genki 1 an integrated course in elementary japanese1 phần 7 docx

affirmative, the past tense is used both with words like 3 3 disconnected from the present and t i "already," connected with the present.. With the negative, the past is used to talk a

affirmative, the past tense is used both with words like 3 3 (disconnected from the

present) and t i ("already," connected with the present)

?At33a,3%5%2 Ld- tk,

bt: L La<f:it

I did the hamework yesterday

and $ L , l d % ? j ~ & ~ & ~ ? z o

hf:L Ln(t:r>

I have already done the homework

With the negative, the past is used to talk about a finished time period like 3 -5 , but

T L 1 & is used if your intention is to talk about how things stand now ("not yet7')

This use of -iI & \ 5 can be found both with verbs describing c h a ~ g e s and with verbs

describing activities, as defined in Lesson 7

I havea't eatgn lunch y e t

We learned in Lesson 6 that ;Ira& added to a sentence means "because."

q ~ i a ~ ~ r * t a ~ ~ e - ; ~ * ~ - i t t f = , ~t L ~ ~ ~ T z T T ~ ~ ~ ,

I didn't have brhkfast (Became) I was busy

In this lesson, we learn to incorporate the explanation clauses in the statements them-

selves, rather than adding them as separate sentences You can simply transpose the

"explanation+ 6% b " sequence to the beginning of a sentence for which the explanation is

offered

= (situation), because (explanation)

= (explanation), fherefore, (situation)

&Lf=SR&pib6-hab, ~Alf+R%Bt3Td

L i t & AM : L L I A X L 3ri

I will study this eve~ing, beccame we will have an encam tomorrow

(= We will have aft exam tmorrow, therefore, I will study this evming-)

We didn't go out, because it was cold

( = I t was cold, therefore, 1 didg't go ouA)

Note that the resulting order of elements resembles that of a "therefore" sentence more

Let's go to see Kabuki 1 have tickets

'The long form before z k i3 is inappropriate when the entire sentence ends in a short fom, however Thus

it is inappropriate to say: X S ha 7 f" T T h 3 I ; , &hhlf 23' 7 k c

1 & & 2- T-c& 3 - Tt2 4 Itrhd? b

(to throvi away)

3 1 i( 6 t d U 2 b 7 9 { & 8 *X/k ( T 6

9 i $ l b q l o ( a 11 ~ 1 5 12 $ A , Y ~ ~5

13 S i 3 2 6 14 9 f z - j 15 h x k ? , $ 16 q'if-;t;'

B Adjectives and Nouns @

(a) Change t h e following into t h e past affirmatives

Example: 7"z -ha L 1 + ~ ~ P S ~ r 3 ~ 7 ~ ~

G?X,3 2 + - f , L 3 f ? 3 f z

$ < ( * L \ -+ & ' * ( * L \ f ; * < f <

(b) Change the following into the past negatives

do you answer those questions? @

Make questions about childhood in informal speech How do you answer those

(b) E~*Z@%*~Z~L\T I I z W h W L ! (about your Japanese teacher)

6 Choose one classmate and guess what they were like as a child using the following characteristics

A Pair Work-Ask your partner the following questions about his/her childhood and report to the class using &EgTL\ZLfi

B Pair Work-One of you looks at picture A below and the other looks at picture

B (p 188) Ask each other questions and identify all the people in the picture

C Class Activity-Descri be your classmates

The class is divided into two groups, A and 6 Each member of group A acts out something and freezes in the middle of doing so Members of group B answer the teacher's questions, using TLl5APT Take turns when finished

A Answer the following questions using bk ?IL\bl2h @

Example: Q : & j & X/ ?? &< 2 L ?= fia,

B Pair Work-Ask if your partner has done yet

(a name of current best-selling novel)

A Match up the phrases to make sense

B Complete the foltowing sentences adding reasons

A Role Play-One of you is working at a fast-food restaurant The other is a

customer Using Dialogue IU as a model, order some food and drinks from the

menu below Be sure to say how many you want

B Answer the following questions

Pair Work @ B

Example: k L 2

following:

There are two kinds of words for colors

Here are some words related to colors

You look pale

bhck a d white picture

Mary hQs Blo& hair

&#&(n-f;z "srs, Winter Vacation Plans

@ At a travel agency

Mary: It is getting cold

Takeshi: Yes Mary, what will you do at winter break?

Mary: I am planning to go to Korea or Taiwan, but I haven't decided yet

Takeshi: That's nice

Mary: Which do you think is better, Korea or Taiwan?

Takeshi: Mm I think it is warmer in Taiwan But Sue said that the food was deTicious in

Korea

Mary: I see By the way, are you going somewhere, Takeshi?

Takeshi: I won't go anywhere, I don't have money, so I will stay here

Mary: Is that so? Then 1'11 buy some souvenir for you

Takeshi: Wow, thank you

M a y : I'd like to reserve a plane ticket from Osaka to Seoul

Travel agent: When is it?

Mary: December 19

Travel agent: We have a morning flight and an afternoon flight

Mary: A morning flight, please Can I me a credit card?

Travel agent: Yes

Mary: How long does it take to Seoul?

Travel agent: About one hour

season credit card

spring pants

W a r m slow; late

cold ( t h i n g / ~ e o ~ l e )

sleepy

* Words that appear in the dialogue

years

(do something) early; fast

In Japanese, adjectives have the same shape in noncumparative and comparative sen-

tences; there is no alteration as in "great/greater." The idea of comparison is expressed

by adding something to the nouns that are compared

1 A tDMjjbt B @' property), = A iS more @ r ~ e r M than B I

You can ask for another person's opinion on two things in comparative terms

A t B tk ~ = ? 3 ~ 1 3 3 ~ ; h f (pro~ert~),

= Befween A and B, which i m r e (property)?

XCX Z e* Z Z''9 3; 9 C3 j V ~\TT&a, L

Which zs cheaper, koing by) bm or (by) $rain? y r

In comparison among three or more items, the degree qualifier \ S; 1% k is used

A is the most (property) [ a m g ( a class of items)]

2 73 3 : C r i 3' H &

3 -f+,

Betwee% Pavarotti, Curreras, and Domingo, who do you think ZS the best si~ger?

'In red life, the phrases A 1% i h.' and B I 1 often appear in the reverse order, making it very easy to

be misled into believing the opposite of what is actually said Don't rely on the word order, therefore,

to decide which item is claimed to be superior Listen carefully for the words n C 33 4' and 1 1

'There are several alternates for Z-9 t; @ 13 i They are: ft; b C3 5 , F 7 &, and f% 41 Any one of

these can be used in question sentences seeking comparisons between two items Y ' 7 3; a d Z+T f3 e)

(3 5 are slightly more colIoquia1 than r'S; b and I f % b mi3 =I

h I."J.'RY.?.F h i ~ \ 3 ; t % X / & - h ' k + T ~ o

i f : U r i ?"

Pavarotti is best, naturally

Note that the words 43 i and Y-;1% are not used in statements of comparison among

three or more items Normal question words like fzh, Z*&, and a(- are used instead.'

When a noun follaws an adjective, and when it is clear what you are referring to, you can

Similarly, a noun following another noun can be reduced Here, a sequence of the form

"noun, cF) J I Q U ~ ~ ' ' wi1I be reduced to "noun, fl." You simply omit the second noun

1s this Sag3 &? No, that is Mary'sp

4 Z C f l U -

Americm ice cream is more dekicioas fkaa Jupawse m

3The tendency is to use Y h when a list of items is presented, and to use IbJ r* ,- when a group is referred to collectively Compare:

9 $ 9 follows verbs in the present tense short forms to describe what a person is planning

to do in the future- You can also use a verb in the negative plus 9 t 1 to describe what you me planning z o t to do, or what you do nof intend to do

verb (present, short) + 3% 9 f: @) i ~ t e n d to do

We were plawna'~ to vbit a tempk, baf we diih't, became the weather was no f good

The verb 3 5 means "to became," indicating a change 3 8 f ~ l l a w s nouns and both types

St86dyzyzng the Japaaese h g u a g e is fan %ow (fbugh it was like fortare hefore)

with \-adjectives It is wrong to say, for example, X @ $- L 11: Q 8

W3.z

isolation If you want to make clear that you are talking in relative terms, you can use the

pattern for comparison together with 'b &

Mary has become-beffer i i - ~ a p a i k e t h a ~ before

In Lesson 8 we learned the Japanese expressions for "something" and "not anything," 4Ff2~- and 2, As you must have noticed, these expressions are made up of the question

2 would be expected It is, then, interesting to observe how these expressions interact

with underscores above Let us look at some examples

Did you go a~ywhere?

L \ L \ ; ? _ , rf'~-~t7,4 - ~ ~ L T L T Z

c

No, I didn't go anywhere

~3&7Ft',&L 2 L iF= f i s o L \ L \ ; ~ _ , t : f i t ~ $ & t ~ 3 ~ L T L f r , -

You can me the particle Zt with nouns that describe the means of transporktian and the

instruments you we

We eaf our meals with chopsticks

Let% talk in Japanese

I went to the station by bus

;f%&q%cfl@15f&g%Tfi'******b We sometimes use 75' and tf E at the

t ZhJ 2 z uv

end of a sentence when we want our partners to treat what we have just

said as a given, common ground to buiId upon These words often indicate

the speaker's intention to give her partner a chance to react and speak up

By relegating the right to speak to one's partner, they also contribute to the

politeness of one's utterance

In the dialogue, the travel agent lays out the relevant information on the

table; there are two flights, one leaving in the morning and another in the

afternoon 6s attached to her sentence indicates that she wants to build

upon, and move forward with, these pieces of information Instead of

asking the obvious question, namely, r 'lij 6 aft 1 tlT?ds, the agent chooses

not to finish her sentence, and lets her customer come forward with an

answer immediately

! R E ! P r a c t i c e

nh L m 5

A Look at the pictures below and answer the following questions @

Example: Q : ~ $ Z I ~ X Z Z ' % ~ K I [ ~ ? & r i & ~ ~ T T h i o

B Pair Work-Make questions using the following cues and ask your partner When you answer the questions, add reasons for your answers, if possible

A Look at the pictures on the previous page and answer the questions below

Example: Q : t T, Y.*#'Ldf L \ & i y k $ ~ \ T T & ~ ~

Qd ;z +

L&iJ-/L4&L, :: F

Picture (a)

C Group Work-Make a group of three or four people Ask each other questions

sentences with your partner (You should know the answers.) Then ask ques-

tions to the class The rest of the class answer the questions

Example: Y l.x L X b Z Z*% b e)C3 5 ; s ~ & L \ - c " - $ - ; ~ ~ ,

@ ZihJ2+h(nT6

;hkL

A This is a refrigerator in a dormitory Tell whose each thing is, using 10 @

B You are a customer Look at the picture and tell which you want

A You are planning to do/not to do the following things next week Tell what you

will/will not do using -7% 9723 @

Example: a@El tt+@&d2-% Y) TTo

(4) to write letters to friends (5) not to go out

(6) to eat dinner with friends (7) not to study Japanese (8) to stay at a friend's (9) not to go home

(10) to clean a room (11) not to get up early

B Answer the following questions

@ h f i l \ ( ~ t a : D 2 bk

A Describe the following pictures @

Ex ~ # ' L L \

6 Fill in t h e blanks with appropriate forms

A Look at each picture and explain how to get to and from one place to another @

Example: 5 ' % & * b R & T'h%Z$TB3 2 To

i 3 U T & L e r '

Ex

C Explain how you get from your house to schooI

Example: ? % & x b F % R ~ T b $ Z ~ T ~ $ Z ? - o .A%?jad'q 3 T 0

will go back to London

will go to Tokyo with a friend

will stay at Sue's house

will do shopping and

eat Korean foods will meet friends

will play at Tokyo Disneyland

How about t h e others' plans? Make pairs and ask questions

6 Pair Work-Talk about your plans for the upcoming vacation

Using Dialogue I[ as a model, make reservations for the following tickets

(1) From Nagoya to Los Angeles

(3) From Osaka to Rome

(4) From Tokyo to Bangkok

Apr 18

Miscellaneous Public Transportation Terms

2 T(Q%zJi$ ?? - - 8 g @ k t 3 $.-One reserved ticket to Tokyo, please

z ; 3ri L 4r>+&3 r > % j * * hd-'

Fs!l;trr.5rFr 2 3 -j- 75.,

Which one is the t7ai.n bound for Kamkura?

{*&a&& After the Vacation