Sat - MC Grawhill part 76 pot

On Earth, evolution has undergone a pro-gressive development of ever more complex and sophisticated forms leading ultimately to human intelligence.. C Evolution on Earth has made it very

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3. The executives could only hope that the com-pany’s poor first-quarter performance was not - of the year to come

(A) an amalgam (B) a harbinger (C) an arbiter (D) a deception (E) a talisman

4. Around 1850, abolitionist and author Frederick Douglass sought to - those op-pressed by slavery by facilitating the under-ground railroad, a widespread network of individuals and organizations that worked to transport former slaves out of bondage

(A) evaluate (B) encumber (C) unfetter (D) disorient (E) forgo

5. Known for her - and decorative poetry, the author demonstrated her - by scribing a keenly analytical mystery novel

(A) ﬂamboyant immutability (B) austere elegance

(C) unadorned ﬂexibility (D) ﬂorid versatility (E) grandiloquent insurgence

6. Because the mechanisms by which cancers at-tack the body are so -, scientists have been - in their efforts to find a universal cure (A) efﬁcacious bilked

(B) multifarious stymied (C) conspicuous thwarted (D) consistent hampered (E) lucid proscribed

1. The latest review for the restaurant was -,

suggesting that the - cuisine came close to

compensating for the insipid decor

(A) glowing indefatigable

(B) banal mediocre

(C) ambivalent sublime

(D) severe piquant

(E) antiquated tepid

2. As unexpected as the results of the experiment

were, Dr Thompson refused to characterize

them as -

(A) meticulous

(B) belligerent

(C) anomalous

(D) convergent

Time—20 minutes

19 questions

Turn to Section 8 of your answer sheet to answer the questions in this section.

Directions: For each question in this section, select the best answer from among the choices given and

ﬁll in the corresponding circle on the answer sheet

Each sentence below has one or two blanks,

each blank indicating that something has been

omitted Beneath the sentence are ﬁve words

or sets of words labeled A through E Choose

the word or set of words that, when inserted

in the sentence, best ﬁts the meaning of the

sentence as a whole

EXAMPLE:

Rather than accepting the theory

unquestion-ingly, Deborah regarded it with -

(A) mirth

(B) sadness

(C) responsibility

(D) ignorance

(E) skepticism

A B C D E

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Questions 7–19 are based on the following passages.

The following passages are excerpts from a recent

debate between two well-known astronomers.

The author of Passage 1 is a professor of

geolog-ical sciences and the author of Passage 2 is a

principal scientist in the Department of Space

Studies in Boulder, Colorado.

P ASSAGE 1

There is a cultural assumption that there

are many alien civilizations This stems in no

small way from the famous estimate by Frank

Drake—known as the “Drake Equation”—that

was later amended by Drake and Carl Sagan

They arrived at an estimate that there are

per-haps a million intelligent civilizations in the

Milky Way Galaxy alone

The Drake and Sagan estimate was based

on their best guess about the number of

plan-ets in the galaxy, the percentage of those that

might harbor life, and the percentage of

plan-ets on which life not only could exist but

could have advanced to culture Since our

galaxy is but one of hundreds of billions of

galaxies in the universe, the number of

intelli-gent alien species would be numbered in the

billions Surely, if there are so many

intelli-gent aliens out there, then the number of

way off? If, as could be the reality, our civi-lization is unique in the galaxy, does that mean that there might be much less life in general as well?

In my view, life in the form of microbes or their equivalents is very common in the uni-verse, perhaps more common than even Drake and Sagan envisioned However, complex life

is likely to be far more rare than commonly assumed Life on earth evolved from single celled organisms to multi-cellular creatures with tissues and organs, climaxing in animals and higher plants But is Earth’s particular history of life—one of increasing complexity

to an animal grade of evolution—an inevitable result of evolution, or even a common one? Perhaps life is common, but complex life— anything that is multicellular—is not

On Earth, evolution has undergone a pro-gressive development of ever more complex and sophisticated forms leading ultimately to human intelligence Complex life—and even intelligence—could conceivably arise faster than it did on Earth A planet could go from

an abiotic state to a civilization in 100 million years, as compared to the nearly 4 billion years it took on Earth Evolution on Earth has been affected by chance events, such as the conﬁguration of the continents produced by continental drift Furthermore, I believe that the way the solar system was produced, with its characteristic number and planetary posi-tions, may have had a great impact on the history of life here

It has always been assumed that attaining the evolutionary grade we call animals would

be the ﬁnal and decisive step Once we are at this level of evolution, a long and continuous progression toward intelligence should occur However, recent research shows that while attaining the stage of animal life is one thing, maintaining that level is quite another The geologic record has shown that once evolved, complex life is subject to an unending succes-sion of planetary disasters, creating what are known as “mass extinction” events These rare

First passage: Peter Ward, “Great Debates Part I,” Astrobiology

Magazine, 2003

Second passage: David Grinspoon, “Great Debates Part III,”

Astrobiology Magazine, 2003

Line

5

10

15

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

based on their content; questions following a

pair of related passages may also be based on

the relationship between the paired passages

Answer the questions on the basis of what is

stated or implied in the passage and in any

in-troductory material that may be provided

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sparing simpler life forms Such discoveries

suggest that the conditions allowing the rise

and existence of complex life are far more

rig-orous that are those for life’s formation On

some planets, then, life might arise and

ani-mals eventually evolve—only to be soon

destroyed by a global catastrophe

P ASSAGE 2

It is always shaky when we generalize from

experiments with a sample size of one So we

have to be a bit cautious when we ﬁll the

cos-mos with creatures based on the time scales

of Earth history (it happened so fast here,

therefore it must be easy) and the

resourceful-ness of Earth life (they are everywhere where

there is water) This is one history, and one

example of life

I am not convinced that the Earth’s

carbon-in-water example is the only way for

the universe to solve the life riddle I am not

talking about silicon, which is a bad idea, but

systems of chemical complexity that we have

not thought of, which may not manifest

them-selves at room temperature in our oxygen

at-mosphere The universe is constantly more

clever than we are, and we learn about

com-plex phenomena, like life, more through

ex-ploration than by theorizing and modeling

I think there are probably forms of life out

there which use different chemical bases than

we, and which we will know about only when

we ﬁnd them, or when they ﬁnd us

An obvious rejoinder to this is, “But no one

has invented another system that works as

well as carbon-in-water.” That is true But to

this I would answer, “We did not invent

carbon-in-water!” We discovered it I don’t

believe that we are clever enough to have

thought of life based on nucleic acids and

pro-teins if we hadn’t had this example handed to

us This makes me wonder what else the

uni-verse might be using for its reﬁned, evolving

complexity elsewhere, in other conditions that

seem hostile to life as we know it

I think it is a mistake to look at the many

speciﬁc peculiarities of Earth’s biosphere and

how unlikely such a combination of

charac-exactly like Earth, with life charac-exactly like Earth-life, are rare

My cat, “Wookie” survived life as a near starving alley cat and wound up as a beloved house cat through an unlikely series of bio-graphical accidents, which I won’t take up space describing but, trust me, given all of the incredible things that had to happen in just the right way, it is much more likely that there would be no Wookie than Wookie From this I

do not conclude that there are no other cats (The Rare Cat Hypothesis), only that there are

no other cats exactly like Wookie

Life has evolved together with the Earth Life

is opportunistic The biosphere has taken ad-vantage of the myriad of strange idiosyncrasies that our planet has to offer So it is easy to look

at our biosphere and conclude that this is the best of all possible worlds; that only on such a world could complex life evolve My bet is that many other worlds, with their own peculiar characteristics and histories, co-evolve their own biospheres The complex creatures on those worlds, upon ﬁrst developing intelligence and science, would observe how incredibly well adapted life is to the many unique features of their home world They might naively assume that these qualities, very different from Earth’s, are the only ones that can breed complexity

7. The discussion of the Drake equation in the ﬁrst paragraph indicates that the author holds which

of the following assumptions?

(A) The Drake equations are too complicated for most people to understand

(B) Mathematical formulas can inﬂuence public opinion

(C) Sagan did not substantially alter the Drake equation

(D) Mathematics tend to obscure scientiﬁc exploration

(E) Drake was not as reputable a scientist as Sagan was

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

105

110

115

120

125

130

135

140

145

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(A) It asks more questions similar to those

posed in the second paragraph

(B) It provides more background

informa-tion on the debate discussed in the

passage

(C) It explains a comment made in the

second paragraph

(D) It deﬁnes an important term mentioned

in the second paragraph

(E) It presents an opinion contrary to one

presented in the second paragraph

9. In line 46, the word “abiotic” most nearly means

(A) resistant to bacteria

(B) devoid of life

(C) highly populated

(D) extremely advanced

(E) quick growing

10. Which of the following best summarizes the

main idea of Passage 1?

(A) The conditions that support complex life

may be much more difﬁcult to maintain

than is widely assumed

(B) The Drake equation is not a valid

predic-tor of life in the universe

(C) Evolution on Earth has made it very

un-likely that there would be complex life on

other planets

(D) The number of planets in the universe

with complex life is astronomical

(E) Conditions allowing for the existence of

microbes are rare

11. In line 57, “grade” most nearly means

(A) level

(B) slope

(C) evaluation

(D) life

(E) quantity

(A) Complex life on Earth was due in part to haphazard events

(B) Higher life forms sometimes face the likelihood of extinction due to cata-strophic events

(C) The Earth’s carbon-in-water example is probably not the only way for life to come into existence

(D) Simple forms of life are far more com-mon than highly evolved life forms (E) The evolution of life can be affected by the positions of planets around a star

13. The “sample size of one” (line 78) refers to (A) the Milky Way galaxy

(B) Drake and Sagan’s data (C) the planet Earth (D) the Sun of our solar system (E) mass extinction events

14. The quotations in lines 101–105 serve to (A) show how the author would respond to someone who disagrees with him (B) illustrate an argument for why there is

no life on neighboring planets (C) explain a theory the author has disagreed with his entire career

(D) describe a conversation the author had with a colleague

(E) illustrate the author’s confusion about the origin of alternate life forms

15. The author includes the anecdote in lines 121–131 in order to

(A) compare his cat to the complex life forms in nearby galaxies

(B) give supporting evidence to the claim that life in the universe is unique to the Earth

(C) caution scientists about drawing premature conclusions from one speciﬁc occurrence (D) mock scientists who believe that animals such as cats can live on other planets (E) show the result of an evolutionary process

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(A) only the most cunning animals survive

(B) evolution takes advantage of the unique

features of many different environments

(C) humans will likely always be the

domi-nant species on Earth

(D) the theory of evolution is probably

wrong

(E) all life forms seek to dominate others

17. The author of Passage 2 suggests that the

“com-plex creatures” discussed in lines 142–148 are

likely to believe that

(A) technological advancements are critical

to their survival

(B) life is unique to planet Earth

(C) there is no life on other planets

(D) life on all planets originates in the same

manner

(E) carbon is essential to the creation of life

biosphere offer” (lines 133–135) by saying that (A) our planet also offers many dangers to the biosphere

(B) the biosphere is ﬁlled with far more complex life forms

(C) life on Earth has not evolved to such a high level

(D) our planet does not offer so many idiosyncrasies

(E) carbon is one of the most complex elements in the universe

19. The authors of both passages would most likely agree with which of the following statements? (A) The estimates made by the Drake Equation are surprisingly accurate (B) Mass extinction events are not a factor in predicting the existence of extraterres-trial life

(C) Mathematical models are the most help-ful means of learning about the develop-ment of life in the universe

(D) There is likely an abundance of life in the universe that has yet to be discovered (E) Complex life is very common in the universe

STOP

If you ﬁnish before time is called, you may check your work on this section only Do not turn to any other section of the test.

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1. His morning routine included eating an English mufﬁn with grape jelly, then to drink coffee from a styrofoam cup, and sitting down to draw his daily comic strip

(A) then to drink coffee from a styrofoam cup (B) drinking coffee from a styrofoam cup (C) then drink coffee from a styrofoam cup (D) from a styrofoam cup he would drink coffee (E) he would drink coffee from a styrofoam cup

2. Pretending to be hurt to avoid running sprints at the end of practice, Mark’s attempt failed to convince his coach

(A) Mark’s attempt failed to convince (B) Mark’s attempted to fail to convince (C) Mark attempt to convince failed (D) Mark failed to convince

(E) Mark failed but attempt to convince

3. The ﬂier describing the details of the blood drive requested that we are in the hospital lobby promptly at 10 A.M

(A) are in the hospital lobby (B) should get at the hospital lobby (C) be in the hospital lobby

(D) would be to the hospital lobby (E) should have been at the lobby of the hospital

A B C D E

14 questions

Turn to Section 9 of your answer sheet to answer the questions in this section.

Directions: For each question in this section, select the best answer from among the choices given and

ﬁll in the corresponding circle on the answer sheet

The following sentences test correctness and

effectiveness of expression Part of each

sen-tence or the entire sensen-tence is underlined;

beneath each sentence are ﬁve ways of

phras-ing the underlined material Choice A repeats

the original phrasing; the other four choices

are different If you think the original phrasing

produces a better sentence than any of the

alternatives, select choice A; if not, select one

of the other choices

In making your selection, follow the

require-ments of standard written English; that is, pay

attention to grammar, choice of words, sentence

construction, and punctuation Your selection

should result in the most effective sentence—

clear and precise, without awkwardness or

ambiguity

EXAMPLE:

The children couldn’t hardly believe their eyes

(A) couldn’t hardly believe their eyes

(B) could hardly believe their eyes

(C) would not hardly believe their eyes

(D) couldn’t nearly believe their eyes

(E) couldn’t hardly believe his or her eyes

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well liked by his patients

(A) Known for his temper, impatience, and

how easily he can be irritated

(B) Knowing his temper, impatience, and

irritability

(C) Known for his temper, impatience, and

irritability

(D) Known for his temper, impatience, and

irritation

(E) Known for his temper, for his

impa-tience, and his irritability

5. Winning the ﬁnal match, Courtney gave a

gra-cious speech thanking her competitor, the

sponsors, and the spectators

(A) Winning

(B) Having won

(C) Being that she won

(D) If she had won

(E) For her winning

6. Generally regarded as the most inﬂuential social

science treatise of the 20th century, John Maynard

Keynes wrote a book, The General Theory of

Employment Interest and Money that forever

changed the way scientists looked at the economy

(A) John Maynard Keynes wrote a book, The

General Theory of Employment Interest

and Money that

(B) a book by John Maynard Keynes, The

and Money, that

(C) John Maynard Keynes’ book The General

Theory of Employment Interest and

Money had already

(D) John Maynard Keynes wrote a book The

and Money having

(E) John Maynard Keynes’ book The General

Theory of Employment Interest and

Money

so intently focused on vanquishing the other (A) Neither of the warriors were aware of the massive wounds they had suffered (B) Neither of the warriors was aware of the massive wounds they had suffered (C) The wounds suffered by the warriors who were not aware

(D) Having suffered massive wounds, neither

of the warriors was aware (E) Despite the wounds suffered, neither of the warriors was aware

8. The Chief of Staff stayed up the entire night to prepare the President’s speech for the following night

(A) to prepare (B) in preparing (C) for the preparation of (D) in order for preparation of (E) for preparing

9. Twenty-foot high waves crashed into the shore, covering the stores along the boardwalk and many cars in the parking lots were swept away (A) boardwalk and many cars in the parking lots were swept away

(B) boardwalk with many cars in the parking lot having been swept away

(C) boardwalk and sweeping away many cars in the parking lot

(D) boardwalk, and the sweeping away of many cars in the parking lot

(E) boardwalk; sweeping away many cars having been in the parking lot

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depicted in the books written by Ronald

Skinner

(A) The life of the ShinZanu tribesman of

the Australian Outback, which are

realistically depicted in the books written

by Ronald Skinner

(B) The books written by Ronald Skinner

realistically depict the life of the

ShinZanu tribesman of the Australian

Outback

(C) The life of the ShinZanu tribesmen of the

Australian Outback being realistically

depicted in the books written by Ronald

Skinner

(D) Ronald Skinner realistically depicting in

his books the life of the ShinZanu

tribesmen of the Australian Outback

(E) Ronald Skinner, whose books

realisti-cally depicting the life of the ShinZanu

tribesmen of the Australian Outback

11. At the age of seven, my father took me to a

base-ball game for the very ﬁrst time

(A) At the age of seven, my father took me to

a baseball game for the very ﬁrst time

(B) At the age of seven, my father took me to

my ﬁrst baseball game

(C) My father took me at seven years old to a

baseball game for the ﬁrst time

(D) When I was seven years old, my father

took me to my ﬁrst baseball game

(E) At the age of seven, I was being taken by

my father to my ﬁrst baseball game

late economic growth, curb inflation, increase employment, and strengthen national defense (A) obtained legislation to stimulate economic growth, curb inflation, increase employ-ment, and strengthen national defense (B) obtained legislation to stimulate eco-nomic growth, curb inflation, increase employment, and strengthening national defense

(C) obtaining legislation to stimulate eco-nomic growth, curbing inﬂation, increasing employment, and strengthen-ing national defense

(D) obtained legislation to stimulate economic growth, to curb inﬂation, increasing employment, and strengthen national defense

(E) had obtained legislation to stimulate economic growth, to curb inﬂation, to in-crease employment, and to strengthen national defense

13. If anyone asks for a doctor, send them directly

to the nurses’ station for immediate assistance (A) If anyone asks for a doctor, send them (B) Having asked for a doctor, send them (C) When anyone asks for a doctor, they should be sent

(D) Had anyone asked for a doctor, send them (E) Send anyone who asks for a doctor

14. Even if they have been declawed as kittens, adult cats often run their paws along tall objects

as if to sharpen their claws

(A) Even if they have been declawed as kittens

(B) Even though they should have been de-clawed when being kittens

(C) Even when being declawed as kittens (D) Declawed when kittens nevertheless (E) Declawed as kittens

STOP

If you ﬁnish before time is called, you may check your work on this section only Do not turn to any other section of the test.

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ANS LEV.

1. A 1

2. C 2

3. B 3

4. E 3

5. E 3

6. A 4

7. D 4

8. C 4

9. B 3

10. E 1

11. A 4

12. A 3

ANS LEV.

13. A 1

14. D 2

15. C 3

16. D 3

17. E 4

18. E 3

19. A 3

20. D 5

21. A 3

22. B 3

23. C 4

24. E 4

ANS LEV.

1. A 1

2. D 3

3. E 3

4. A 4

5. B 5

6. C 3

7. E 4

8. C 3

9. A 1

10. B 2

11. E 3

12. D 4

13. A 3

14. A 4

15. C 3

16. D 5

17. C 2

18. E 2

19. B 4

20. D 2

21. C 2

22. A 3

23. D 4

24. A 4

1. C 3

2. C 2

3. B 3

4. C 4

5. D 4

6. B 5

7. B 4

8. E 3

9. B 2

10. A 3

11. A 4

12. C 2

13. C 1

14. A 3

15. C 2

16. B 3

17. D 3

18. A 4

19. D 3

Number correct

Number incorrect

Number correct Number incorrect

COR DIFF.

ANS LEV.

1. A 1

2. B 2

3. D 2

4. D 3

5. D 2

6. E 2

7. C 3

8. C 3

9. A 3

10. D 3

COR DIFF.

ANS LEV.

11. B 4

12. B 3

13. B 3

14. C 4

15. B 4

16. B 3

17. D 5

18. C 4

19. E 4

20. D 5

COR DIFF.

ANS LEV.

1. B 1

2. B 3

3. C 3

4. B 3

5. C 3

6. D 4

7. A 5

8. D 5

COR DIFF.

ANS LEV.

9. 1 2

10. 750 2

11. 3 2

12. 32 3

13. 9 3

14. 3 4

15 1.5 or 3/2 4

16. 18 4

17. 20 4

18. 25 5

COR DIFF.

ANS LEV.

1. D 2

2. C 2

3. A 2

4. C 3

5. A 3

6. B 3

7. A 3

8. B 4

COR DIFF ANS LEV.

9. C 4

10. D 3

11. D 3

12. E 4

13. D 4

14. C 4

15. D 5

16. B 5

Number correct

Number incorrect

Number correct (9–18)

Math

Multiple-Choice Student-produced Questions Response questions

Writing

COR DIFF

ANS LEV

2. A 1

3. D 2

4. B 2

5. C 3

6. E 2

7. C 3

8. D 3

9. C 4

COR DIFF.

ANS LEV.

10. C 3

11. B 3

12. D 1

13. C 3

14. E 3

15. B 3

16. D 4

17. B 3

18. B 2

COR DIFF

ANS LEV

19. C 3

20. D 3

21. C 3

22. A 3

23. E 4

24. D 4

25. C 4

26. B 3

27. C 4

COR DIFF.

ANS LEV.

28. E 4

29. B 5

30. B 3

31. A 3

32. D 3

33. B 4

34. C 3

35. E 3

COR DIFF

ANS LEV

1. B 1

2. D 2

3. C 2

4. C 3

5. B 4

6. C 3

7. B 5

COR DIFF ANS LEV.

8. A 4

9. C 3

10. B 4

11. D 4

12. A 4

13. E 3

14. A 4

Number correct

Number incorrect

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of wrong answers On Section 5, your raw score is the sum of the number of correct answers for questions 1–18 minus 1 ⁄ 4 of the number of wrong answers in questions 1–8 Next, add the raw scores

from Sections 3, 6, and 8 to get your Critical Reading raw score, add the raw scores from Sections 2, 5, and 7 to get your Math raw score, and add the raw scores from Sections 4 and 9 to get your Writing raw score Write the three raw scores here:

Raw Critical Reading score: Raw Math score: Raw Writing score: _ Use the table below to convert these to scaled scores

Scaled scores: Critical Reading: _ Math: _ Writing: _

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