In any case, the result of their returning again and again to the same areas is to keep the grass green and short, just as the repeated mowing of a lawn in summer does.. The passage indi
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The following passage was written by a
natural-ist about his studies of the wildlife in the African
plains, particularly Serengeti National Park in
Tanzania.
How can so many wild animals manage to
survive in the Serengeti? Their migrations of
course tell part of the story By moving from
place to place with the changing seasons, they
do not overuse and damage the grass in any
one area But other, less obvious factors also
are involved
Here on the eastern plains in January, it is
clear that most of the animals are eating the
abundant grass that springs up like a
well-mown lawn between low clumps of Sodom
apple and indigo plants Nearly all of them,
from 1,500-pound eland bulls to tiny 10-pound
Thomson’s gazelle calves, are grazers, rather
than browsers, which feed on shrubs or the
leaves of trees Singly or in pairs, long lines,
or little groups, they move over the green
pastures, never remaining long in one place
Where the grass is all short, as it will be when
it has been heavily grazed, all the animals
ap-parently eat much the same sort of grass But
where the grass is of varied lengths and
tough-ness, we can see that each animal copes
dif-ferently with the available fodder
The herds of zebras tend to roam in areas
separate from the rest of the grazing
multi-tude Unlike all the other grazers on the plain,
they have teeth in both jaws This enables
them to deal with taller, coarser grass than can
the other herbivores All the rest are various
species of antelope, which nip off the grass
be-tween their lower incisors and toothless upper
palates Thus, the zebras eat down the longer
grasses to a certain level and then move on
Following the zebras come the wildebeests
and, in better-wooded areas, hartebeests
These animals eat the grass down a stage
fur-ther, until it is really short (They also eat new
growth before it has had a chance to grow
tall.) Then the Thomson’s gazelles take over
With their tails flicking constantly, they nibble
at the individual leaves of the tussocks and on
the tiny plants that grow between them By the
Thus, one species or another of animal often predominates over a great expanse of the plain, depending on the height to which the grass has grown or has been grazed Finally, when all has been eaten down rather short, most of the grazers leave the area altogether Two or three weeks later, when more rain has brought on fresh growth, the herds may return to feed over the area again Perhaps they move about in response to the intensity
of local showers, which can vary a good deal over a distance of only a mile or two In any case, the result of their returning again and again to the same areas is to keep the grass green and short, just as the repeated mowing
of a lawn in summer does
If, as a result of badly drawn park bound-aries or some other cause, the migrant herds
of Serengeti were confined to either the west-ern woodlands or the eastwest-ern short-grass plains, they would be forced to return to the same areas too often and would eventually so weaken the grass that it would die out But as they eat it down, they move away and the grass recovers
con-cerned with (A) criticizing human intervention in a nat-ural habitat
(B) describing the life cycle of particular plants (C) suggesting a way to avert a natural disaster
browsers
works
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Excerpted from The Life of the African Plains, Leslie Brown, McGraw-Hill, 1972 Reprinted with permission of The McGraw-Hill Companies.
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11. Lines 22–24 (“Where the grass the available
fodder”) discuss the relationship between
(B) the seasons and relative animal populations
(C) plant size and dietary variety
grazers primarily in terms of
(D) how they digest their food
13. The passage indicates that the various species of
antelope that graze on the Serengeti
(A) feed on shrubs and leaves of trees
(C) can easily eat tall and coarse grass
(E) tend to consume all of the vegetation in
an area before moving on
14. The passage suggests that the sequence of
graz-ers described in lines 25–45— zebras followed
by wildebeests followed by Thomson’s gazelles—
is generally maintained UNLESS
(A) the grazers arrive at a new pasture
(B) the grass is of various lengths and
textures
(D) fresh rains have fallen
(E) all of the available grass is short
15. According to the passage, rain affects the feeding
habits of Serengeti grazers primarily by
pastures
(B) forcing the browsers to take shelter
under trees
(C) rendering the plants edible again
the grasslands of the Serengeti requires
wish (B) frequent rainless periods
(D) the restriction of grazers to the woodlands
Questions 17–24 are based on the following passage.
The following is an excerpt from an essay by George Bernard Shaw, written in 1889, on the economic basis of socialism.
All economic analyses begin with the culti-vation of the earth To the mind’s eye of the astronomer the earth is a ball spinning in space without ulterior motives To the bodily eye of the primitive cultivator it is a vast green plain, from which, by sticking a spade into it, wheat and other edible matters can be made
to spring To the eye of the sophisticated city man this vast green plain appears rather as a great gaming table, your chances in the game depending chiefly on the place where you de-posit your stakes To the economist, again, the green plain is a sort of burial place of hidden treasure, where all the forethought and indus-try of man are set at naught by the caprice of the power which hid the treasure The wise and patient workman strikes his spade in here, and with heavy toil can discover nothing but a poor quality of barley, some potatoes, and plentiful nettles, with a few dock leaves to cure his stings The foolish spendthrift on the other side of the hedge, gazing idly at the sand glittering in the sun, suddenly realizes that the earth is offering him gold—is dancing it be-fore his listless eyes lest it should escape him Another man, searching for some more of this tempting gold, comes upon a great hoard of coal, or taps a jet of petroleum Thus is Man mocked by Earth his stepmother, and never knows as he tugs at her closed hand whether
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30
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too he becomes a gambler, and scoffs at the
theorists who prate of industry and honesty
and equality Yet against this fate he eternally
rebels For since in gambling the many must
lose in order that the few may win; since
dis-honesty is mere shadow-grasping where
everyone is dishonest; and since inequality is
bitter to all except the highest, and miserably
lonely for him, men come greatly to desire
that these capricious gifts of Nature might be
intercepted by some agency having the power
and the goodwill to distribute them justly
according to the labor done by each in the
collective search for them This desire is
Socialism; and, as a means to its fulfillment,
Socialists have devised communes, kingdoms,
principalities, churches, manors, and finally,
when all these had succumbed to the old
gambling spirit, the Social Democratic State,
which yet remains to be tried As against
Socialism, the gambling spirit urges man to
allow no rival to come between his private
in-dividual powers and Stepmother Earth, but
rather to secure some acres of her and take
his chance of getting diamonds instead of
cab-bages This is private property or Unsocialism
Our own choice is shown by our continual
aspiration to possess property, our common
hailing of it as sacred, our setting apart of the
word Respectable for those who have attained
it, our ascription of pre-eminent religiousness
to commandments forbidding its violation,
and our identification of law and order among
men with its protection Therefore is it vital to
a living knowledge of our society that Private
Property should be known in every step of its
progress from its source in cupidity to its end
in confusion
humanity to manage the capriciousness
of nature
have much to learn from each other (C) Patient and diligent farmers will always
be rewarded
(D) Foolish people are often just as lucky as industrious workers
(E) All people properly aspire to own prop-erty and earn respectability
18. The “primitive cultivator” (line 5) is
19. According to the passage, the perspective of the
“astronomer” (line 3) differs primarily from the perspective of the “foolish spendthrift” (line 21)
in that the astronomer views the earth as (A) generous, while the spendthrift views the earth as stingy
(B) a beautiful gem, while the spendthrift views the earth as a dull, sandy expanse
spend-thrift views the earth as a source of un-limited riches
spendthrift views the earth as generous (E) moving in an orderly fashion, while the spendthrift views the earth’s movements
as dangerously random
20. The “closed hand” in line 30 refers to (A) the strength of the farmer (B) the tendency of the earth to hide its treasures
from the earth (D) the laziness of the foolish spendthrift (E) the fact that the earth is inanimate and lacking will
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
George Bernard Shaw, and H G Wilshire Various authors See
Contents Fabian Essays in Socialism New York: Humboldt
Publishing Co., ed George Bernard Shaw, H G Wilshire,
and W D P Bliss, 1891 [Online] available from www.
econlib.org/library/
Trang 421. The author mentions “industry and honesty
and equality” (lines 34–35) in order to make
the point that
many claim
(B) fate tends to favor those who are
virtuous
behavior
(D) the natural order reflects a moral order
reward
22. The “fate” mentioned in line 35 is the fate of
equality
(E) the socialist
23. The author qualifies his view of the “Social De-mocratic State” by indicating that it
(A) appeals to the gambling instinct
industrious
protec-tion” (lines 59–66) suggests that most people
of the author’s era (A) are deeply religious
respectability (C) place a high value on the concept of pri-vate property
(D) desire a socialist democratic state (E) are not as industrious as they believe themselves to be
STOP
If you finish before time is called, you may check your work on this section only Do not turn to any other section of the test.
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1. If 3x + 5x + 8x = 32, what is the value of x?
1
3
x
x
⎛
3. If 5b− 10 ≥ 15, which of the following expresses
all of the possible values of b?
4. If t% of 60 is equal to 30% of 50, what is the value of t?
16 questions
Turn to Section 7 of your answer sheet to answer the questions in this section.
Directions: For this section, solve each problem and decide which is the best of the choices given Fill in
the corresponding circle on the answer sheet You may use any available space for scratchwork
1 The use of a calculator is permitted
2 All numbers used are real numbers
3 Figures that accompany problems in this test are intended to provide information useful in solv-ing the problems They are drawn as accurately as possible EXCEPT when it is stated in a spe-cific problem that the figure is not drawn to scale All figures lie in a plane unless otherwise indicated
4 Unless otherwise specified, the domain of any function f is assumed to be the set of all real num-bers x for which f(x) is a real number.
The number of degrees of arc in a circle is 360
The sum of the measures in degrees of the angles of a triangle is 180
r
A = πr2
C=2 πr
ᐉ
w
A = ᐉw A = 1 / 2bh V = ᐉwh V = πr2h c2= a2+ b2 Special right triangles
h
w h
r
a
2x
x
s
3
2
30°
60°
45° 45°
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the data presented in the table above?
how many of these integers could be odd?
Miles per gallon
age (years)
Miles per gallon
age (years)
Miles per gallon
age (years)
Miles per gallon
age (years)
Miles per gallon
age (years)
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
5. If it takes 40 minutes to write h holiday cards,
then in terms of h, how many holiday cards
can be written at that rate in 8 hours?
(A)
(D)
(E)
above could represent the product −1.5 × 1.25?
each person must receive a different positive
whole number of cards, what is the greatest
possible number of cards any one person may
have?
A B C D E
12
h
5
h
5
h
FUEL EFFICIENCY OVER TIME
Miles per gallon
Age of car
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Wednesday of the month, what is the date of
the fourth Monday in January?
teach-ers in Hamden who live in a house, the
num-ber of teachers who live in an apartment, and
the number of each who use gas or oil heat Of
the teachers who use gas heat, what fraction
live in a house?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
12. If 5x + 7y = 18 and 2x − 4y = 6, what is the value
of 7x + 3y?
73
80
60
73
60
80
73
100
60
100
13. In the figure above, if l ⏐⏐m, what is the value of
x in terms of y and z?
(D) 180 − y − z
(E) 90 − z − y
an average speed of 40 mph She returns home along the same route at an average speed of
24 mph If she spends a total of 2 hours traveling
to and from work that day, how many miles is her commute to work?
y°
z°
x°
l
m
house
gas
oil apartment
60
20 13
7 20
80 Hamden
Trang 815. Given the graph of y = f(x) above, which of
the following represents the graph of
y = f(x − 2) + 4?
y = f(x) y
x
(5,0)
(0,5)
16. Line segment BD ––is tangent to the circle with
center O at point A If DO = BO = 12, what is
the area of the unshaded region of ΔBOD?
(A) (B)
(D)
O
30°
y
x
(5,0)
(0,5)
O
(A)
(C)
y
x
(5,0)
(0,5)
O
(B)
(D)
y
x
(5,0)
(0,5)
O
y
x
(5,0)
(0,5)
O
x
(5,0)
(0,5)
O
STOP
If you finish before time is called, you may check your work on this section only Do not turn to any other section of the test.
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2. The - of James Joyce’s early works, which used clear prose to reveal the inner dimensions
of his characters, gave way to - and arcane
style of writing in such books as Ulysses and
Finnegans, Wake, which explored character
through neologisms and obscure literary tricks
(A) inspiration an emotional (B) lucidity an opaque (C) vagueness a simple (D) popularity a concise (E) anachronism a derivative
Win-ston Churchill complained that he too often acted -, choosing his strategies arbitrarily without much explanation
(A) diligently
(C) viciously
was a king who demanded - from his courtiers; he did not hesitate to execute anyone who acted irreverently
makes it difficult for businesses to stay current,
and as a result, they often find themselves
using - equipment
(A) urgency progressive
(B) swiftness conventional
(C) torpidity antiquated
(D) lassitude innovative
(E) rapidity outdated
Time—20 minutes
19 questions
Turn to Section 8 of your answer sheet to answer the questions in this section.
Directions: For each question in this section, select the best answer from among the choices given and
fill in the corresponding circle on the answer sheet
Each sentence below has one or two blanks,
each blank indicating that something has been
omitted Beneath the sentence are five words
or sets of words labeled A through E Choose
the word or set of words that, when inserted
in the sentence, best fits the meaning of the
sentence as a whole
EXAMPLE:
Rather than accepting the theory
unquestion-ingly, Deborah regarded it with -
(A) mirth
(B) sadness
(C) responsibility
(D) ignorance
(E) skepticism
A B C D E
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5. In the 1600s, Italian scientist Galileo Galilei
was - and sentenced to life in prison for
being a - when, contrary to church
teach-ings, he proposed that the sun, rather than the
earth, was the center of the universe
(A) ostracized hermit
(C) hallowed revisionist
(E) reviled luminary
6. Known for her - and iconoclastic stance on
most political matters, the senator had a hard
time securing the votes of the more - party
members during her presidential campaign
(A) contentious orthodox
(B) controversial litigious
(C) disingenuous vituperative
(D) dissident idolatrous
(E) heretical polemical
heeding the injunction, cast down his bucket, and it came up full of fresh, sparkling water from the mouth of the Amazon River To those
of my race who depend upon bettering their condition in a foreign land or who underesti-mate the importance of cultivating friendly rela-tions with the Southern white man, who is their next-door neighbor, I would say: “Cast down your bucket where you are”—cast it down in making friends in every manly way of the peo-ple of all races by whom we are surrounded Cast it down in agriculture, in mechanics,
in commerce, in domestic service, and in the professions And in this connection it is well
to bear, when it comes to business, pure and simple, it is in the South that the Negro1is given a man’s chance in the commercial world, and in nothing is this Exposition more eloquent than in emphasizing this chance Our greatest danger is that in the great leap from slavery to freedom we may overlook the fact that the masses of us are to live by the production of our hands, and fail to keep in mind that we shall prosper in proportion as
we learn to dignify and glorify common labor and put brains and skill into the common oc-cupations of life; shall prosper in proportion
as we learn to draw the line between the su-perficial and the substantial, the ornamental gew-gaws of life and the useful No race can prosper till it learns that there is as much dig-nity in tilling a field as in writing a poem It is
at the bottom of life we must begin, and not at the top Nor should we permit our grievances
to overshadow our opportunities
To those of the white race who look to the in-coming of those of foreign birth and strange tongue and habits for the prosperity of the South, were I permitted I would repeat what I say to my own race, “Cast down your bucket where you are.” Cast it down among the eight millions of Negroes whose habits you know, whose fidelity and love you have tested in days when to have proved treacherous meant the ruin
of your firesides Cast down your bucket among these people who have, without strikes and labor wars, tilled your fields, cleared your
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1 African American
Questions 7–19 are based on the following passages.
The following passages present two viewpoints on
the assimilation of ex-slaves into American
cul-ture in the late 19th century Passage 1 is from a
speech given by Booker T Washington, an African
American ex-slave and prominent educator, at the
Atlanta Exposition in 1895 Passage 2 is an
ex-cerpt from a paper entitled The Conservation of
Races written by W E B Du Bois in 1897.
P ASSAGE 1
A ship lost at sea for many days suddenly
sighted a friendly vessel From the mast of the
unfortunate vessel was seen a signal, “Water,
water; we die of thirst!” The answer from the
friendly vessel at once came back, “Cast down
your bucket where you are.” And a second,
third and fourth signal for water were
an-swered, “Cast down your bucket where you
are.” The captain of the distressed vessel, at last
The passages below are followed by questions
based on their content; questions following a
pair of related passages may also be based on
the relationship between the paired passages
Answer the questions on the basis of what is
stated or implied in the passage and in any
in-troductory material that may be provided