economic english 3 docx

population the size, makeup, and distribution ofpeople in a given area primary election a preliminary contest in which voters give their preference for a political party’s can-didate for

population the size, makeup, and distribution of

people in a given area

primary election a preliminary contest in which

voters give their preference for a political party’s

can-didate for public office

prime meridian an imaginary line that runs north

and south through Greenwich, England at 0° longitude

Progressivism a reform movement of the early

twentieth century that sought to remedy the problems

industrialization created

proportional representation an electoral process

in which political parties are awarded a proportion of

legislative seats based on the percentage of votes they

received

Puritans a group of English emigrants who sought to

purify the Church of England The group started

set-tlements in New England in the seventeenth century

ratify to confirm or give formal approval to

some-thing, such as an agreement between nations

Reconstruction (1865–1877) the period of

read-justment and rebuilding of the South that followed

the American Civil War

recession a period of low economic productivity

and income

region a land area that shares cultural, political, or

geographic attributes that distinguish it from other

areas

Renaissance a term meaning “rebirth” that refers

to a series of cultural and literary developments in

Europe in the fourteenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth

centuries

republic a government based on the concept that

power resides with the people, who then elect officials

to represent them in government

reserve ratio a portion of deposits that banks,

which are members of the Federal Reserve system, set

aside and do not use to make loans

revolution a violent change in the political order and

social structure of a society

Romanov dynasty the family that ruled Russia

from 1613 until the Russian Revolution in 1917

rule of law the principle that all citizens, including

functionaries of the government, must follow the law

sectionalism the attitude or actions of a region or

section of a nation when it supports its own interests

over that of the nation as a whole

separation of powers the practice of dividing the authority of a government between different branches

to avoid an abuse of power

shortage when demand for a good or service is greater than that which is produced

social studies the study of how people live every day, including the exploration of humans’ physical environment, culture, political institutions, and eco-nomic conditions

socialism an economic system in which the state owns and controls the basic factors of production and distribution of wealth

Stamp Act a measure passed by the British Parlia-ment in 1765 as a means of collecting taxes in the American colonies It required that all printed mate-rials, including legal documents and newspapers, carry a tax stamp

stock exchange an organized market for buying and selling stocks and bonds

stock market crash of 1929 a collapse in the value of stocks that marked the onset of the Great Depression in the United States

suffrage the right to vote

supply the amount of goods and services available for purchase

surplus when the supply of a good or service is greater than that which customers are willing to buy (demand)

tariff a tax on imported, and sometimes exported, goods

temperate zone a climatic zone characterized by four seasons, usually a hot summer, cold winter, and moderate spring and fall

topography the representation of features of land surfaces, including the shape and elevation of terrain

totalitarianism a government in which the rulers of the state control all aspects of society, including eco-nomic, political, cultural, intellectual, and spiritual life

Townshend Acts measures passed by British Par-liament in 1767 that taxed American colonists for imported glass, lead, paint, paper, and tea

treaty a formal agreement between sovereign nations

or groups of nations

Treaty of Versailles of 1919 the major treaty of five peace treaties that ended World War I

tropical zone a climatic zone characterized by a hot, wet climate with little seasonal change

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Tropic of Cancer an imaginary line at 23.5 north

latitude

Tropic of Capricorn an imaginary line at 23.5

south latitude

unemployment when willing and able wage earners

cannot find jobs The unemployment rate serves as

one index of a nation’s economic activity

urbanization the movement of a population from rural areas to cities with the result of urban growth

veto the power of the executive to block the laws passed by the legislative branch

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P A R T

Science Exam

IN T H I S S E C T I O N, you will learn all about the GED Science Test The first chapter

explains how the exam is structured—what the questions are like and what topics they cover Knowing what to expect will make you more confident and comfortable

on the day of the exam; there will be no surprises Chapters 21 through 28 review the basic information you need to know about science and scientific inquiry for the GED exam Chapter 29 offers specific tips for the test, and Chapter 30 provides 75 practice questions like those you will find on the GED

Before you begin Chapter 20, take the pretest that follows The questions are similar to the questions you will find on the GED When you are finished, check the answer key care-fully to evaluate your results Your performance on the pretest will help you determine how much preparation you need and what subjects you will need to review and practice most

 P r e t e s t : G E D S c i e n c e

Directions: Read the following multiple-choice

ques-tions carefully and determine the best answer To practice

the timing of the GED exam, you should take

approxi-mately 15 minutes to answer these questions Record

your answers on the answer sheet provided below

Note: On the GED, you are not permitted to write in

the test booklet Make any notes or calculations on a

sep-arate piece of paper

1. Which of the following is unlikely to influence

climate?

a latitude (distance from the equator)

b longitude (time zone)

c altitude (elevation from sea level)

d ocean currents

e presence of nearby mountain ranges

2. Metabolic rate per gram of body weight is higher

in smaller animals Which animal would you

expect to burn the least amount of metabolic

fuel per gram of its body weight?

a harvest mouse

b dog

c rabbit

d elephant

e shrew

Questions 3 and 4 are based on the following data table, which represents the population of both wolves and deer during the years 1955–1980 in a given area.

1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980

3. Which of the following statements is true about the years 1955–1980?

a The population of the wolves increased over

time

b The population of the deer decreased at a

constant rate over time

c The population of the wolves increased

ini-tially but decreased after 1965

d The population of the deer increased over

time

e The population of deer in 1975 in the area

was 45

4. Which of the following statements is true of the wolf population from 1955–1980?

a The wolf population increased at a constant

rate until 1975

b The wolf population decreased at a constant

rate after 1970

c The increase in the wolf population was a

result of the decrease in the deer population

d The wolf population increased from 1955 to

1965, decreased from 1965 to 1975, and increased again in 1980

e The wolf population was at a maximum in

1960

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ANSWER SHEET

5. Isomers are molecules that have the same

num-ber of the same elements, but in a different

arrangement Which one of the following is

an isomer of 2-propanol (shown below),

which contains Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H) and

Oxygen (O)?

a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

Questions 6 and 7 are based on the following passage.

The rectilinear propagation of light and the law

of reflection had been observed long before the

development of modern theories that correctly

explain these observations Rectilinear

propaga-tion of light refers to the fact that light travels in

straight lines Hero of Alexandria, who lived

around the first century, explained these

obser-vations by stating that light travels along the

shortest allowed path It wasn’t until 1657 that

Pierre de Fermat rejected Hero’s shortest-path

theory and showed that light propagates along

the path taking the least time From his princi-ple of least time, Fermat re-derived the law of reflection, as well as the law of refraction This principle played an important role in the devel-opment of quantum mechanics

6. The passage shows that

a reflection and refraction can’t be explained by

the same theory

b the term reflection means that light travels in

straight lines

c Hero of Alexandria had insight into quantum

mechanics

d scientists develop theories to explain the

phe-nomena they observe in nature

e light travels along the shortest allowed path.

7. Which general statement about science is NOT supported by the passage?

a A scientific finding sometimes plays a role in

other scientific findings

b Centuries can pass before an observation is

correctly explained by science

c Theory should not be based on experimental

evidence

d Different scientists do not always come up

with the same explanation for an observation

e A scientific theory should be in agreement

with observations

8. Lung cancer accounts for over 30% of all can-cers Smokers are 90% of lung cancer victims Lung cancer is rare in societies that don’t smoke Which is NOT a likely consequence of these statistics?

a Most smokers don’t quit because they

experi-ence withdrawal symptoms

b Congress passed a bill requiring tobacco

com-panies to label their product as harmful

c The percentage of smokers dropped after

these figures were made public

d The U.S military developed a program to

eliminate all tobacco use from the armed forces

e The Surgeon General issued a report stating

that smoking is a health hazard

C

H OH

C

C

C

H OH H

C

H

H H

H OH H

C

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