genki 1 an integrated course in elementary japanese1 phần 3 pdf

In this lesson, we learn three forms: 1 the "dictionary forms," 2 the present tense affirmative forms, and 3 the present tense negative forms.' There are two kinds of verbs that follow r

Suu san w a ichinensee desu ka

5 E h Y

10 a / < - - k 3 h i d t a h * ~ ~ T T h ~ ,

Robaato san wa yonensee desu ka

Nationality I American 1 Japanese I Korean I British I Japanese I

B Pair Work-Ask your partner whose belongings items (1) through (7) are Your

Kore wa Mearii san no saifu desu ka

U of London business

Tozai Univ (Japanese

teacher) 4th year

9 7 ' ) -

Yoo ko

@ b &a@ #"Lh 1/ @ 3 (Review Exercises)

A Role Play-One student is a store attendant The other is a customer Use

Dialogue I as a model

B Role Play-One student is a waiter/waitress The other student goes to a

restaurant Look at the menu below and order some food or drink, using

Pair work @ C

Example: A : 2 XlV9 tA t: ( l; T T h a ,

Enpitsu wa ikura desu ka

Hyaku en desu

Pair Work @ D

Example: Customer : z 13 63 l\ ( 6 TT f i x o

Kono hon wa ikura desu ka

Store attendant : C=+X/iY+ ( Z hTT,

Nisen hyaku en desu

Pair Work @)

Example: A : LkLba fs#'L@ h'sTTi3',

Kore wa dare no kasa desu ka

K l & ' l t >

6 : % 7 ' 1 - 3 / L a &+TTo Mearii san no kasa desu

@ = I ( rJ b h 7 - C ( ~ S S L ~ ~ Please speak slowly

Yukkuri itte kudasai

& 9 ~6 Z* L ~f { I f2-3 L L ~ Please say it again

Moo ichido jtte kudasai

I

G 1 7 Z 3 7 T ( ? S 3 h l Please wait

Chotto matte kudasai

?-ba$g% Making a Date

a Mary and Takeshi are talking

@ On Sunday morning, at Mary's host family's

Takeshi: Mary, what do you usually do on the weekend?

Mary: Let's see I usually study at home- But I sometimes see movies

Takeshi: I see , then, would you like to see a movie on Saturday?

Mary: Saturday is not a good day (lit-, Saturday is a little bit [inconvenient] - )

Takeshi: Then, how about Sunday?

Mary: That's fine

Mary: Good morning

Host mother: Good morning You are early, aren't you?

Mary: Yes, I'm going to Kyoto today 1 will see a movie in Kyoto

Host mother: Good Around w h t time will you come back?

Mary: Around nine

Host mother: How about dinner?

Mary: I will not eat

Host mother: I: see Well, have a nice day

Mary: Good-bye

TV video tape; VCR

$fi%@x bf-eakf ast

at about tonight weekend Saturday Sunday

* Words that appear in the dialogue

a little sometimes -

G13 i% I$3 r a m m a r

Verb Conjugation

Verbs in Japanese conjugate, or take various shapes In this lesson, we learn three forms:

(1) the "dictionary forms," (2) the present tense affirmative forms, and (3) the present

tense negative forms.' There are two kinds of verbs that follow regular conjugation patterns, and an example of each is beloiv

dictionary forms (to eat) E< L I (to 90) ~

present, affirmative &<bb 5 S Z T

L) present, negative &<a@h

&-; 4 belongs to the group of verbs called the "ru-verbs." RZL-verbs are so called, because

you add the suffix ru to the verb base (tabe, in the above example) to form the dictionary form For the two long forms we learn in this lesson, you simply add the suffixes mnszc

and masen, instead of Y U , to the bases We learn four ru-verbs in this lesson:

Another major group of verbs is called the "u-verbs." The dictionary form of an a-verb

I 1

long forms like $T 1 3 -if and 6 3 3 * h, then, are formed with the base plus suffixes

1 > I %

i m s u and imasen You may find the u-verb conjugations sIightly more difficult than the

ru-verb conjugations, because of the extra vowel i We learn six u-verbs in this lesson:

h he use of the term "dictionaxy forms" is by no means restricted to listings in a dictionary They also appear in various constructions in actual sentences We will learn their uses in later chapters Don't be misled by the names given to the long foms too; the "present tense" in Japanese can indicate both the

"present" and the "future." We will return to this issue in Section 2 below For the moment, we will

concentrate on the foms, not the meaning of these verbs

In later lessons, we will have many opportunities to refer to the parts like $k< and E 3 ,

which come before 3 T and 3 * A in the long forms For the sake of ease of reference, we will call these parts (same as bases with ru-verbs, and bases plus i with a-verbs) "stems."

In addition to ru-verbs and u-verbs, there are two "irregular verbs." Note that the voweIs

in their bases are different in the short (dictionary) forms and the long forms

irregular verbs dictionary forms

present, affirmative

present, negative

35 (to do) l/S*

These two verbs are also used to form compound verbs In this lesson, we learn the verb

&S 9 6 , which conjugates just like the verb -;f 8

*L?'i?

It is important to remember which verb belongs to which conjugation class It is a good

form, try to memorize the dictionary form and the present tense affirmative, like ;T;i- L < -

L

$7 3 f T This is especiaIly important with verbs that end with the hiragam b , because

t l

they may be irregular verbs like 3- b and ( 6 , or ru-verbs, or u-verbs whose bases just

happen to end with the consonant r If you know the verb classes and the rules that apply

to them, you know why it is wrong to say X IL 1 3 9 and XHir 4 -f.'

In this lesson we learn about a dozen v e r b that describe basic human actions Thew are

often called "action verbs," and the "present tense'' of these verbs either meam (I) that

a pezs'son habitually or regularly engage in these activities, or (2) that a person will, or is planning to, perform these activities in -the future

1 will go to Kyoto taorrow

Sue will nof return home today

Nauns used in sentences ~rnerd1y must be foll.2awed by gar&icIes, which indicate the

relations that the nouns bear to the verbs.' Ia this lesson, we learn four particles: T, kc,

L, I will watch TV at home

(L The particle G= has many meanings, but here we will learn two: (1) the goal toward which things move, and (2) the time at which an event takes pIace

(I) goal of movement

I will lzot go to school today

1 milk retarn home

3 ~ n spoken language, particles are often "dropped." We will learn more about such cases in Lesson 15

"In later Iessons, we will be introduced to verbs that require particles other than T to express location

- - - - - - -

(2) time

I will go to Kyatu on Sunday-

1 will g o to bed at elmera

(Some time words stand alone, without the particle C: tagging along, which will be

Approximate time references can be made by substituting 2"5 or r'5 1: for t: Thus,

-+-%<*& (I=)Ef T o I will go to bed at ubout ekeves

L ' m - i l l i j U h

4 The particle 2, too, indicates the goal of movement The sentences in (1) above there-

fore can be rewritten using - instead of I: Note that this particle is pronounced "e."

Note that - may replace the particle it only in the goal-of-movement sense The particle 4: for time references and other uses, which we will learn about in later lessons, cannot

be so replaced

The particle 2 indicates "direct objects," the kind of things that are directly involved

in, or affected by, the event Note that this particle i s pronounced "o."

I will go buck in September

You do not use the particle C: with (I) time expressions defined relative to the present moment, such as "today" and "tomorrow," (2) expressions describing regular intervals, such as "every day," and (3) the word for "when."

1 will c m e t m r r o w

1 watch TV ezlery ewming

When will you go?

You normally do not use G with (1) the parts of a day, like "in the morning" and "at night," and (2) the word for "weekend." Unlike words like ih L f z and 4P!! above, how-

3 rxrrx

ever, these words are sometimes followed by G:, depending on styles, emphases, and personal preferences

I read the newspaper ia the morning

What will you do on weekends?

You can use 2 I= the present tense negative verb, plus the question particle) to extend an invitation It should be noted that its affirmative counterpart, 2 TBs, canlzot be

so used Thus a sentence like &5TlatL Q 3 33 can only be construed as a question,

not as an invitation

What do you say to having lunch with me?

Wikl you play temzis with me?

Um, it's slightly (zmmoenimf for me nt thiq m m m t )

J a p a u e sentences are fairly flexibie i €he arrangement of ekments that appew in them Generally, sentences are made up of se~esai noun-particle sequences followed by a verb

QP an adjective, which in turn is often fallowed by a sentence-final particle such as a=, &,

ou k Among ihe noun-partick sequences, their relative orders are b a large extent &ee

A typical sentence, therefore, looks like the following, but several other arrangements of

bf:L ? i i Y L k d - X 1- 13X, : + 3 2 ?

topic time place object verb

1 will study Japanese a'= the &raw today

I ofken go back h o m e at around s e v a

You can add a frequency adverb such as -&El (everyday), k ( (often), and Z 3 ~ ' 3

3 r , l - t j

1 smtimes go to a coffee shop

/ -._

anticipate the negative at the end of t h e sentence If you use *X/+frt or 25 2 1 , in other

words, you need to conclude the sentence with 1 *A

I do mt watch TV at all

Takahi dues nut sfudy much

As we saw in Lesson I, the particle M presents ~e topic of one's utterance ("As for item

X, it is such #at .") It puts forward the item that you want to talk about and comment

S L h & i c t >

&&L *A,&& 4: ItL 2

language), are the subjects of those sentences A topic phrase, however, need not be the

subject of a sentence- We see three sentences in the dialogue of this lesson where rmonsubject phrases are made topics with the help of the particle kt

b j 3 3

Mary, mhuf do jorr usually do FIE^ we~kmd?

+s Ea3@c=.SSji 3g-,

3 x 3 I l i Z t >

I'm gozng to Kyoto todoy

In the above two examples, Cd promotes time expressions as the topic of each sentence Its

effects can be paraphrased like these: "Let's talk about weekends; what do you do on weekends?" "Let me say what I will do today; I will go to Kyoto."

RZ*ldAfld ?

rr/v

How about dinner?

In this example, Id is used rn directing the listener's attention and thereby inviting a

comment or completion of a sentence You may also note that the broached topic, R t*ld

C I

is a movement in a direction away from the speaker

speaker's viewpoint)

I

5 & 3 &b G dr 3 2 literally means '<a little,'' "a bit," "a small amount," as

in % k 7 2 < F S t s IPIease give me a Little) and 3 r 7 2%-T ( f Z S c l

%

(Please wait for a moment) It is commonIy used for a polite refusal In this

I case, it means "inconvenient," "impossible," and so on Japanese people

don't n a r m d y reject requests, suggestions, or invitations with t 3 t 3 A (No),

/ because it sounds too direct

A : *@El t~%fi@E% %!tLfi~p Will YOU seg a movie on Saturday?

E L 3 fJ f t 3 s A

l3 :*EEli& t3&-3k0

F k 3 F I Saturduy is not convmimt-

(lit., Saturday is a little bit*)

P r a c t

@ Z K P * Z ~ % T k ha I%tb

A Change the following verbs into -23 and bI?h @

B Look at the pictures below and make sentences using the cues @

(a) Add the appropriate verbs to the following direct objects

(b) Add the place to the above sentences

Example: library + E!/%@-c="%% ?? s-4 3 To

Y L r d A Y T L 2

C L w k at the pictures below and make sentences using the cues @

Example: go to the post office + %@6 i=e 3 3 To

W j W X 3 r i t b

(I) go to the library (2) come to school

(3) come to the coffee shop (4) return home

E Pair Work-Guessing game

Ask questions and find out the items your partner has chosen

and mark it

3- You can ask at most two questions with one verb If you have guessed

j 4 When you have asked questions about all the verbs in the table, switch roles

newspaper

study

A Look at Mary's schedule and answer the following questions @

Example: A : fi% 41% 3 2 T$ao

r,.& U %

time .

@ ~-k-anasvhn\ a

A Make suggestions using the cues below @

Example: drink coffee + 3 - k - 5? & A 0 3 a',

I see a movie

4 eat dinner

7 drink tea at home

2 come to my house

5 study in the library

8 listen to the music

3 play tennis

6 talk at a coffee shop

B Pair Work-Ask your friend out for the activities in the pictures

Example: A : f&Eh 2 2 +? k h.,

B : L \ L \ T T ~ , / j j A, G k 7 Z. -.-,

Ex

Baa*esaaq SLI [=%ah a

How often do you do the following activities? Answer the questions using the

A Answer the following questions

B Tell your classmates what your plans are today/tomorrow/on the weekend

Example: 4 8 L A = ~ l = L L G = ~ 3 3 ~ , Z % ~ Z H ~ @ C B + % B & ~ & L ~ T ~

C Class Activity-Find someone who

?na7@7-b The First Date

A Z E E ~ 7yLl - a D i a l o g u e

a Mary goes downtown

@ On the phone

Mary: Excuse me Where is McDonald's?

Stranger: It is in front of that department store

Mary: Thank you

M w : I'm home

Host father: Welcome home How was the movie?

Mary: I didn't see it, Takeshi didn't come

Host father: Oh, why?

Mary: I don't know So, I went to a bookstore and a temple alone

Host father: Were there a lot of people?

Mary: Yes I took many pictures at the temple I also went to a department store

Here's a souvenir for you

Host father: Thank you

Host mother: Oh, Mary, you had a phone call a little while ago

Takeshi: This is Kimura

Mary: Hello, is this Takeshi? This is Mary Takeshi, you didn't come today, did you? Takeshi: I went there, 1 waited for one hour in front of the B2iagen-Dazs place Mary: Not Hiiagen-Dazs, McDonald's!

Takeshi: McDonald's I'm sorry!

YOU

dog souvenir child rice; meal picture; photograph desk

letter cat bread person

temple

park

supermarket department store bus stop

hospital hotel bookstore town; city restaurant

last week when ; at the time of

c a)

Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday

X -hP 21 9 17 T means "there is/are X (nonliving thing)." The particle hr introduces, or presents, the item X You can use & 9 1 3- when you want to say that there is something

at a certain location

There's a McDonald's aver there

Note that B 9 f P is different from other verbs we have seen so far on the following three counts One, it calls for the particle 41, rather than for the place description Two, the place description usually comes at the beginning of the sentence Three, the thing description is usualIy followed by the particle ;3.', rather than 13

You can also use 6., 1 3 9 to say that you have or own something-'

1 dm't have a TV

Do you hawe time?

We also use ib 1 3 I$ when we want to say that o7a event will take

There will be an exam m Tuesday

#5 L f z M a *% 03 5t 7 2 i:hr $5 3 $ * , #I There will be no Jupamse class tomorrow

i: ti& c

When you want to present a person or some other sentient being, rather than a thing, you need to use the verb ~ 1 2 T ~ Thus,

'Note the difference between:

7 L Y E & 9 3 +2 tt (I don't have a TV), the negative version of 7 I/ UVaR 1 f rf , and

7 7 L C + W 3 3 *tL (It isn't a TV), the negative version of .? L

'In a minor detail which we will not discuss any further here, when ;k, I 9 ?f is used in the sense of an

event taking place, the place description is followed by the particle T, like normal verbs and unlike the

other uses of & 9 1 a Note also that some time expressions (such as E33 5 &I) come with the particle 1:,

and some others (such as W L f ~ ) do not (see Lesson 3) The rute applies to the & 1 3 T sentences as well

3Note that the same verb "is" in English comes out differently in Japanese:

i5 Z t 1: Q 9 Y 5% 1 3 T, There is an i~temutimal stdmt over there

'kbi*'<*

% 7 '1- 3 tt i3 8 %F !+k T-.f Mary is ala i i e t e m t h a l student

% s + * Z < + C >

c , 2 f and & 9 1 T are strictly for descriptions of existence and location, while TT is for description of

an attribute of a person or a thing