Tài liệu The Complete Guide to the TOEFL iBTI Listening part 11 ppt

There are only three important issues in taking notes for the TOEFL test: A.. The sample notes that are provided in the The Complete Guide to the TOEFL Test, iBT Edition are examples of

2 You may not need to use your notes for a few weeks or even for a few months after you hear a lecture in a classroom After that much time has passed, you may have forgotten much of the lecture However, you will use your TOEFL notes immediately after the lecture (and then never again!) Therefore, you can use more abbreviations and omit more words when you take notes on TOEFL lectures And you don't have to worry too much about writing legibly

SOME HINTs ON TAKING NOTES

1 Take notes throughout the lecture Try to write down as much information as you possibly can

2 Always write down any terms that are new to you, definitions, specific facts, lists of items, and statistics

3 Speakers will sometimes give clues telling you which points in a lecture are especially important and will be asked about Some of the most common clues:

A Repetition of a point

B Emphasis from tone of voice or from pauses before or after making a point

C The amount of time spent on a point

4 Pay attention to the use of signal words or phrases in the lecture, especially ones that indicate the structure of the lecture or a change of topic

Words and Phrases Indicating the Structure of the Lecture

There are three kinds of We'll be looking at a couple of ways to

First,

Then,

That brings us to

There are two points of view Next | want to mention

First, let's look at

Next, let’s consider Okay, now let’s talk about

Now, what about ?

Finally,

Words and Phrases Indicating a Change of Direction

On the other hand,

However,

But

Words and Phrases Showing Emphasis or Importance

Most importantly,

One important point/issue/problem/question/concept is

Especially

Significantly,

Be sure to note that

Pay special attention to

Words and Phrases Used to Give Examples

For example,

Take , for example

For instance,

Let’s consider the case of

In academic discussions, important information may be in comments that stu-

dents make (particularly if the professor agrees with the student)

When taking notes on conversations, pay attention to who is saying what For

example, if a professor is speaking to a student, you may want to put

the initial P before notes on what the professor says and S$ before what the stu-

dent says

Take notes during replay questions In fact, try to write down as many words as

possible when listening for the second time

Organize your lecture notes according to order of importance The most impor-

tant ideas should be on the left side of the page Indent to the right to show that

an idea is subordinate to or supports the more important idea In other words,

ideas on the left side of the page are general divisions of the lecture As you

move to the right, ideas become more specific You should also skip lines

between important parts of the lecture Writing notes in this way helps you

analyze the material that you are listening to and organize your notes in a logi-

cal way

Main idea

Supporting idea

Supporting idea

Minor point, example, detail, etc

Main idea

Supporting idea

Minor point, example, detail, etc

Minor point, example, detail, etc

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You can indicate ideas that you think are especially important with a box, a cir- cle, an underline, or an exclamation point (1)

Leave plenty of white space around your notes so that, if the speaker returns to a point later, you can add new notes

9 The average lecturer speaks about 125 to 150 words per minute The average note taker can write only about 20 to 25 words per minute Therefore, you need

to use abbreviations and other shortcuts to help you get down as much infor- mation as possible

A Don't write your notes in complete sentences Write in phrases

B Omit unimportant words and words that do not carry information

Suppose the lecturer says this:

The taiga is the largest of all the world’s biomes

Your note might read:

Taiga largest biome

Common words that you can generally eliminate:

Be verbs (is, are, was, were), articles (a, an, the), pronouns (they, his, them), determiners (this, that, these), prepositions (of, with, from)

C Use standard symbols and abbreviations:

+or &

FL

and

is, equals, is the same as isn't, doesn't equal, is not the same as

is not quite the same as, is similar to more or less, about, approximately increases, goes up

decreases, goes down per

percent number times more than, bigger than, greater than less than, smaller than, fewer than causes, leads to, produces

money

3 man, male

2 woman, female

at

wi/ with

wio without

pp pages

re regarding, about, concerning

etc and so on, and other things

e.g for example

ie in other words

therefore

=

G2

“The earth is about four times bigger than the moon.”

You may take this note:

Earth + 4 x bigger Moon

Another useful symbol is the ditto mark (") This repeats the words that

you wrote on a previous line

Suppose a professor in a biology class says this:

“There are many types of crustaceans, and they live in many differ-

ent habitats Most of them are marine animals—they live in the sea

Some are fresh water animals, and a few types of crustaceans live on

the land.”

You might take these notes:

Many types of crustaceans

"environs

Most crustac live in sea

D Besides standard abbreviations and symbols, you often need to create your

own abbreviations There are two common ways to abbreviate words You

can use the first few letters of a word

Another way to abbreviate words is to leave out letters from the middle of

words

international internat]

Remember, you will be using your notes as soon as the lecture is over You can probably remember what your abbreviations mean for a few minutes,

so abbreviate as much as possible

10 If you miss a point, don’t worry Just keep taking notes

11 Don't worry about spelling, punctuation, or correct grammar Don't worry if your notes are messy

12 Remember that there are no “perfect” notes Everyone has his or her own style

of taking notes There are only three important issues in taking notes for the TOEFL test:

A Are they accurate?

B Do they help you answer the questions?

C Can you understand them?

The sample notes that are provided in the The Complete Guide to the TOEFL Test, iBT Edition are examples of good note taking, but another person could take good notes in a completely different way

NOTE-TAKING EXERCISE 1

» Now start the Audio Program @

DiRECTIONS: Listen to a list of words and phrases Write down your own abbrevia- tions of these words in the spaces below (This vocabulary comes from a lecture on business organizations that you will be listening to in order to improve your note- taking skills.) When you have finished, compare your notes with those of a class- mate Check for similarities and differences in what you wrote You can also compare your notes with those in the Answer Key

Sample abbreviations appear in the Answer Key

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NOTE-TAKING EXERCISE 2 DirEcTIons: Working by yourself or with a partner, use the list of abbreviations that

you wrote in Exercise 1 to “reconstruct” the full forms of the words and phrases

that you heard Then discuss the meaning of these terms

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NOTE-TAKING EXERCISE 3

Now start the Audio Program @)

Directions: Listen to the following sentences Take notes on these sentences using

abbreviations and symbols and omitting unimportant words (These sentences

come from a lecture on business organizations that you will be listening to in order

to improve your note-taking skills.)

When you have finished taking notes, compare your notes with those of a class-

mate Check for similarities and differences in what you wrote You can also com-

pare your notes with the sample notes in the Answer Key

NOTE-TAKING EXERCISE 4 Directions: Working by yourself or with a partner, use the notes that you took in Exercise 3 to “reconstruct” the full forms of the sentences that you heard

NOTE-TAKING EXERCISE 5

» Now start the Audio Program G)

DIRECTIONS: Listen to a lecture on business organizations The lecture will be given

in short sections Take notes on each section After each section, answer the ques- tions Yes or No to find out if you are taking notes on the important points in the lecture (The more Yes answers you have, the more complete your notes are.) When you have finished taking notes, compare your notes with those of a class- mate Check for similarities and differences in what you wrote You can also com- pare your notes with the sample notes in the Answer Key

Section 1

1 Did you note that there were once three main types of business organizations

but that now there are four? Yes No

2 Did you note the names of the four main types of business organizations?

(sole proprietorship, partnership, corporation, and limited liability corpo-

ration)? Yes No

3 Did you abbreviate the names of the four types? Yes No

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Section 2

4 Did you note that one person is in complete control of a sole proprietor-

ship? Yes No

5 Did you note that a sole proprietorship begins when the owner makes the

decision to start a business? Yes No

6 Did you write down Paul Samuelson’s example of when a sole proprietor-

ship begins? Yes No

(This is “extra” information that the speaker uses to clarify how sole

proprietorships get started You probably would not take notes on this

during a classroom lecture However, sometimes TOEFL asks questions

such as “Why does the speaker mention Paul Samuelson?” so you may

want to make a quick note of this example.)

7 Did you write down the main advantage of a sole proprietorship (that there

is no separate tax on it)? Yes No

8 Did you write down the main disadvantage of a sole proprietorship (that

the owner is legally liable for all the company’s debts)? Yes No

Section 3

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Did you note that a partnership is similar to a sole proprietorship except that a partnership has more than one owner? Yes No

Did you note that a partnership has the same tax advantage as a sole pro- prietorship? Yes No

Did you note the example the author gave of the problem the two partners had because they were both sole agents? Yes No

(This is not a very important point, and in a lecture class you would probably not note this at all However, the TOEFL iBT sometimes asks you questions such as “Why does the speaker mention the two partners’ problem?”

Therefore, you may want to make a quick note of this example.)

Did you note that some partnerships have silent partners who contribute money but do not take part in management decisions? Yes No

Section 4

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Did you write down that the corporation is the most complex and the most expensive business organization? Yes No

Did you note that the most important feature of a corporation is limited lia- bility and that corporations are distinct legal entities? Yes No

Did you note in some way (by underlining, circling, etc.) that the professor emphasized the point that corporations are distinct legal entities?

Did you note that double taxation is a disadvantage to corporations and did you define double taxation? Yes No

Did you write down that there are three important elements in the struc- ture of the corporation (stockholders, the board of directors, and executive officers)? Yes No

18 Did you note that shareholders have ultimate control but usually give their

votes to the corporate officers (voting by proxy)? Yes No

19 Did you write down that the board of directors makes major decisions and

sets company policy? Yes No

20 Did you note that day-to-day operations of corporations are performed by

the executive officers and the corporate bureaucracy? Yes No

21 Did you note that the CEO is often the chairman of the board?

Yes No

Section 5

22 Did you note that the limited liability company (LLC) is becoming more

popular with smaller businesses? Yes No

23 Did you note that an LLC is a hybrid organization with features of both a

partnership and a corporation? Yes No

24 Did you note that the LLC eliminates double taxation? Yes No

NOTE-TAKING EXERCISE 6

» Nowstart the Audio Program @

Directions: Listen again to the lecture on business organizations and take notes G) After you have listened to the lecture, use your notes to answer the True/False (T / F) questions and the fill-in-the-blank questions at the end of the lecture Sample lecture notes appear in the Answer Key

T/F 1 The lecturer says that he has now added a new form of business

organization to his lecture

2, _ is a relatively new form of business organization

T/F 3.The speaker mentions Paul Samuelson in the lecture because

Samuelson is an expert on corporate taxes

4 The chief advantage of a sole proprietorship is that

5 The chief disadvantage of a sole proprietorship is that

6 Partnerships and sole proprietorships are similar except for the fact

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T/F 7 The speaker gives the example of the two partners who both buy 500

widgets* in order to explain how partners divide up their workload

T/F 8.Asilent partner does not invest money in a partnership

T/E 9 Corporations cost more than sole proprietorships and partnerships

to establish

10 Corporations are distinct legal entities, so they are sometime called

T/F 11 In theory, stockholders have ultimate control over a corporation, but

they actually have little to do with routine operations

T/F 12 Board members are appointed by the top executive officers

T/E 13 Top executive officers are not allowed to serve on the board of

directors

T/F 14 “Double taxation” is a reason for the growing popularity of limited lia-

bility corporations

15 An LLC has features ofbotha —_—_—_ anda

*Widgets do not really exist A widget is a term used by economists and business experts to mean “an

unidentified product.”