Questions 33 and 34 are based on the following engraving.Paul Revere made and sold this engraving depicting the “Boston Massacre,” a pre-Revolutionary encounter between British troops an
Trang 129. What is the author’s purpose in including Joe
McNeil’s quotation?
a to show that young people are the most likely
to push for societal change
b to demonstrate that everyone has a different
point of view
c to give a firsthand account of what has
become a historic event
d to discount the importance of the civil rights
movement
e to show that the college students had not
intended to create a stir
Questions 30 and 31 refer to following photograph and
passage.
Source: National Archives and Record Administration.
After 72 years of campaigning and protest,
women were granted the right to vote in 1920
Passed by Congress and ratified by 36 of the
then 48 states, the Nineteenth Amendment of
the U.S Constitution states, “The right of
citi-zens of the United States to vote shall not be
denied or abridged by the United States or by
any State on account of sex.”
30. Who are the women in this photograph
a Women should behave in a dignified and
orderly manner even if they are protesting
b Women stand outside the gates of
govern-mental power
c The suffragettes would be more effective if
they had more powerful slogans
d Demonstrations are the most effective ways to
influence lawmaking
e Demonstrations are always ineffective.
Question 32 is based on the following passage.
When European settlers arrived on the NorthAmerican continent at the end of the fifteenthcentury, they encountered diverse Native Ameri-can cultures—as many as 900,000 inhabitantswith over 300 different languages These people,whose ancestors crossed the land bridge fromAsia in what may be considered the first NorthAmerican immigration, were virtually destroyed
by the subsequent immigration that created theUnited States This tragedy is the direct result oftreaties, written and broken by foreign govern-ments, of warfare, and of forced assimilation
Source: The Library of Congress, American Memory.
32. What does the author of this passage believe?
a The U.S government was faithful to its
treaties with Native Americans
b Native Americans made up a homogenous
group
c The European settlers were responsible for the
decimation of Native people
d Native cultures were unsophisticated.
e The Europeans benefited from contact with
Native cultures
Trang 2Questions 33 and 34 are based on the following engraving.
Paul Revere made and sold this engraving depicting the
“Boston Massacre,” a pre-Revolutionary encounter between
British troops and American colonists, in which five
colonists were killed.
Source: HistoryCentral.com.
33. Which of the following messages did Paul Revere
most likely want to convey in his engraving?
a American colonists should not protest the
presence of British troops in Boston
b The British troops were defending themselves
against rowdy gangs of colonists
c British troops savagely killed unarmed
citizens
d Americans should willingly pay British taxes
on imports of glass, paper, paint, and tea
e British troops used only necessary force in
dealing with the rioting crowd
34. What can you infer was Revere’s purpose in
cre-ating and selling the engraving?
a make a large profit for himself
b calm the rebellious spirit of Boston citizens
c create support for the British empire
d represent both sides of the event
e fuel the revolutionary cause
Questions 35 through 38 refer to the following definitions
of political beliefs and policies.
Isolationism: a national policy of avoiding
politi-cal alliances with other nations
Nationalism: a sense of allegiance to the interests
and culture of a nation
Jingoism: extreme nationalism characterized by a
warring foreign policy
Pacifism: the belief that nations should settle
their disputes peacefully
Regionalism: a political division between two
regions within an area
Read the next items and identify which label bestdescribes each of them
35. “This whole nation of one hundred and thirtymillion free men, women, and children isbecoming one great fighting force Some of usare soldiers or sailors, some of us are civilians
A few of us are decorated with medals for heroicachievement, but all of us can have that deep andpermanent inner satisfaction that comes fromdoing the best we know how—each of us playing
an honorable part in the great struggle to saveour democratic civilization.”
—Radio address of President Franklin D Roosevelt, October 12, 1942
of national policy in their relations with oneanother.”
—Kellogg-Briand Pact, Article I, 1928
Trang 337. “The great rule of conduct for us in regard to
foreign nations is, in extending our commercial
relations to have with them as little political
con-nection as possible So far as we have already
formed engagements let them be fulfilled with
perfect good faith.”
—President George Washington, Farewell Address,
38. “The free States alone, if we must go on alone,
will make a glorious nation Twenty millions in
the temperate zone, stretching from the Atlantic
to the Pacific, full of vigor, industry, inventive
genius, educated, and moral; increasing by
immigration rapidly, and, above all, free—all
free—will form a confederacy of twenty States
scarcely inferior in real power to the unfortunate
Union of thirty-three States which we had on the
Questions 39 and 40 are based on the following passage.
Like so many other exploration stories, theLewis and Clark journey was shaped by thesearch for navigable rivers, inspired by the questfor Edens, and driven by competition forempire Thomas Jefferson was motivated bythese aspirations when he drafted instructionsfor his explorers, sending them up the MissouriRiver in search of a passage to the Pacific Writ-ing to William Dunbar just a month after Lewisand Clark left Fort Mandan, Jefferson empha-sized the importance of rivers in his plan forwestern exploration and national expansion
“We shall delineate with correctness the greatarteries of this great country.” River highwayscould take Americans into an Eden, Jefferson’svision of the West as the “Garden of the World.”And those same rivers might be nature’s out-lines and borders for empire “Future genera-tions would,” so the president told his friend,
“fill up the canvas we begin.”
Source: Library of Congress, Exhibits, “Rivers, Edens,
Empires: Lewis & Clark and the Revealing of America.”
39. Which of the following was NOT one of son’s goals in sponsoring the Lewis and Clarkexpedition?
Jeffer-a finding a waterway to the Pacific Ocean
b mapping uncharted territory
c setting aside vast tracts of land for Native
d Good Neighbor Policy
e Separate but Equal
Trang 4Questions 41 and 42 refer to the following passage.
About the time of World War I, sharp-eyed
entrepreneurs began to see ways to profit
from the motorist’s freedom Shops could be
set up almost anywhere the law allowed, and a
wide variety of products and services could be
counted on to sell briskly in the roadside
mar-ketplace A certain number of cars passing by
would always be in need of gas Travelers
even-tually grew hungry, tired, and restless for
diver-sions Soon gas stations, produce booths, hot
dog stands, and tourist camps sprouted up
along the nation’s roadsides to capitalize on
these needs As competition increased,
mer-chants looked for new ways to snag the new
market awheel Each sign and building had to
visually shout: “Slow down, pull in, and buy.”
Still more businesses moved to the highway—
supermarkets, motor courts, restaurants,
minia-ture golf courses, drive-in theaters By the early
1950s, almost anything could be bought along
the roadside
Source: Excerpt from Chester H Liebs, Main Street to
Miracle Mile Little, Brown and Company, 1985.
41. What is the main idea of the passage?
a Miniature golf was a very popular sport in the
1950s
b Travelers were looking for sources of
entertainment
c Some highway businesses were more
success-ful than others
d Flashy commercial enterprises sprouted along
highways, eager to profit from travelers
e The first businesses to flourish along the
high-ways were gas stations and hot dog stands
42. Given the information in this passage, what
appeared to be an important post-World War II
trend in the United States?
Questions 43 through 45 refer to the following passage.
In January 1863 during the Civil War, PresidentAbraham Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamationfreed more than three million slaves who lived
in the Confederate states Lincoln stated:
“And by virtue of the power and for the pose aforesaid, I do order and declare that allperson held as slaves within said designatedstates and parts of states are, and henceforwardshall be, free; and that the Executive Govern-ment of the United States, including the militaryand naval authorities thereof, will recognize andmaintain the freedom of said persons
pur-And I hereby enjoin upon the people sodeclared to be free and abstain from all violence,unless in necessary self-defense; and I recom-mend to them that, in all cases when allowed,they labor faithfully for reasonable wages
And I further declare and make known thatsuch persons, of suitable condition, will bereceived into the armed service of the UnitedStates to garrison forts, positions, stations, andother places, and to man vessels of all sorts insaid service.”
Source: HistoryCentral.com.
43. According to the passage, which of the followingwas NOT one of Lincoln’s expectations for theformer slaves?
a to fight for the Union army
b to become free citizens
c to join the paid workforce
d to defend themselves if necessary
e to incite a rebellion among slaves in states that
were loyal to the Union
44. Based on the values expressed in the tion Proclamation, which of the followinggroups would have disapproved it?
Emancipa-a nations like Great Britain and France where
there was strong antislavery sentiment
b Confederate leaders
c abolitionists
d Union armed forces
e humanitarians
Trang 545. Which of the following is the most likely reason
that Lincoln did not emancipate all slaves?
a Lincoln did not want to appease radical
aboli-tionist groups
b He believed slavery was an economic
necessity
c He did not want to upset the slaveholding
states that were loyal to the Union—Delaware,
Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri
d Lincoln did not believe that the complete
abo-lition of slavery was possible
e He wanted to uphold the Supreme Court
decision in the Dred Scott case, which said that
Congress could not regulate slavery in new
territories
World History
Questions 46 and 47 are based on the following passage.
The Cuban Missile Crisis began in 1962 when
U.S spy planes spotted Soviet missile
installa-tions under construction in Cuba The missiles
were capable of carrying nuclear weapons and
were within range of major U.S cities A
thirteen-day standoff began, during which
President John F Kennedy imposed a naval
blockade of Cuba and demanded that the
Sovi-ets remove the weapons Kennedy stated that
any missile attack from Cuba would be regarded
as an attack from the Soviet Union and would
be responded to accordingly Khrushchev later
conceded, agreeing to remove the weapons if, in
return, the United States pledged not to invade
the island Details from U.S and Soviet
declassi-fied files and participants in the crisis have
sur-faced since the incident Unknown to the U.S
government at the time, 40,000 Soviet soldiers
were stationed in Cuba and armed with nuclear
weapons Although Khrushchev’s actions helped
avert nuclear war, they made him appear weak
to younger Soviet leaders who ousted him from
power Historians regard the crisis as the world’s
closest brush with the threat of nuclear war
46. According to the information given in this sage, it is most likely that President Kennedy
pas-a viewed this as a regional crisis solely between
the United States and Cuba
b trusted Soviet officials who said there weren’t
any missiles in Cuba
c believed that the conflict was principally
between the United States and the SovietUnion
d viewed the situation as serious but felt it could
be managed with diplomacy
e felt confident about how Khrushchev would
respond
47. Which of the conclusions can you make based
on the passage?
a Kennedy’s first concern during the crisis was
the appeal of Communist ideas
b Nuclear war is the only way to win a cold war.
c Kennedy knew that Khrushchev would back
down
d Khrushchev’s popularity increased at home.
e The U.S government did not know the full
extent of the Soviet threat at the time
Question 48 is based on the following passage.
German printer Johannes Gutenberg is oftencredited with the invention of the first printingpress to use movable type He used handset type
to print the Gutenberg Bible in 1455 Althoughhis invention greatly influenced printing inEurope, similar technologies were used earlier inChina and Korea Chinese printers used mov-able block prints and type made of clay as early
as 1040, and Korean printers invented movablecopper type about 1392
48. What is the purpose of the paragraph?
a to praise the advances of printing technology
b to connect the early advances in printing with
today’s technological advances
c to show that technological advances can
develop in different geographical areas overperiods of time
d to give credit to Gutenberg for the first
movable-type printing press
e to show how Gutenberg’s invention made
printed materials more widely available
Trang 6Questions 49 and 50 are based on the map below.
49. The United States maintained its neutrality in
the war until Germany announced its intention
to use unrestricted submarine warfare in the
seas The U.S Congress declared war on
Ger-many on April 6, 1917 By doing so, with what
other nations was it siding?
a Bulgaria and Turkey
b Albania and Andorra
c Denmark and Sweden
d Morocco and Algeria
e Russia and Italy
50. U.S President Woodrow Wilson called the warone “to make the world safe for democracy.”Based on the map and this quotation, what con-clusion can be drawn?
a Communist Russia was a threat to democracy
Allied Powers Central Powers Neutral Nations
The Netherlands Denmark
Norway Sweden
Monte-Hungary
Austria Germany
land
Switzer-Russia
Belgium Luxembourg
Greece
World War I European Powers
Trang 7Questions 51 and 52 are based on the following passage.
Mohandas Gandhi, also known as Mahatma
Gandhi, developed a policy of passive resistance
in his civil rights struggle for Indian immigrants
in South Africa, and later in the campaign for
Indian independence from British rule The
writings of the Russian author Leo Tolstoy and
the essay, “Civil Disobedience,” by
nineteenth-century American Henry David Thoreau
inspired Gandhi Gandhi called acts of
nonvio-lent resistance by the term satyagraha, Sanskrit
for “truth and firmness.” The Salt Satyagraha of
1930 exemplified his policy In protest against
the British government’s salt tax, he led tens of
thousands of Indians on a 200-mile march to
the Arabian Sea, where they made salt from
evaporated sea water Thousands, including
Gandhi, were arrested When the British
con-ceded to his demands, Gandhi stopped the
cam-paign He was released from prison in 1931, and
that same year, he traveled to London as a
repre-sentative of the Indian National Congress to
negotiate reform measures
51. Which of the following would be the best title
for this passage?
a “The Salt March of 1930”
b “How to Lead an Effective Protest”
c “Gandhi’s Acts of Nonviolent Resistance”
d “Free India”
e “Mahatma Gandhi and Henry David
Thoreau”
52. Which of the following conclusions can be
drawn from the passage?
a Gandhi’s nonviolent protests were effective
d Gandhi refused to support the British
govern-ment in World War II until it granted India its
independence
e India could not win its independence without
resorting to violent revolution
Questions 53 and 54 refer to the following paragraph.
From 2000 B.C until the twentieth century, asuccession of dynasties ruled China The word
China comes from the Ch’in Dynasty (221–206
B.C.), which first unified the country by quering warring land-owning feudal lords KingCheng named himself Shih Huang-ti, or firstemperor, and consolidated his empire by abol-ishing feudal rule, creating a centralized monar-chy, establishing a system of laws and a commonwritten language, and building roads and canals
con-to the capital Scholars speculate that
construc-tion of the Great Wall or chang cheng, meaning
“long wall,” began during the Ch’in Dynasty inorder to protect China’s northern border frominvaders Shih Huang-ti ruled with absolutepower, imposing strict laws and heavy taxes anddoling out harsh punishments He also isreputed to have burned books on topics that hedid not consider useful like agriculture or medi-cine Shih Huang-ti died in 210 B.C His son suc-ceeded him, but soon peasants and formernobles revolted and overthrew the dynasty
The Han Dynasty replaced it, ruling China until
d standardized written script
e regulations and penalties
54. Which of the following conclusions can youmake based on the passage?
a The Ch’in Dynasty enjoyed a stable and
long-lasting rule
b By abolishing feudalism, Ch’in Shih Huang-ti
promoted democracy in China
c The Ch’in Dynasty was popular among
peas-ants and displaced nobles
d Disunity and disorder marked the Ch’in
Dynasty
e The Ch’in Dynasty had long-lasting influence.
Trang 8Questions 55 and 56 are based on the following graph
and passage.
The World’s Child Laborers
Of the world’s 250 million child laborers, 186 million are
under age five, and 170 million perform hazardous work
Most working children in rural areas labor in agriculture,
while urban children work in trade and services, with a
smaller percentage working in manufacturing,
con-struction, and domestic service
Source: Data from the International Labor Organization
(ILO), www.ilo.org
55. Based on the graph and passage, where would
child-labor reform measures be the most
effective?
a in Europe
b in rural areas
c in the developing world
d in areas where children are employed to work
in mines
e in Latin America
56. Which conclusion can be drawn from the
infor-mation provided in the chart?
a Eighty million African children work.
b Child labor is a worldwide problem.
c The problem of child labor has grown
sub-stantially in recent decades
d If children work, they are most likely not
attending school
e The majority of working children reside
in Asia
57. Cyclical unemployment is job loss caused by a
recession or by fluctuations in the economy.Which of the following is an example of cyclicalunemployment?
a construction workers in the Northeast who
are out of work during cold months
b agricultural workers who are unemployed
during nongrowing seasons
c employees who quit their jobs because they
are dissatisfied
d airline employees who are laid off because
slow economic times have discouraged peoplefrom traveling
e tradespeople who lose work because machines
can perform a task faster and for less money
58. Capital gains tax is money paid to the federal
government out of profits from the sale of cial assets, like property (land or buildings) orstocks For which of the following would youneed to pay capital gains tax?
Trang 9Questions 59 and 60 are based on the following chart.
Consumer Price Index (CPI)—All Urban Consumers
Source: U.S Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
59. The inflation rate peaked in 1920 following
World War I What other time period was
marked by a high inflation rate?
a the years immediately following the stock
e the post-World War II period
60. Based on the information given, which decadeexperienced a decrease in the cost of living?
Trang 10Question 61 refers to the following chart.
Ten Fastest Growing Occupations, 2000–2010
Computer software engineers, systems software 90 1 Bachelor’s degree
Network systems and data communications
vocational certificate
on-the-job training
on-the-job training
Income rank categories
1 = very high ($39,700 and over)
2 = high ($25,760 to $39,660)
3 = low ($18,500 to $25,760)
4 = very low (up to $18,490)
Source: U.S Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
61. Which of the following statements is supported
by the information presented?
a The largest number of jobs in the United
States will be computer-related in the decade
2000–2010
b Computer-related jobs are the best paying in
the nation
c Of the ten fastest growing jobs, the lowest
paying is medical assistant
d Computer software engineers will have the
most jobs of any field from which to choose
e Of the ten fastest growing jobs, the best
pay-ing require the most education
62. By 1878, the Standard Oil Company, owned byJohn D Rockefeller, had bought out most of itsbusiness rivals and controlled 90% of the petro-leum refineries in the United States Which ofthe following was a likely effect of Standard Oil’sbusiness practices?
a The company set limits on its prices.
b The company increased oil prices.
c Competition in the oil market flourished.
d Standard Oil increased its efforts to attract
needed customers
e The federal government offered a subsidy to
make the company more competitive abroad
Trang 11Questions 63 and 64 refer to the following chart.
United States Foreign Trade Partners
Source: U.S Census Bureau.
63. Which of the following conclusions can you
draw from the information in the chart?
a The United States trades the most with the
countries that are geographically closest to it
b Geographic location does not influence
inter-national trade
c There is a relationship between the size of a
country and its economic status
d There is a relationship between the
popula-tion density of a country and its economic
status
e Of all the U.S trade partners, Canada has the
highest gross national product (GNP)
64. Which of the following statements is best
sup-ported by the chart?
a The level of goods and services imported to
the United States has increased in the last
decade
b Policies that restrict international trade do not
effect on the U.S economy
c Japan imports and exports more than any
other country in the world
d The most important U.S trade partners are
industrialized, developed nations
e Some products that are now imported were
once manufactured in the United States
65. Which of the following is the most reasonableexplanation for a shortage of a product?
a Customer found the product overpriced.
b The producers overestimated the demand for
the product
c The producers underestimated the demand
for the product
d A rival company produced a cheaper version
of the product
e The product has very few uses.
Trang 12A n s w e r s a n d E x p l a n a t i o n s
1 c According to the map, 40% of slaves went to the
Caribbean and 38% went to Brazil, far more
than other destinations in the Americas
2 a Dallas falls in the Central time zone, which is
two hours ahead of Sacramento, located in the
Pacific time zone
3 d Sacramento falls in the Pacific time zone, which
is three hours behind Tampa, located in the
Eastern time zone
4 b As illustrated on the map, a traveler would enter
an earlier time zone as he or she moves west
According to the caption, each time zone “equals
15 degrees of latitude.”
5 e Some voters in the Pacific time zone have not
yet cast their votes when the polls close in the
east Critics feel that early predictions can affect
elections in this time zone
6 b The first graph shows the highest point in
popu-lation growth rate between 1962 and 1963
7 a The population growth rate increases when the
number of births is larger than the number of
deaths
8 e Using the two graphs, you can compare the rate
of population growth with the growth of the
population The growth rate is decreasing, while
the population is increasing None of the other
statements is supported by the graphs
9 c All of these natural resources are negatively
affected by acid rain except coal reserves
10 d Lakes and streams are affected by acid rain, but
do not cause it
11 c You cannot use this form to apply for U.S
citi-zenship The uses of the form appear in its
upper left-hand corner
12 a The information on the voter registration form
provides proof that choice a is a statement of
fact
13 c You can infer from the map that Kerry’s
cam-paign strategy focused on winning states with
large populations and a large number of
elec-toral votes, like California, Illinois, New York,
Pennsylvania, and Michigan
14 a New Hampshire only had four electoral votes;
Kerry needed 18 votes to tie with Bush and 19
votes to win the election
15 d The map highlights the regional differences in
the 2004 presidential election It does not port any of the other statements
sup-16 b According to the quotation, the amount of
money the government spends on educationshows that people care about education How-
ever, it does not offer an example of why people
value education
17 e The court’s decision states that a similar level of
“physical facilities and other ‘tangible’ factors” isnot enough to offer equal educational opportu-nity You can infer that the court believesschools should also welcome students of allraces
18 c The Fifth Amendment gives citizens the “right
to remain silent” if accused of a crime
19 a The First Amendment protects the freedom of
religion
20 d Because the most common reason for not
vot-ing is “too busy,” you can theorize that uling Election Day to a day when many peopleare not at work may improve the voting rate
resched-Choices b and c may also be help increase voter
turnout, but fewer people cite forgetfulness andtransportation problems as a reason for notvoting
21 b Subtract the registered population (130 million)
from the citizen population (186 million) six million citizens are not registered to vote
Fifty-22 b Choice b is suggested in the passage Because the
president cannot reject single items within a bill,
he must accept them if he wants it to pass overall
23 a Because Congress would rather rewrite a bill
than try to override a veto, you can conclude
that it is easier to do so Choices c and d are not true, and choice e is not discussed in the
passage
24 d Emerson portrays loyal party members as
fol-lowers who cannot defend the positions of theirown party Emerson would most likely choose asystem that encourages individual thought
25 c While choice b is a possible answer, choice c is
the best answer Mill believes that a healthy tem needs political parties with the opposinggoals of change and order
Trang 13sys-26 e Through judicial review, the Supreme Court is
continually interpreting the limits set by the
Constitution
27 a Judicial review means to declare a law either
constitutional or unconstitutional
28 e Although McNeil does not state that the college
students were brave, the firsthand account notes
that the African American Woolworth’s
employ-ees “were concerned” about the students’ safety
This implies that the students could not be sure
of what consequences they would face
29 c The author uses Joe McNeil’s account to give a
firsthand description of what it was like to be a
part of a significant event in the civil rights
movement
30 b The women in the photograph hold posters that
ask, “MR.PRESIDENT HOW LONG MUST WOMEN WAIT
FOR LIBERTY.” Their protest was directed at
Presi-dent Wilson
31 b By portraying the women picketing outside the
tall gates of the White House, the photographer
most likely agrees with the statement in choice b.
32 c The author states that Native Americans “were
virtually destroyed by the subsequent
immigra-tion that created the United States.”
33 c By depicting the British troops firing into an
unprotected crowd, Revere most likely wanted
to show them as savage killers
34 e Revere most likely made and distributed this
powerful image to further incite American
colonists against the British
35 b The purpose of Roosevelt’s address was
to inspire a spirit of nationalism during World
War II
36 d Signed by the United States and 15 other
nations, the Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928 tried to
promote pacifism However, because there was
no way to enforce the pact, it was not effective
37 a Washington advocates avoiding political
attach-ments with other nations, which is an
isolation-ist view
38 e This comment demonstrates the political
divi-sion between the North and South before the
outbreak of the Civil War
39 c Jefferson had no plan for setting aside land for
Native people at the time
40 b Manifest Destiny is a belief that the United
States had a mandate to expand its civilization
westward Jefferson’s vision of an empire withfuture generations filling up “the canvas webegin” most closely resembles the idea of Mani-fest Destiny
41 d Choice d best describes the main idea of the
paragraph
42 b Roadside commercial enterprises flourished
with highway construction and car travel
43 e Lincoln stated that freed slaves should “abstain
[withhold] from all violence, unless in necessaryself-defense.” He most likely did not want freedslaves to begin rebellions in areas where statesloyal to the Union still held slaves
44 b The basic value expressed by the proclamation is
liberty for enslaved people Although it had itations—it freed only slaves in states that hadseceded—the proclamation marked a shift inLincoln’s policy Slavery was completely abol-ished in 1865 with the Thirteenth Amendment.Proslavery Confederate leaders had the mostreason to dislike the proclamation They feared
lim-it would cause rebellion
45 c Lincoln was reluctant to issue an order that
abolished slavery throughout the nation out ofloyalty to the four border states that stayed withthe Union
46 c Kennedy proclaimed that any nuclear missile
attack from Cuba would be regarded as anattack by the Soviet Union
47 e The United States did not know how many
Soviet troops were present in Cuba, so they didnot know the full extent of the Soviet threat atthe time
48 c Although Gutenberg is given credit for the
invention of movable type, others in differentparts of the world at different time periods hadused a similar technique This does not lessenthe great effect that Gutenberg’s invention had
on European culture
49 e Even though the United States called itself an
“Associated Power,” it sided with the Allied ers, which included Russia, France, Italy, andGreat Britain
Pow-50 d You can infer that the Central Powers—the
nations that the United States opposed—were
not democracies Only choice d names Central
Powers
Trang 1451 c Choice c is general enough to encompass the
main ideas of the passage
52 a The British concession to Gandhi’s demands
shows that his use of nonviolent protest was an
effective political tool Choice c is a detail from
the passage; choices b and e are untrue; and
choice d is not supported by the passage.
53 b Ch’in Shih Huang-ti abolished the aristocracy of
feudalism, instead appointing officials to carry
out his rules in all of China’s provinces
54 e The Ch’in Dynasty introduced a centralized
government ruled by a monarchy—a form of
government that lasted in China until 1911,
when revolutionaries overthrew the last dynasty
55 c The majority of child labor takes place in the
developing world, of which Africa, Asia, and
Latin America are a part You can theorize that
the most effective reform measures would target
the areas where most working children live
56 b Choices a and e are details Choices c and d are
not supported by the information given Choice
b is a valid conclusion.
57 d Employees who are laid off because of the
effects of a recession are an example of cyclical
unemployment
58 e A capital gains tax does not apply to your
income, a home that you own, or goods andservices It does apply to the profit from the sale
of property or other financial assets
59 b The second highest inflation rate listed on the
chart is 13.5% in 1980, the year following the oilcrisis of 1979
60 a The CPI decreased from 17.5 in 1930 to 14 in
1940
61 e Choice e is the only one supported by the details
of the chart Although the chart offers the rate
of growth of occupations, it does not give theoverall number of jobs available
62 b Choice b is the most likely effect By eliminating
its competitors, Standard Oil controlled most ofthe production of oil and could artificially drive
up prices
63 a The countries that the United States trades the
most with—Canada and Mexico—are also itsgeographic neighbors
64 d Most of the countries listed as the U.S top trade
partners are industrialized, developed nations
65 c If the product were overpriced, overproduced,
or had few uses, there would likely be a surplus
of the product rather than a shortage
Trang 15G l o s s a r y o f Te r m s :
S o c i a l S t u d i e s
abolitionism a reform movement during the
eigh-teenth and nineeigh-teenth centuries that advocated the
end of African slavery in Europe and the Americas
Allied Powers a military coalition formed between
nations in opposition to another alliance of countries
In World War I, the Allied Powers included 28 nations
that opposed the Central Powers In World War II, the
alliance fought the Axis Powers
Articles of Confederation the first compact
unit-ing the American colonies (1781) It was replaced by
the U.S Constitution in 1789
arctic zone the climatic zone near the north or
south pole characterized by long, cold winters and
short, cool summers
Axis Powers an alliance created between Germany,
Italy, and Japan during World War II
Bill of Rights first ten amendments to the U.S
Con-stitution Ratified in 1791, the Bill of Rights safeguards
the liberties of individuals
Bolshevik a member of the radical faction of the
Russian socialist party that took power of Russia and
formed the Communist Party in 1918
Boston Tea Party a 1773 incident staged by
Amer-ican colonists protesting the British tax on tea The
colonists threw three shipments of tea into Boston
Harbor
bubonic plague an infectious disease that killed up
to one-third of all Europeans in the fourteenth
cen-tury Also called “the Black Death.”
business cycle periods of high and low
productiv-ity in a capitalist economy
capitalism an economic system in which individuals
and private organizations produce and distribute
goods and services in a free market
Central Powers a military coalition of nations that
fought against the Allied Powers in World War II It
included Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria, and
Turkey
charter to approve or grant power to something,
such as a town or city government
checks and balances a system outlined by the
U.S Constitution that divides authority between the
executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the
fed-eral government so that no branch of government
dominates the others
civilization an advanced state of intellectual, cultural,and technological development in human society
climate the atmospheric characteristics near theEarth’s surface over a period of time Includes averagetemperature, rainfall, humidity, wind, and barometricpressure
climatic zone any of several broad areas that liealong latitudinal lines between the equator and thenorth and south poles
Cold War term for the post-World War II rivalrybetween the United States and the Union of SovietSocialist Republics (USSR) that ended in 1989
commission a form of local government in whichvoters elect commissioners to head a city or countydepartment, like the fire, police, or public worksdepartment
communism an economic and political system inwhich the means of production are owned collectivelyand controlled by the state
Communist Manifesto a document of communistprinciples written by Karl Marx in 1848
Confederate States of America a republicformed in 1861 by eleven Southern states that with-drew from the United States After its 1865 defeat inthe American Civil War, the republic dissolved
constitution the fundamental principles of anation’s government embodied in one document orseveral documents
Constitution of the United States the mental laws of the United States, written in 1787 andratified in 1788
funda-Consumer Price Index (CPI) a measure ofchange in the cost of common goods and services,such as food, clothing, rent, fuel, and others
Continental Congress an assembly of delegatesfrom the American colonies that served as a govern-mental body that directed the war for independence
cost of living the price of common goods and ices that are considered living expenses, such as food,clothing, rent, fuel, and others
serv-council-manager a form of local government inwhich voters elect council members, who, in turn, hire
a manager to run the day-to-day operations of thelocality
Crusades any of the military campaigns led byEuropean Christians during the Middle Ages torecover the Holy Land from the Muslims
Trang 16culture a shared way of living among a group of
peo-ple that develops over time
cultural geography the study of the relationship
between humans and their physical environment
Declaration of Independence a document
adopted on July 4, 1776, in which the American
colonies proclaimed their independence from Great
Britain
deflation a decrease in prices due to decreased
money supply and an increased amount of consumer
goods
demand the quantity of goods or services that
con-sumers want to buy at any given price According to
the principle of demand, demand decreases as price
increases
democracy a form of government in which
deci-sions are made by the people, either directly or
through elected representatives
demography the study of changes in population
through birth rate, death rate, migration, and other
factors
depression a prolonged and severe period of low
economic productivity and income
dictatorship a form of government in which one
ruler has absolute power over many aspects of society,
including social, economic, and political life
discount rate the interest rate that the U.S Federal
Reserve Board charges banks to borrow money
Dred Scott decision an 1857 U.S Supreme Court
decision that ruled that the court could not ban
citi-zens from bringing slaves into free territories
Enlightenment a philosophical movement of the
eighteenth century in Europe and North America that
emphasized rational thought
equator the imaginary line that runs east and west at
0° latitude
equilibrium when supply of a good or service equals
that which customers are willing to buy (demand)
executive branch the arm of government that
car-ries out laws
fascism an Italian term for military-based
totalitar-ian government
federalism a government structure that divides
power between a central government and regional
governments The United States is a federal republic,
a democracy that divides power between federal, state,
and local governments
Federalist Papers a series of 85 essays written in1787–1788 by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison,and John Jay in which they argued that federalismwould offer a government structure that would preserve the rights of states and secure individual freedoms
Federal Reserve System U.S banking systemestablished in 1913 Includes twelve Federal Reservebanks under an eight-member controlling board
feudalism a political and economic system thatexisted in Europe between the ninth and fifteenth centuries in which a lord granted land and employ-ment to a tenant in exchange for political and militaryservices
free enterprise freedom of private business toorganize and operate for profit with no or little gov-ernment intervention
French and Indian War (1754–1763) the last offour North American wars fought between GreatBritain and France in which each country fought forcontrol of the continent
general election an election in which the citizens
of a nation or region vote to elect the ultimate winner
gross domestic product (GDP) a measure ofthe total value of goods and services produced within
a nation over the course of a year
gross national product (GNP) a measure of thevalue of goods and services produced within a nation
as well as its foreign investments over the course of ayear
hemisphere half of the Earth; either the northern orsouthern half of the globe as divided by the equator orthe eastern and western half as divided by the primemeridian
Hiroshima a city in southwestern Japan that was thetarget of the first atomic bomb ever dropped on apopulated area in August 1945
Holocaust persecution and murder of millions ofJewish people and other Europeans under AdolfHitler’s Nazi regime
Trang 17humanism a cultural and intellectual movement of
the Renaissance that emphasized classical ideals as a
result of a rediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman
literature and art
immigration the process of moving and settling in a
country or region to which one is not native
imperialism the practice of extending a nation’s
power by territorial acquisition or by economic and
political influence over other nations
Industrial Revolution the extensive social and
eco-nomic changes brought about by the shift from the
manufacturing of goods by hand to large-scale factory
production; began in England in the late eighteenth
century
inflation an increase in prices due to an increase in
the amount of money in circulation and a decreased
supply of consumer goods
Intolerable Acts a series of laws passed by the
British Parliament in 1774 to punish the colony of
Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party
isolationism a national policy of avoiding political
alliances with other nations
judicial branch the arm of government that
inter-prets laws
judicial review a doctrine that allows the U.S
Supreme court to invalidate laws and executive
actions if the court decides they conflict with the
Con-stitution This power was not established until the
1803 case of Marbury v Madison.
labor union an organization of wage earners that
uses group action to seek better economic and
work-ing conditions
laissez-faire a doctrine that believes economic
sys-tems work better without intervention by government
latitude the distance north or south of the equator
measured by angles ranging from 0° at the equator to
90° at the poles
legend a table or list that explains the symbols used
on a map or chart
legislative branch lawmaking arm of a government
longitude the distance east or west of the prime
meridian measured by angles ranging from 0° at the
prime meridian to 180° east or 180° west
Louisiana Purchase vast land area in North
America bought by the United States from France in
1803
market any forum in which an exchange between
buyers and sellers takes place
Mayflower Compact an agreement that said thatthe settlers of the Plymouth Colony would make deci-sions by the will of the majority It is the first instance
of self-government in America
mayor-council a form of local government in whichvoters elect a mayor as city or town executive and elect
a council member from each ward
Middle Ages a period in Europe beginning with thedecline of the Roman Empire in the fifth century andending with the Renaissance in 1453
monarchy a form of government headed by oneruler who claims power through hereditary or divineright
monotheism belief in one god
Nagasaki a seaport in western Japan that was the get of the second atomic bomb ever dropped on apopulated area in August 1945 The bombing markedthe end of World War II
tar-naturalization the process by which one becomes acitizen of a new country
New Deal a domestic reform program initiated by theadministration of President Franklin D Roosevelt toprovide relief and recovery from the Great Depression
oligarchy a form of government in which decisionsare made by a small, elite group that is not elected bythe people
parliament a national legislative body made up ofelected and sometimes nonelected officials TheBritish Parliament is made up of the House of Com-mons and the House of Lords
Pearl Harbor a U.S military base in the PacificOcean that was attacked by Japan in 1941 The attackled to the entry of the United States into World War II
Pilgrims a group of religious separatists who were thefounders of the Plymouth Colony on the coast ofMassachusetts in 1620
plurality system an electoral system in which acandidate need only receive more votes than his or heropponent to win
Plymouth Colony a settlement made by Pilgrims onthe coast of Massachusetts in 1620
polar zone the climatic zone near the north or southpole characterized by long, cold winters and short,cool summers
political party an organization that presents its tions on public issues and promotes candidates thatsupport its point of view
posi-polytheism belief in many gods
Trang 18population the size, makeup, and distribution of
people in a given area
primary election a preliminary contest in which
voters give their preference for a political party’s
can-didate for public office
prime meridian an imaginary line that runs north
and south through Greenwich, England at 0° longitude
Progressivism a reform movement of the early
twentieth century that sought to remedy the problems
industrialization created
proportional representation an electoral process
in which political parties are awarded a proportion of
legislative seats based on the percentage of votes they
received
Puritans a group of English emigrants who sought to
purify the Church of England The group started
set-tlements in New England in the seventeenth century
ratify to confirm or give formal approval to
some-thing, such as an agreement between nations
Reconstruction (1865–1877) the period of
read-justment and rebuilding of the South that followed
the American Civil War
recession a period of low economic productivity
and income
region a land area that shares cultural, political, or
geographic attributes that distinguish it from other
areas
Renaissance a term meaning “rebirth” that refers
to a series of cultural and literary developments in
Europe in the fourteenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth
centuries
republic a government based on the concept that
power resides with the people, who then elect officials
to represent them in government
reserve ratio a portion of deposits that banks,
which are members of the Federal Reserve system, set
aside and do not use to make loans
revolution a violent change in the political order and
social structure of a society
Romanov dynasty the family that ruled Russia
from 1613 until the Russian Revolution in 1917
rule of law the principle that all citizens, including
functionaries of the government, must follow the law
sectionalism the attitude or actions of a region or
section of a nation when it supports its own interests
over that of the nation as a whole
separation of powers the practice of dividing theauthority of a government between different branches
to avoid an abuse of power
shortage when demand for a good or service isgreater than that which is produced
social studies the study of how people live everyday, including the exploration of humans’ physicalenvironment, culture, political institutions, and eco-nomic conditions
socialism an economic system in which the stateowns and controls the basic factors of production anddistribution of wealth
Stamp Act a measure passed by the British ment in 1765 as a means of collecting taxes in theAmerican colonies It required that all printed mate-rials, including legal documents and newspapers,carry a tax stamp
Parlia-stock exchange an organized market for buyingand selling stocks and bonds
stock market crash of 1929 a collapse in thevalue of stocks that marked the onset of the GreatDepression in the United States
suffrage the right to vote
supply the amount of goods and services available forpurchase
surplus when the supply of a good or service isgreater than that which customers are willing to buy(demand)
tariff a tax on imported, and sometimes exported,goods
temperate zone a climatic zone characterized byfour seasons, usually a hot summer, cold winter, andmoderate spring and fall
topography the representation of features of landsurfaces, including the shape and elevation of terrain
totalitarianism a government in which the rulers ofthe state control all aspects of society, including eco-nomic, political, cultural, intellectual, and spiritual life
Townshend Acts measures passed by British liament in 1767 that taxed American colonists forimported glass, lead, paint, paper, and tea
Par-treaty a formal agreement between sovereign nations
Trang 19Tropic of Cancer an imaginary line at 23.5 north
latitude
Tropic of Capricorn an imaginary line at 23.5
south latitude
unemployment when willing and able wage earners
cannot find jobs The unemployment rate serves as
one index of a nation’s economic activity
urbanization the movement of a population fromrural areas to cities with the result of urban growth
veto the power of the executive to block the lawspassed by the legislative branch
Trang 21IV The GED
Science Exam
IN T H I S S E C T I O N, you will learn all about the GED Science Test The first chapter
explains how the exam is structured—what the questions are like and what topicsthey cover Knowing what to expect will make you more confident and comfortable
on the day of the exam; there will be no surprises Chapters 21 through 28 review the basicinformation you need to know about science and scientific inquiry for the GED exam.Chapter 29 offers specific tips for the test, and Chapter 30 provides 75 practice questionslike those you will find on the GED
Before you begin Chapter 20, take the pretest that follows The questions are similar tothe questions you will find on the GED When you are finished, check the answer key care-fully to evaluate your results Your performance on the pretest will help you determine howmuch preparation you need and what subjects you will need to review and practice most
Trang 22P r e t e s t : G E D S c i e n c e
Directions: Read the following multiple-choice
ques-tions carefully and determine the best answer To practice
the timing of the GED exam, you should take
approxi-mately 15 minutes to answer these questions Record
your answers on the answer sheet provided below
Note: On the GED, you are not permitted to write in
the test booklet Make any notes or calculations on a
sep-arate piece of paper
1. Which of the following is unlikely to influence
climate?
a latitude (distance from the equator)
b longitude (time zone)
c altitude (elevation from sea level)
d ocean currents
e presence of nearby mountain ranges
2. Metabolic rate per gram of body weight is higher
in smaller animals Which animal would you
expect to burn the least amount of metabolic
fuel per gram of its body weight?
b The population of the deer decreased at a
constant rate over time
c The population of the wolves increased
ini-tially but decreased after 1965
d The population of the deer increased over
c The increase in the wolf population was a
result of the decrease in the deer population
d The wolf population increased from 1955 to
1965, decreased from 1965 to 1975, andincreased again in 1980
e The wolf population was at a maximum in
Trang 235. Isomers are molecules that have the same
num-ber of the same elements, but in a different
arrangement Which one of the following is
an isomer of 2-propanol (shown below),
which contains Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H) and
Questions 6 and 7 are based on the following passage.
The rectilinear propagation of light and the law
of reflection had been observed long before the
development of modern theories that correctly
explain these observations Rectilinear
propaga-tion of light refers to the fact that light travels in
straight lines Hero of Alexandria, who lived
around the first century, explained these
obser-vations by stating that light travels along the
shortest allowed path It wasn’t until 1657 that
Pierre de Fermat rejected Hero’s shortest-path
theory and showed that light propagates along
the path taking the least time From his ple of least time, Fermat re-derived the law ofreflection, as well as the law of refraction Thisprinciple played an important role in the devel-opment of quantum mechanics
princi-6. The passage shows that
a reflection and refraction can’t be explained by
the same theory
b the term reflection means that light travels in
straight lines
c Hero of Alexandria had insight into quantum
mechanics
d scientists develop theories to explain the
phe-nomena they observe in nature
e light travels along the shortest allowed path.
7. Which general statement about science is NOTsupported by the passage?
a A scientific finding sometimes plays a role in
other scientific findings
b Centuries can pass before an observation is
correctly explained by science
c Theory should not be based on experimental
evidence
d Different scientists do not always come up
with the same explanation for an observation
e A scientific theory should be in agreement
with observations
8. Lung cancer accounts for over 30% of all cers Smokers are 90% of lung cancer victims.Lung cancer is rare in societies that don’t smoke.Which is NOT a likely consequence of thesestatistics?
can-a Most smokers don’t quit because they
experi-ence withdrawal symptoms
b Congress passed a bill requiring tobacco
com-panies to label their product as harmful
c The percentage of smokers dropped after
these figures were made public
d The U.S military developed a program to
eliminate all tobacco use from the armedforces
e The Surgeon General issued a report stating
that smoking is a health hazard
H OH H
C
Trang 249. Paola is an engineer at an environmental
con-sulting firm Her job is to analyze air quality and
the amount of toxic emissions due to highway
traffic The amount of emissions depends on the
number of lanes and on the average speed of the
traffic The greater the number of lanes and the
slower the cars move, the higher the amount of
toxic emissions Which of these choices
corre-sponds to the highest amount of toxic emissions
into the atmosphere?
a a two-lane highway at 2 A.M on Monday
b a four-lane highway at 2 A.M on Tuesday
c a two-lane highway at 5:30 P.M on Wednesday
d a four-lane highway at 5:30 P.M on Thursday
e a two-lane highway at 5:30 P.M on Sunday
10. Many types of learning occur only at particular
times called sensitive periods (For example,
chil-dren born blinded by cataracts can learn to see if
the cataracts are removed by age 10 If the
cataracts are removed later in life, these people
can see random shapes and colors, but are
unable to interpret them.) A scientist is
inter-ested in knowing whether there is a sensitive
period for chaffinch birds to learn to sing the
species song, and if so, how long this period lasts
Which of the following experiments would be
most suitable for his purpose?
a Take 20 just-hatched chaffinch birds from
their environment Bring them up in
isola-tion, so that they are not exposed to their
species song Every week, return one bird to
its environment and keep a record of the
number of weeks it spent in isolation and
whether it learned to sing
b Take 20 just-hatched chaffinch birds from
their environment Bring them up with birds
of a different species, so they are exposed to
songs that do not resemble their own Every
week, return one bird to its environment and
keep a record of the number of weeks it spent
with birds of a different species and which
song it learned to sing
c Take 20 just-hatched chaffinch birds from
their environment Every day, play them a
recording of the song of their species Reward
with food the birds that try to imitate the
recorded sound, and note the number of
d Take 20 chaffinch birds, of any age Every day,
play a recording of the song of another birdspecies Record the age of every bird that wasable to learn the song of the other bird species
e Bring up 20 just-hatched chaffinch birds
among both adult chaffinch birds and adultbirds of another species Record the amount
of time it took just-hatched birds to sing, anddetermine whether the presence of the otherspecies improved or deterred their ability tolearn to sing their species song
Pretest Answers and Explanations
1 b Longitude is the only factor on the list that does
NOT influence climate In places on Earth thathave the same longitude, noon occurs at thesame time, but those places don’t necessarilyhave the same climate For example, Maine andFlorida are at approximately the same longitude,but the climate in Maine is much colder thanFlorida, because Florida is closer to the equator
(latitude), choice a Altitude can influence mate, choice c There is often snow at a top of a
cli-mountain when there isn’t any at its base Ocean
currents can also influence climate, choice d.
The Gulf stream is a warm Atlantic Ocean rent that provides countries in Northern Europewith a warmer climate than places at the samelatitude in Canada The presence of mountain
cur-ranges can influence climate, choice e For
example, it doesn’t rain much in Nevada’s GreatBasin due to the Sierra Nevada Mountains
2 d Metabolic rate per gram of body weight is
higher in small animals You can infer that alarge animal has the lowest metabolic rate pergram of its body weight The largest animal onthe list is the elephant
3 c Choice a is incorrect because the population of
wolves decreased during some periods, resulting
in a net decrease from 1955 to 1980 Choice b is
incorrect because although the population ofdeer decreased during every period, the decreasewas sometimes more dramatic than duringother times, i.e., the rate of decrease was not
constant Choice d is incorrect because the
pop-ulation of deer did not increase over time
Choice e is incorrect because the population of