions by ultrasound stimulation: first clinical applications Lecture AAOS, San Francisco, 1987
Yeaman LD, Jerome CP, McCullough DL Effects of shock waves on the structure and growth of the immature rat epiphysis J Urol 1989; 141:670–674 Young BR Roentgen treatment for bursitis of the shoulder Am J Roentgenol 1946; 56:626–630 Young CC, Rutherford DS, Niedfeldt MW Treatment
of plantar fasciitis Am Fam Physician 2001; 63:467–474
Younger EM, Chapman MW Morbidity at bone graft donor sites J Orthop Trauma 1989; 3:192–195 References
78