NOMENCLATURE OF KETONES Derived names: alkyls + ketone IUPAC names: hydrocarbon + one... PREPARATION OF ALDEHYDES & KETONES Aldehydes & ketones from alkenes In the presence of an oxidiz
Trang 2SP 2 carbon
Trang 3NOMENCLATURE OF ALDEHYDES
Common names: carboxylic acid “aldehyde”
is substituted for “ic acid”
Trang 4Lower priority than ester “oxo” group
Trang 6NOMENCLATURE OF KETONES
Derived names: alkyls + ketone
IUPAC names: hydrocarbon + one
Trang 8PREPARATION OF ALDEHYDES &
KETONES
Aldehydes & ketones from alkenes
In the presence of an oxidizing agent, the products
will be ketones / carboxylic acids
Trang 9Aldehydes & ketones from alkynes
Markovnikov’s rule
Anti-Markovnikov
Trang 10Aldehydes & ketones from alcohols
Trang 11Can NOT be isolated
Trang 12Aldehydes from esters, acyl chlorides
alcohols
Trang 13Preparation of aromatic ketones
Trang 14Gatterman-Koch synthesis of benzaldehyde
Can NOT be prepared & isolated
Trang 15REACTIONS OF ALDEHYDES &
Trang 16Reactions with Grignard reagents
Only for the reaction of HCHO
Trang 17Numbers 1 & 2 are used to indicate that the acid is not added
until the reaction with the Grignard reagent is complete
Trang 18Reactions with acetylide ions
Weak acid, will NOT react with the triple bond
Trang 19Reactions with hydrogen cyanide
Trang 20Nitriles carboxylic acids
Nitriles amines
Trang 21Reactions with primary amines
Trang 22Reaction mechanism:
Trang 23Reactions with secondary amines
Trang 24Reaction mechanism:
Trang 25Reactions with water
Trang 26Reactions with alcohols
Trang 27Reaction mechanism:
Trang 28Reactions with sulfur nucleophiles
Trang 29Reduction reactions – with hydride ion
Trang 31Reduction reactions to hydrocarbons
NOTE:
Trang 32Oxidation reactions
primary alcohols
Trang 33Tollens reagent
Too weak to oxidize an alcohol or any other functional groups
Should be used when oxidizing aldehydes
Trang 34REACTIONS OF ALDEHYDES & KETONES II – REATIONS AT α -C
Trang 35Aldol additions
Trang 36Reaction mechanism:
Aldol additions occur more slowly with ketones
Nucleophilic additions
Trang 37Aldol condensations = Additions + dehydrations
Easier to dehyrate than other alcohols because the double
bond is conjugated with the carbonyl group
Trang 38Aldol condensations sometimes occur under the aldol
NOT isolated
Trang 39Mixed / crossed Aldol additions
4 addition products
Trang 40Very strong base