@ Hình thức so sánh phổ biến : Note : * Các hình thức so sánh phổ biến : So sánh hơn so sánh bằng phủ định hoặc so sánh hơn tính từ trái nghĩa Ex : He drives more carefully than his
Trang 1Part I: THE SEQUENCE OF TENSES IN ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF TIME ( Hòa hợp thì trong mệnh đề trạng ngử ): Sự kết hợp của các thì trong một số mệnh đề ADV
1.When :
_ When + S + V (present simple) ,S + will Vinf
Eg: I’ll ring when I get there
_ When + S + V (present simple) ,S + will have V 3,ed ( khi ….thì sẽ hồn thành xong…Adv
thường đi kèm: just, already, for + time )
Eg: When he comes, we will have prepared the food for the party
_ Vinf( Mệnh Lệnh) when S + V (present simple)
Eg: Remind me when I forget
_ When + S + V2/ ed (past simple), S+ V 2/ ed (past simple) : hai HĐ xra liên tục trong Qk
Eg: When I heard the noise behind me, I turned round
_ When + S + V2/ ed (past simple) ,S + was / were + Ving(past continuous):1 hđ xen ngang 1 #
hđ đang xra When we came, they were dancing
_ When + S + V2/ ed (past simple),S + had + V 3,ed: Hđ xra trước( past perfect), hđ xra sau(past
sim) Ex : When I got home, everybody had gone to bed
2.While :
- While S + was / were + V-ing , S + was / were + V- ing: hai HĐ xra song song trong Qk.
Eg: While my mother was preparing the meal, my father was decorating the house.
_ While S + was / were + V-ing , S + V2 , ed : 1 hđ xen ngang 1# hđ đang xra
Eg; While they were dancing , we came
3 Before = By the time + S + V2/ ed , S + had + V3 , ed = After + S + had + V3,ed , S + V2/ ed
Before I got to the party, they had gone home.= After they had gone, I got to the party
4 Since S + V 2/ ed , S + have / has + V3,ed
She has been taught how to dance since she was 4
5 It is the first time + S+ has / have + Vpp
Eg: It is the first time I’ve seen Jane look embarrassed
6 It was the first time + S+ had + Vpp
eg: It was the first time I had seen Jane look embarrassed
7 By the next month, S+ will + have + Vpp/ will have been Vpp.: Trước thời điểm tháng sau…By the end of this week, / Before the end of …
8 IN a few years TIME: trong vài năm tới…+S+ will + have Vpp/ have been Ving
9 At this time next week +S+ will be Ving : Vào thđiểm này tuần tới …
10 Before S+ V(present simple) , S+Will +Vinf Eg: As soon as I get, I’ll phone you.
As soon as (ngay khi)
When…
Note :
1 When I’m learning English, sometimes I the accent
A will be confused about B was confused about
Trang 2C had be confused about D am confused about
2 Don’t go anywhere until I _ back
3 Never talk to the driver while he
A will be driving B will drive C drives D is driving
4 She won’t get married until she _ 25 years old
5 Lan has learnt English since she a small girl
6 Tom _ before we arrive there
7 What do you think the children _ when we get home?
8 While I was going to school yesterday, I him
9 The train _ when we got to the station
A just left B just leaves C had just left D will leave
10 Tom told me he _ call me at the airport when I
A would/ arrived B will/ arrive C will have/ arriving D would be/ arriving
11 I _ the book by the time you come tonight
A will be finishing B finished C have finishing D will have finished
12 (A)By the time (B)the police (C)come, the robber (D)had run away
13 (A)Don’t (B)leave the house (C)until I (D)will get back
14 Phuc never (A)go to bed (B)before he (C)has finished his (D)homework
15 I (A)was listening (B)to the radio (C)when the door bell (D)will ring
-Part II: Subject and Verb Agreement ( Sự hồ hợp giữa S_V) chỉ xảy ra ở thì hiện tại( préesent
simple/ present perfect/ present continuos)
Quy Tắc : S(số ít)+ V.ít S(nhiều) + V(nhiều)
eg: Every student has to take part in the course All students have to go
Lưu ý:
* Trường hợp 1 : Động từ chia ở số ít
1 Chủ từ là từ chỉ thời gian ( year / month / week / day ), tiền bạc ( dollar, pound ), khoảng
cách(…metres ,mile) , trọng lượng ( ton )
Ex : Ten tons of rice was distributed to the poor
2 Chủ từ là V-ing hoặc To – Vo
Ex : Swimming is good for your health
1 Chủ từ là các đại từ không xác định : no -, each - , every - , …… body, …… one, ….thing
Ex : No students is absent Everything comes to you
2 Chủ từ là một mệnh đề
Trang 3Ex : That books are best friends has been proved.
3 Chủ từ là các từ chỉ môn học ( tận cùng bằng ICS như physics … ), bệnh tật
( mumps , meascles, rickets ), tên riêng ( Miss White ), danh từ không đếm được ( news, goods, water, sugar …… ), danh từ số ít ( thường không có s, es )
Ex : Physics is difficult to study
* Trường hợp 2 : Động từ chia ở số nhiều
1 Chủ từ là danh từ số nhiều ( thường tận cùng –s, es hoặc people, children, men, women )
Ex : My jeans are torn
2 Chủ từ là The + adj ( the poor, the rich, the blind … )
3 Both ……… and …… ( Both Peter and Mary are at the party )
* - S1 + as well as + S2
along / together with + Động từ hòa hợp với S1
giới từ ( in, with … )
Ex : She as well as her friends has just come
- One of N ( Số nhiều ) ………… + V-số ít ………
Ex : One of the most important things to succeed is hard – working.
- A number of ……… + V- số nhiều
The number of ……… + V – số ít
- S1 + 0R + S2 …
Either + S1 + or + S2 ……… + V( S2 quyết định)
Neither + S1 + nor + S2 ……
Not ( only ) + S1 + but ( also ) + S2 …….
Ex : Either Tom or his parents are absent
- There be ……… Động từ be ( is, are, was, were ) hòa hợp với danh từ
đứng sau
Note : + A lot of = lots of = plenty of ( = much / many : nhiều ) + Dtừ đếm được số nhiều / dtừ không đếm được
+ A few ( = some : một vài ) , few ( rất ít ) + Danh từ đếm được số nhiều
+ A little ( = some : một vài ), little ( rất ít ) + Danh từ không đếm được
Part 5 : The comparisons of Adj / Adv Các hình thức so sánh của tính từ và trạng từ )
1 So sánh bằng :
- Khẳng định : S+ V as + adj / adv + as
- Phủ định : S+V not as / so + adj / adv + as
2 So sánh hơn :
a Tính từ ngắn : S+ V + adj + ER than
b Tính từ dài : S+V more + adj + than
3 So sánh nhất :
a Tính từ ngắn :S+ V+ the adj + EST + ( NOUN )
b Tính từ dài : S +V + the most adj + ( NOUN )
Trang 44 So sánh kép :
- Một đối tượng: So sánh hơn and so sánh hơn S + V + adj/adv +Er and adj/adv + Er ………more and more adj / adv
( The city is more and more crowded,)
- Hai đối tượng: the so sánh hơn , the so sánh hơn ( the younger , the easier )
The adj-er S+V,The ………
The more Adj S+V, The ………
@ Hình thức so sánh phổ biến :
Note : * Các hình thức so sánh phổ biến :
So sánh hơn so sánh bằng ( phủ định ) hoặc so sánh hơn ( tính từ trái nghĩa )
Ex : He drives more carefully than his brother.
His brother does not drive as carefully as him.
His brother drives more carelessly than him.
Chủ ngữ phủ định + so sánh hơn
Ex : No students in his class is clever than TamTam is the cleverest in his class
* Tính or trạng từ đặc biệt :
good / well - better than – the best bad - worse than - the worst
little –less- lest far – farther – farthest
much/ many-more-most
Part III : Sentence Patterns ( Mẫu câu )
1 S + V + so adj / adv that + S +V ( can / will Vo )
2 S + V + such ( a / an ) adj Noun that + S + V
Ex1 : The lesson is very difficult Nobody can understand it
3 S + V( khẳng định ) + too adj / adv ( for O ) + to - Vo ( quá …… nên không thể )
4 S + V + adj / adv enough ( for O ) + to - Vo
Ex3 : The box is so heavy that she can’t carry it
The box is too ………
Ex4 : This shirt is too expensive for me to buy
This shirt isn’t ………
5 It + is / was + adj + ( for O ) + to -V0 ……
V -ing + is / was + adj + to – Vo ….
Ex 5 : It is dangerous to go alone at midnight Going
6 S + be + of + ( adj ) + N
Ex : Fresh air is of great use to our health
Trang 5Note : So adj / adv that ( cho đến nỗi mà ) # so that ( để / để mà )
Too / so much + Dtừ không đếm được # too / so many + Dtừ số nhiều đếm ;
1 The lesson was very difficult Students can’t do it at all
It was such ………
2 The book was so interesting that I read it twice
It was such ………
3.The car is so old that he cannot drive it
The car is not ………
4.The car was so rusty that it couldn't be repaired
The car was too………
5.The weather was so fine Consequently the children spent the whole day in the garden
S+ had + V3 ( past time)
S would/could have + V3 ( past time )
S + would/ could + V ( present time)EX: ( mixed) : hổn hợp
1 I didn’t have dinner last night so I am hungry now
If I had had dinner, I wouldn’t be hungry now
2 I didn’t study hard so I can do this exercise easily now
- If I had studied hard , I could do this exercise easily now
Notes: when we want to OMIT IF , we must use inversion
- Should you meet him , please give him my book
- were I rich , I would help you
- were it not his help, I would die
- Had I not studied hard , I would have failed the exam
NOTES : Mẹo làm bài
Trang 61 Bài tập trắc nghiệm : Dựa vào công thức Ex : If he ( come ), please tell me.
2 Bài tập sửa lỗi : Kiểm tra công thức của 02 mệnh đề và If / Unless
3 If # Unless = If not : Unless + S + V ( khẳng định )
Ex : These plants will die unless he waters them
4 Viết lại câu đã cho, sử dụng câu điều kiện :
Bước 1 : Xác định loại điều kiện ( thường là ĐK 2,3 )
Tương lai ( thì , trạng từ : ……… ) ĐK1
Hiện tại ( thì, trạng từ : ……… )
ĐK 2
Quá khứ ( thì, trạng từ : ……… )
ĐK 3
Bước 2 : Xác định mệnh đề If ( sau because ), mệnh đề chính
Bước 3 : Dùng công thức để viết lại ( ngược thể với câu đã cho : khẳng định Phủ định )
Ex 1 : Mary didn’t come, so we cancelled the meeting
………
Part 8 : Wishes ( Câu ao ước )
Tương lai S + could / would + Vo ) Hiện tại : S + were / V2, ed
……
Quá khứ : S + had V3,ed Note : cách xác định giống câu ĐK
Note : S + regret ( not ) V –ing thi su dung DK3 va ao uoc o qua khu
Ex : She regretted not working hard ……… She wishes she had worked hard
I didn’t invite her to my party > I wish
She didn’t concentrate on her study much so she failed the exm She wish
Nam isn’t here with us – We wish
Although / even though / even if + S +V # in spite of / despite + V – ing / Noun
Ex : Although he didn’t study, he succeeded ( có although thì không có but )
He didn’t study, but / yet he succeeded.
He didn’t study.However / nevertheless / on the other hand, he succeeded.
3 Kết quả ( vì thế, cho nên, kết quả là ) : so, therefore, consequently, as a result.
Ex : He felt hungry, so / consequently he ate two cakes.
He felt hungry.Therefore / As a result, he ate two cakes.
4 Mục đích ( để, để mà ): Câu đã cho có từ want, need, intend
S + V + in order ( not ) to S + V + so that + S + can / will ( not ) Vo ( HT )
Trang 7so as ( not ) to + Vo # S + V + so that + S + could / would ( not ) Vo ( QK )
(not ) to
not ) To
In order (not) to +V( bare – inf) … so that + S + V
I Combine 2 sentences into one by using phrase or clause of purpose
1 He studies very hard He doesn’t want to fail the final examination
2 She practices English everyday she wanted to speak to foreigners
3 She bought a new car She wanted to make a trip to Canada
4 I got up early I didn’t want to be late for school
5 We lower the volume of the radio We don’t want to bother our neighbors
6 We wore warm clothes so that we wouldn’t get cold
7 I gave them my address so that they could contact me
8 We are having a party so that we can celebrate Ann’s birthday
9 I try to be on time so that the teacher wouldn’t punish me
The man spoke loudly he wanted that everyone could hear him clearly
Part VI : Relative pronouns ( ĐAỊ TỪ QH)
1 Who : N ( người ) + who + V
2 Whom : N ( người ) + whom + S + V
3 Which : N ( vật ) + which
4 Where = in which : N ( nơi chốn ) + where + S + V
1 Whose : N 1 whose + N 2 ( N2 của N1 , whose thay thế tính từ sở hữu : his,her,
my, your )
2 When : N ( thời gian ) + when ……
3 Why = for which : đứng sau the reason
That :
+ That thay thế cho who, whom, which trong mđề không có dấu phẩy
+ Không được dùng that sau dấu phẩy và sau giới từ ( sau giới từ dùng whom hoặc which )+ Bắt buộc dùng that :
Sau so sánh nhất
Sau đại từ không xác định : no - , some - , every - , any - + one / thing / body
Sau chủ ngữ hổn hợp ( người và vật ) Ex : The man and his dog that ……
Trong cấu trúc : It is / was noun / pronoun who / that ( It is Mary that I admire )
Sau only / the first / the last + N Ex : The first thing that I do is …
Part 11 : Reduced forms ( Hình thức rút gọn )
Trang 8
The man standing overthere is my father
Câu bị động : Bỏ đại từ quan hệ, động từ chính trong câu đưa về V3,ed
Ex : The chair which is made in Japan is expensive
The chair made in Japan is expensive
Như vậy trong câu chỉ có 01 động từ chính được chia, dộng từ còn lại ở dạng V – ing ( chủ động hoặc V3,ed ( Bị động )
2.Hai câu có cùng chủ từ : Tương tự như trên
Ex : He met his old friends He felt very happy
Meeting his old friends, he felt very happy
Từ chỉ thời gian : While / when / after / before …
Ex : When I met him, I told him that story ……… Meeting him, I told him that story
Choose the word or phrase - a, b, c or d that best completes the sentence
1 Nellie Ross of Wyoming was the first woman…….governor in the United States
a who elected b to be elected c was elected d her election as
2.Pioneers, in isolated areas of the United States, were almost totally self-sufficient
3.Completed in 1756, Nassau Hall is the oldest building now……… on the campus of Princeton University
a standing b it stands c has stood d stood
4.Jerome Kern's most famous work is Showboat,………… , most enduring musical comedies
a it is one of the finest b of the finest one c the finest one d one of the finest
5.……… in large quantities in the Middle East, oil became known as
black gold because of the large profit it brought
a Discovering b which was discovered c Discovered d That when discovered
6.Neil Armstrong,……person to set foot on the moon, reported that the surface was fine and powdery
a the first b to be the first c was the first d as the first
7.The Massachusetts State House, …… in 1798, was the most distinguished building in the United States
at that time a completing b which was completed c was completed d to be completed8.Lady Astor was the first woman her seat in Parliament
a take b to take c taking d who takes
9.Norman Weiner, mathematician and logician, had an important role in the development of the completer
10.War and Peace, ………… , was published in 1869
a. Leo Tolstoy's most celebrated novel c.which most celebrated novel of Leo Tolstoy
b is a Leo Tolstoy's most celebrated novel d.that is Leo Tolstoy's most celebrated novel
Part 12 : Reported Speech / Indirect Speech ( Lời nói tường thuật / gián tiếp )
1 Statement : ( Câu nói bình thường )
S + said to + O / told + O ( that ) + S would / could … + V0 ( Tương lai )
S had V3,ed ( Quá khứ )
Trang 9 Tương lai : after, next, following.
Hiện tại : then, that day, this ( week, year … )
Quá khứ : before, previous
2 Command : ( Mệnh lệnh )
a Khẳng định : S + asked / told / ordered / … + O + To – Vo …
b Phủ định : S + asked / told / ordered / … + O + Not To – Vo …
- what / where / why … + To – Vo …
MỘT SỐ CÁCH BIẾN ĐỔI TƯƠNG ĐƯƠNG :
1 Would you like ……… thì sử dụng S invite O + to - Vo
Ex : Mary said to Peter : “ Would you like to go for walk ? “
Mary invited Peter to go for walk
2 If I were you … hoặc had better / should / ought to + Vo thì sử dụng S + advise + O + not to – Vo
Ex : I said “ You should not smoke, Tam “
I advised Tam not to smoke
3 Shall we … ? / why don’t you … ? / Let’s … / How about / what about … ? thì sử dụng
S + suggest ( that ) S + should ( not ) Vo
Ex : Miss White said to her husband : “ Why don’t you give up drinking alcohol ?
“
Miss White suggested that her husband should give up drinking alcohol
4.Will ( not ) Vo được biến thành promise / offer ( not ) to – Vo
Ex : She said, “ I will take you to town “ She offered to take me to town.5.Remember / don’t forget + V –ing or to Vo Vo được biến thành remind + O + to Vo
Ex : He said to me : “ Don’t forget to learn your lessons “ He reminded me to learn
my lessons
4 Sorry for ……… S + apologize ( to somebody ) for V – ing
Ex : “ Sorry for keeping you waiting “ He apologized ( to me ) for keeping me waiting
5 S + insist …… S + insist on + Ving
11 S + want / hope + to – Vo …… …… S + have a dream of + V – ing …
Trang 10PHRASES/ EXPRESSIONS TO REMEMBER : CỤM TỪ CẦN NHỚ Advise someone to do something
Mark said to us, “You really ought to get some help.”
Mark advised us to get some help.
Wish to do something
“I hope that I can leave this house to my children,” the old man said
The old man wished to leave the house to his children.
Threaten to do something
“If you do that again, I’ll leave,” the worker said angrily
The worker threatened to leave if I did it again.
Tell somebody to do something
“Carry this bag into the kitchen,” my mother said
My mother told me to carry the bag into the kitchen.
Refuse to do something
She said, “I can’t go to the cinema with you tonight.”
She refused to go to the cinema with me that night.
Promise to do something
He said, “I will come on time.”
He promised to come on time.
Offer to do something
“Let me drive you to the airport,” Alice said
Alice offered to drive me to the airport.
Invite someone to do something / for something
“Would you like to stay at our house?” said your friends
Your friends invited me to stay at their house.
“Would you like to have dinner with us?”
Her cousin invited her to have / for dinner.
Beg someone to do something
“Please do not tell my parents about this,” she said to me
She begged me not to tell her parents about it.
Ask someone to do something
Warn somebody about / of something
He said, “Be careful The path is slippery.”
He warned us about the slippery path.
“Driving on this wet street is dangerous,” she said
She warned us of the danger of driving on the wet street.
Think of doing something
John said, “The house is very nice! I’ll certainly buy it!”
John thought of buying the house.
Dream of doing something
“I have always wanted to be a pilot,” Paul said to you
Paul has always dreamed of being a pilot.
Look forward to doing something
Mr Smith said: “I feel like meeting my children soon.”
Mr Smith looked forward to meeting his children soon.
Trang 11Prevent / Stop someone from doing something
The policeman said to the customer: “Stay here! You mustn’t leave the shop!”
The policeman stopped the customer (from) leaving the shop.
Accuse someone of doing something
“You didn’t do what I said,” the mother said to her son
The mother accused her son of not doing what she said.
Bài tập áp dụng
“I don’t want to be criticized by non-professionals”, said the film star
18 “It’s true that I broke your old vase”, she said in tears