Phrase of reason: Ex: Jane worried because of the rain We didn’t go out due to the cold weather Owing to his carelessness we had an accident.. Phrase of concession: Ex: We went to s
Trang 1I Clause of reason:
Ex: He came ten minutes late because/since/as/seeing that he missed the first bus.
II Phrase of reason:
Ex: Jane worried because of the rain
We didn’t go out due to the cold weather
Owing to his carelessness we had an accident.
I Clause of concession:
Ex: Although/Even though/though the weather was very bad, we had a picnic
* Other conjunctions:
No matter what/who/when/where/why + S + V
= Whatever +(N)/whoever/whenever/wherever/whenever + (S) + V
Ex: No matter what she wears, she looks pretty = Whatever clothes she wears, she looks pretty
No matter where you are, I will find you = Wherever you are, I will find you
No matter how + S + V
= However + adj/adv + S + V
Ex: No matter how hard he tried, he didn’t pass the exam
= However hard he tried, he didn’t pass the exam
Note: Loại mệnh đề này thường đứng đầu câu
II Phrase of concession:
Ex: We went to school on time in spite of/despite the heavy rain
Because
Since + Clause
As
Seeing that
Due to
Because of + noun/ V-ing phrase
Thanks to
Owing to
CLAUSE AND PHRASE OF CONCESSION
Though
Although + Clause
Even though
In spite of Despite + noun/ V-ing phrase
CLAUSE AND PHRASE OF REASON
Trang 2I Underline the most suitable word or phrase in each sentence:
1 However/ Though it was late, I decided to phone Brian.
2 Although/ Despite the car was cheap, it was in good condition.
3 Despite of the weather/ the weather, we went sailing.
4 I put the food in the fridge because/ because of I want it to get cold.
5 Since/ Because of Janet wanted to save money, she gave up smoking.
6 We can’t eat now because/ although there isn’t enough time.
7 I can’t come to your party so that/ because I am too busy.
8 I couldn’t see anything because/ because of the dark.
9.Despite/ Though the cold weather, we all went for a walk.
10 It was raining, but / although I went swimming anyway.
11 Mary doesn’t go to school because/ though she was ill.
12 In spite of/ Because of his old age, Mr Benson runs fours miles before breakfast.
II Choose the correct answer for each sentence:
1 _ she was very hard working, she hardly earned enough to support her family
a In spite of b Because c Because of d Although
2 _ her absence from the school yesterday, she couldn’t understand the lesson
3 _ his lack of time, he watches football every night
a Although b Because of c In spite of d Because
4 Alan always overeats at lunch he never eats breakfast
a because b because of c Even though d in spite of
5 I told the absolute truth, no one would believe me
a Even though b In spite of c Since d As
6 The goods was never delivered _ the promise we had received
7 the meeting’s at 2:00, I won’t be able to see you
a Although b In spite of c Because d Because of
8 My mother is always complaining the untidiness of my room
9 I didn’t get the job I had all the necessary qualifications
a because b because of c although d despite
10 It’s unsafe to travel in that country the civil war
a in spite of b despite c due to d a & b are correct
11 Many people don’t want to live in big cities big cities are often heavily polluted
12 she heard the door bell ring, she did not answer it
13 Despite the storm, the climbers decided to go on
a In spite of it was storm b Although there was a storm
c Because ut stormed d Due to it storms
14 He stopped working because he was too tired
a because of his tiredness b since being tired
15 His teacher got angry because he behaved badly
a so that he behaved badly b even though he behaved badly
c because of his bad behaviour d because of his behaviour
16 Although the traffic was heavy, he managed to get to the office in time
a In spite of the traffic was heavy b Because of the heavy traffic
c In spite of the heavy traffic d Due to the traffic was heavy
17 I would have been on time if I hadn’t stopped at the post office
a I was on time even tough I stopped at the post office b I wasn’t on time because I stopped at the post office
c I didn’t stop at the post office, but I was late d all of the above
18 I have still got the camera because no one has claimed it
Trang 3a because it hasn’t been claimed b because of not claiming on it
c because of no claim has been made on it d because it has been claimed by no one
20 Although he was seriously ill, he was determined to finish his work In spite of
a the serious ill, he was determined to finish his work
b be ill seriously, he was determined to finish his work
c his serious ill, he was determined to finish his work
d he was ill seriously, he was determined to finish his work
21 Although they were very poor, the children seemed happy
a The children seemed happy because they were very poor
b The children were very poor, so they seemed happy
c Despite their poverty, the children seemed happy
d the children seemed happy whether they were poor /rich
22 Because of his bad leg, he walked slowly
a Because his leg was bad, he walked slowly b Because his bad leg, he walked slowly
c If his leg was bad, he walked slowly d Although his leg was bad, he walked slowly
23 I got to class on time _ I had missed my bus
a even though b nevertheless c because d despite
III Do it as directed:
1 Because the sea was rough, the ferry couldn’t sail
Because of
2 In spite of being full water, the boat sailed on
Although _
3 There were a lot of accidents because of the icy roads
Because _
4 Although he had a good salary, he was unhappy in life
Despite _
5 Despite losing her way tie, she arrived safely
Though _
IV Identify one mistake:
1 You are not advised to go jogging because your serious heart disease
2 In order that to buy his new car, he had to borrow his friend some money
3 He stopping working because he was very tired to continue
4 They can speak English and use a computer so as to they can easily get a good job
5 He drank so many wine that he could not find his way home
6 It is so an interesting film that I have seen it three times
7 Because of they had collaborated well together, they were successful in their project
8 He was tired so that he could not continue his work
9 I rarely see a film in spite of there are many films that are worth seeing
10 Because it was late, so that he tired to type the contact as fast as possible
Trang 4Mệnh đề hoặc cụm từ chỉ kết quả là thành phần phụ nêu lên kết quả do hành động của mệnh đề chính gây ra
1/ Clause of result : SO/ SUCH
Cấu trúc của câu có mệnh đề chỉ kết quả như sau :
- S + V+ SO + ADJ / ADV + THAT + S + V (……… quá ……….đến nỗi ……….)
- S + V + SUCH + ( A/ AN ) + ADJ + NOUN + THAT + S + V (……….quá ……….đến nỗi………)
EX : It was so dark that I couldn’t see anything
The student had behaved so badly that he was dismissed from the class
It was such a hot day that we decided to stay at home
There are such beautiful pictures that everybody will want one
* NOTES :
so many/ few + plural noun + that
so much/ little + uncountable noun + that
so + adj +a/an + singular noun + that
Ex : The Smiths had so many children that they formed their own basket ball team
He has invested so much money in the project that he can’t abandon it now
It was so hot a day that we decided to stay indoors
It was so interesting a book that he couldn’t put it down.
- Khơng dùng a/an với danh từ số ít hoặc khơng đếm được
- That cĩ thể được bỏ
Ex : She was so angry (that) she couldn’t speak
2/ Phrase of result : TOO/ ENOUGH
Câu có cụm từ chỉ kết quả có cấu trúc như sau :
- S + V+ TOO + ADJ / ADV ( FOR + O ) + TO INFINITIVE (… Quá ………đến nổi ( ai ) không thể …)
- S + V+ ADJ / ADV + ENOUGH + ( FOR +O) + TO INFINITIVE (……đủ ( cho ai ) làm điều gì ……) Ex: 1/ He is so short that he can’t play basketball
He is too short to play basket ball
He isn’t tall enough to play basket ball
2/ It was so dark that I couldn’t see anything
It was too dark for me to see anything
It wasn’t bright enough for me
Too much and too many thường được dùng trước danh từ
Ex: Andrew spent too much time working.
There are too many people at the entrance
I Use SO or SUCH, TOO, ENOUGH :
1 The sun shone _ brightly that she had to put on her glasses
2 There were _ few students registered that the class was cancelled
3 We had _ wonderful memories of that place that we decided to return
4 It was a nice day that we decided to go to the beach
5 The book looked _ interesting that we decided to read it
6 Ray called at _ an early hour that we weren’t awake yet
7 There were many people on the bus that we decided to walk
8 The benefit was _ great a success that the promoters decided to repeat it
CLAUSE AND PHRASE OF RESULT
Trang 59 I’ m not rich _ to help you.
10 This room is _ dark for us to study
II Rewrite the following sentences as directed:
1 It was such an expensive house that nobody can buy it
The house was so
2 The food was so good that we ate all of it
It was
3 The patient was too weak to get up
The patient was so
4 This room is too dark for me to study
This room is so _
5 This room is too small for us to take the meeting
This room isn’t _
6 The test was so difficult that we couldn’t do it
The test was not
7 The map is so old that I couldn’t read it
The map is too
8 He spoke so fast that we couldn’t hear him well
He didn’t _
III Choose the best option to complete each of the following sentence:
1 These two girls _ that I can’t tell them apart
2 I don’t think our daughter is _ to understand this matter
enough
3 Mrs Harrison is _ he owns many places
a so a rich man that b such an rich man that c such a rich man that d that so rich a man
4 The ceiling is
a too high for me to reach b too high for me to reach it
c so high for me reaching d enough high for me reaching
5 The woman was so beautiful _
a that I couldn’t help looking at b that I couldn’t help looking at her
6 It is _ that I would like to go to the beach
a such a nice weather b too nice weather c such nice weather d such weather nice
7 These are that I can’t finish them
a a such long assignments b such long assignments c such a long assignments d too long
assignments
8 It is _ that I have read it twice
a such an interesting book b so interesting a book c too interesting a book d a & b
9 He I was scared
a drove too fast that b drove so fastly that c drove so fast that d drove such fast that
10 She dances _everybody adores her
a such beautifully that b so beautiful that c so beautifully that d too beautifully that
11 It is _to go swimming
12 Jane is to do this exercise
a no intelligence enough b not intelligent enough c not enough intelligent d so intelligent enough
13 I am a car
a not rich enough to buy b too rich enough to buy c too poor to buy d a & c
14 It’s home from here
a too far walking b too far for walking c far to walk, too d too far to walk
15 The bed isn’t clean enough
Trang 6a to lie in it b to lie in c for lying in d in which to lie
16 The piano was too heavy _
a for nobody to move b for nobody moving c for anyone to move d for anyone to moving
17 Have you got _ for everyone to moving?
18 He _ to be offered the job
a was such in experienced b was too inexperienced c not experienced enough d b & c
19 _ to go to the cinema
a It was late so that b That it was late c It was too late d Such too late
20 We don’t to go there now
a have time enough b enough time c have too time d have enough time
21 This song is simple enough for us to sing
a This song is so simple that we can sing b This song is so simple that we can sing it
c This song is so simple for us to sing d It is such a simple song that we can sing
22 The bag was too heavy for him to carry
a The bag wasn’t enough light for him to carry b The bag was so heavy that h couldn’t carry
c It was such a heavy bag for him to carry d It was such a heavy bag that he couldn’t carry it
23 The cake was too hot for him to eat
a The cake was so hot that for him to eat b The cake was so hot that he could eat
c The cake was so hot that he couldn’t eat it d The cake was so hot that he can’t eat it
24 Because they made too many mistakes, they failed in the exam
a They made so many mistakes that they failed in the exam
b They made so many mistakes as they failed in the exam
c They made so much mistakes that they failed in the exam
d They made too many mistakes that they failed in the exam
25 The story is short enough for her to read
a It is such a short story that she can read it b It is such a short story that she can read
c The story is too short for her to read d It is such a short story for her to read
IV Identify one error:
1.She was such old that she couldn’t run
A B C D
2 These days aren’t enough long for a good holiday
A B C D
3 There were so much books on the shelves that I didn’t know which one to choose
4 The soup was so hot for me to eat
A B C D
5 All the students in the class are enough good to pass the final exam
Trang 7I/ USE A CLAUSE OR PHRASE OF PURPOSE TO COMBINE EACH PAIR OF SENTENCES BELOW.
1/ I’m studying hard I want to keep pace with my classmates
………
2/ Alice prepares her lessons carefully She wants to get high marks in class
………
3/ Please shut the door I don’t want the dog to go out of the house
………
4/ I wish to have enough money I want to buy a new house
………
5/ You should walk slowly Your sister can follow you
………
6/ They did their job well They hoped the boss would increase their salary
………
7/ We turned on the lights We didn’t want to waste electricity
………
8/ We lower the volume of the radio We don’t want to bother our neighbours
………
9/ The robber changed his address all the time He didn’t want the police to find him
………
10/ The man spoke loudly He wanted every body to hear him clearly
………
II/ CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER
1/ “I spoke slowly The foreigner could understand me” Means
a I spoke slowly so that the foreigner could understand me
b I spoke slowly in order to the foreigner could understand me
c I spoke slowly that the foreigner could understand me
d I spoke slowly to make the foreigner could understand me
2/ He had to explain the lesson very clearly………
a in order that his student to understand it b so that his students could understand it
c so as his students to understand it d so that his students to understand it
I / REMIND
Muốn diễn tả một mục đích , chúng ta dùng mệnh đề bắt đầu bằng SO THAT hoặc IN ORDER THAT; hoặc bằng cụm từ bắt đầu bằng ( SO AS / IN ORDER ) TO
1/ Clause of purpose
S + V + SO THAT / IN ORDER THAT + S + WILL / SHALL / CAN + V(-to)
EX : I try all my best to study English in order that/so that I can find a better job
2/ Phrase of purpose
2a Nếu chủ ngữ của hai mệnh đề giống nhau thì câu sẽ rút gọn là :
S + V+ ( SO AS / IN ORDER ) ( NOT ) + TO INFINITIVE
EX: I try to study hard so that I can pass the exam
I try to study hard so as to/in order to/to pass the exam
2 b Nếu chủ ngữ của hai mệnh khác nhau thì câu sẽ rút gọn là :
S + V + ( IN ORDER ) FOR + O + ( NOT ) TO INFINITIVE
EX : He gave me his address so that I would visit him
He gave me his address in order for me to visit him
CLAUSE AND PHRASE OF PURPOSE
Trang 83/ He studies very hard ………
a in order to fail the examination b so that to get knowledge
c so as not to pass examination d in order that he could be illiterate
4/ We have to start early………we won’t be late
a so that b so as to c because d although
5/ They were talking in whispers………… nobody could hear them
a in order to b so that c in order that d b and c arte correct
6/ He hurried to the station He didn’t want to miss the train
a he hurried to the station so that he couldn’t miss the train
b he hurried to the station in order that he couldn’t miss the train
c he hurried to the station not to miss the train d all are correct
7/ She went to the library in order that she could borrow some books
a she went to the library so as to borrow some books b she went to the library that she could borrow some books
c she went to the library so that she could borrow some books d all are correct
8/ The schoolboys are in hurry……….they will not be late for school
a so as to b to c in order that d for
9/ We set off early……… we wouldn’t get stuck in the traffic
a although b so that c because d in case
10/ I shouted in order that I could warn everybody of danger
a I shouted to warn everybody of danger
b I shouted so as to warn everybody of danger
c I shouted so that to warn everybody of danger
d a and b are correct