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Direct Speech Reported SpeechPresent Progressive Past Progressive Present Perfect Simple Past Perfect Simple Past Progressive Past Perfect Progressive Present Perfect Progressive Past Pe

Direct Speech Reported Speech

Present Progressive Past Progressive

Present Perfect Simple

Past Perfect Simple

Past Progressive Past Perfect Progressive

Present Perfect Progressive

Past Perfect Progressive

Future I (going to) was / were going to

Conditional I (would)

The verbs could, should, would, might, must, needn’t, ought to, used to do not normally change.

Example:

He said, “She might be right.” – He said that she might be right

Place and Time expressions

Direct Speech Reported Speech

next year the following year

tomorrow the next day / the following day

Besides, note that instead of ‚that‘ you use the interrogative If there is no interrogative, use ‚whether‘ /

‚if‘.

statement He said: “She lives in London.“ He said that she lived in London

question with interrogative He asked:“Where does she live?“ He asked where she lived

question without

interrogative

He asked: “Does she live in London?“ He asked whether she lived in

London

He asked if she lived in London

It is also important that you use an indirect question in reported speech, i.e after the interrogative or

‚whether‘ / ‚if‘ you continue the sentence as if it were a statement (subject-verb etc.) The auxiliary verb

‚do‘ is not used in indirect questions.

Example:

He asked: “Where does she live?“ – He asked where she lived

For pronouns and place / time expressions see statements in reported speech Tenses are not relevant for

requests – simply use ‚to‘ + infinite verb.

Example:

She said, “Say hello to your mum.“ – She asked me to say hello to my mum

For negative requests, use ‚not to‘ + infinite verb.

Example:

He said, “Don’t give up, Bob.“ – He advised Bob not to give up

Exceptions

Backshift of Simple Present is optional if the situation is still unchanged or if you agree with the original

speaker

Beispiel:

“Canberra is the capital of Australia.“

She said that Canberra is / was the capital of Australia

Backshift of Simple Past and Past Progressive is optional if they cannot be mistakenly taken for

backshift of Present Tense So backshift is not necessary if there is a time expression indicating past

Example:

“She left Boston on Monday.“

He said that she left / had left Boston on Monday

Simple Past and Past Progressive do not normally change in sentences with when / if.

Example:

“When I was having breakfast, the telephone suddenly rang.“

She said that when she was having breakfast, the telephone suddenly rang

Example:

“If I had more time, I would learn French.“

He said that if he had more time, he would learn French

Requests

The basic rule for requests is: introductory clause + ‚to‘ + infinite verb

Example:

“Say hello to your mum.“

She asked me to say hello to my mum

Advise expressions with must, should and ought are usually reported using advise / urge.

Example:

“You must read that book.“

He advised / urged me to read that book

The expression let’s is usually reported using suggest In this case, there are various possibilities for

reported speech: gerund or statement with should.

Example:

“Let’s go to the cinema.“

He suggested going to the cinema

He suggested that we should go.to the cinema