See Ramsar Convention Convention to Combat Desertification, 1264, 1271-1272 Conventions... See Deoxyribonucleic acid; DNA sequencing DNA sequencing, 124 Dogs, 47; domestication, 43 Dolan
Trang 1Colorado River, 187-188, 666, 1310
Colorado River Basin Act (1968),
76
Colorado River Basin Project, 187
Colorado River Storage Act
(1956), 76
Combustion energy, 358
Comminution, 11
Commodities, 170
Common Fisheries Policy
(European Union), 644
Common law; environmental law,
385; public trust doctrine, 983
Common Varieties Mineral Act
(1955), 487
Commoner, Barry, 232-233
Commons, 331, 491, 895; tragedy
of, 434
Communications, 1242
Communications satellites, 1132
Community ecology, 328
Compaction of soils, 1104, 1108
Composite volcanoes, 595
Composites, 719
Composting, 233-235, 1004, 1120
Comprehensive Environmental
Response, Compensation, and
Liability Act See Superfund
legislation
Computer chips; silicon, 1087
Comstock Lode, 269
Concrete, 184-187, 189; aggregate
use, 9; aluminum compounds,
34; pumice, 985
Confined aquifers, 57
Confining beds, 57
Conflict diamonds, 1026
Congo River, 235, 1163
Congo, Democratic Republic of
the, 235-239; economic
statistics, 236 See also Zaire
Coniferous trees, 464
Conservation, 104, 239-246, 429,
976, 1026, 1184; dams, 270;
defined, 240; European Union,
404-405; ex situ, 493; in situ,
493; land use, 676; Theodore
Roosevelt, 1036; of species,
107; water, 1320
Conservation biology, 246-248
Conservation International,
248-249, 799 Conservation movement, 242 Conservation Technical Assistance program, 805
Conservation tillage, 400 Consolidation of soils, 1109 Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, 249-250
Consumption, 976; population growth, 963-965; waste generation, 1120; worldwide patterns, 1020-1022
Containerization, 853, 1240 Continental crust, 324, 699, 950 Continental drift, 1066-1067 Continental shelves, 723, 851;
fisheries, 432 Continental slopes, 852 Contour mining, 1167 Contouring, 399 Convection currents, 950 Convention on Biological Diversity, 322, 405, 489-490,
492, 619, 796, 1264, 1266-1267,
1274, 1361 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species
of Wild Fauna and Flora, 351, 1267-1268, 1274
Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution, 1268-1269
Convention on the Conservation
of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, 1274
Convention on the Law of the Sea, 436, 685-686, 1269-1271 Convention on Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, 645, 1332 Convention on Wetlands of
International Importance See
Ramsar Convention Convention to Combat Desertification, 1264, 1271-1272
Conventions See Category Index
under “Laws and conventions”
Convergent boundaries, 948
Copenhagen Conference (2009), 1265
Copper, 250-255, 754, 801, 1184; Argentina, 62; bioleaching, 686; in brass, 136; bronze, 145; Canada, 167; Chile, 192; Marcus Daly, 269; Democratic Republic of the Congo, 237; end-use statistics, 254;
Indonesia, 609; Iran, 627; Kazakhstan, 660; Mexico, 744; Peru, 921; Poland, 961;
Portugal, 967; Russia, 1048; Sweden, 1190; United States, 1281; world production, 251 Copper carbonates, 179 Coquina, 695
Coral reefs, 255-258, 431-432 Cordillera, 779
Coriolis effect, 851 Cork, 967
Corn, 258-261, 941; ethanol, 402; world production, 259
Corn syrup, 1172 Corporate agriculture, 701 Corporate welfare state, 171 Corporations, 171
Corrosion-resistant alloys, 634 Cort, Henry, 630
Corundum, 1, 261, 264, 483, 485,
735, 898 Cosmic Background Explorer, 1134
Cost-benefit analysis, 1033 Costa Rica, 281, 352 Costanza, Robert, 802 Cotton, 262-263, 612, 941, 943,
946, 1030; Brazil, 140; India, 603; Turkey, 1250; Zimbabwe, 1369
Cotton fibers, 439 Cotton gin, 263, 439 Council of Energy Resource Tribes, 264-265
Council on Environmental Quality, 790
Countries See Category Index
Courtois, Bernard, 622 Cracking of hydrocarbons, 868, 928
Trang 2Crater Lake, 665
Cronstedt, Axel Fredrik, 815, 1364
Crookes, Sir William, 1220
Crop production; farmland,
410-413
Crops See Agriculture; Food
crops; specific crops
Crown fires, 426, 454
Crude oil, 77-79, 856, 858 See also
Oil
Crushed stone, 8, 1056; end-use
statistics, 9; quarrying, 987;
U.S consumption, 12
Crustaceans, 433
Crutzen, Paul J., 901
Crystal defects, 267
Crystalline solids, 267
Crystallization, 590, 594, 732;
kyanite, 661; magma, 706-708;
mica, 745; pegmatites, 917; in
space, 1134
Crystals, 265-268; geodes, 497-498;
metals as, 730; quartz, 987-989;
semiconductors, 1079
Cubic boron nitride, 3
Cullinan diamond, 309
Cumulates, 596
Cuprite, 898
Cuprous oxide, 255
Curie, Jacques, 988
Curie, Marie, 637, 990
Curie, Pierre, 637, 988, 990
Cyanobacteria, 972
Cyclones; Nargis, 442
Cyclosilicates, 762
Cylindrite, 1233
Czochralski process, 1081, 1087
Daimler, Gottlieb, 617
Dairy products, 14; France, 470
Dalton, John, 173
Daly, Herman, 802
Daly, Marcus, 269
Dams, 269-273, 666, 1165; failures,
443; flood control, 444;
hydroelectric energy, 1011;
impact on environment, 582;
Tennessee Valley Authority,
1210; Three Gorges, 1223-1224;
U.S., 155
Darcy, Henry, 59 Darcy’s law, 59 Darfur, 296, 1026 D’Arsonval, Jacques Arsène, 845 Darwin, Charles, 257, 799 Davy, Sir Humphry, 33, 134, 161,
173, 341, 343, 697, 709, 1154, 1170
DDT See
Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane Dead Sea, 664
De Beers company, 305, 1030, 1124
Deciduous forests, 115, 464 Declaration on the Human Environment, 1156 Decomposers, 998 Deep drilling projects, 273-276 Deep ecology, 276-277, 382, 668 Deep Sea Drilling Project, 615 Deere, John, 17
Defoliants, 560, 573, 923 Deforestation, 170, 277-282, 295,
452, 783, 974; Amazon, 140;
rain forests, 992, 994; slash-and-burn agriculture, 1094
Del Rio, Andrés Manuel, 1289 Deltas, 282-283, 1162
Democratic Republic of the
Congo See Zaire
Dendritic aggregates, 528 Denitrification, 823 Denmark, 283-287; economic statistics, 284
Density of minerals, 759 Dent corn, 260
Dental fillings, 528 Deoxyribonucleic acid, 124, 490-494
Department of Agriculture, U.S., 287-289, 378, 459, 804-806, 909
Department of Energy, U.S., 183, 289-291, 413, 840;
organizational structure, 290 Department of the Interior, U.S., 152-153, 155, 291-293, 353-354,
429, 592, 762-763, 1286 Department of Transportation, U.S., 293-294
Dephlogisticated air, 899 Deposition, 1069; streams, 1164 Depressions (economic), 171 Desalination, 585, 723, 836, 850,
1052, 1309; plants, 294-295 Desertification, 295-298, 300, 412,
452, 567, 895, 1021, 1360; grasslands, 537; United Nations, 1271-1272 Deserts, 116, 215, 299-301; China, 199; fires, 427
Deterding, Henri W A., 812 Detergents, 1176
Devaney, Earl, 292 Developing countries, 301-305, 1155; agriculture, 20;
desertification, 296; hunger, 451
Development See Land
management
DHW See Domestic hot water
Diagenesis, 1069 Diamond pipes, 306 Diamond trading, 99 Diamonds, 172-174, 305-309, 483,
485, 534, 597, 707, 801, 1030,
1302, 1366; abrasive, 1;
Belgium, 99; conflicts over, 1026; Democratic Republic of the Congo, 238; end-use statistics, 308; Russia, 1047; South Africa, 1124; synthetic,
3, 308, 486; world production, 306
Diatomaceous earth, 2, 309-312, 507
Diatomite, 2, 309-312; end-use statistics, 312; world production, 311 Diatoms, 310 Diatremes, 597 Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane, 182, 337, 373,
448, 924 Dichromates, 205 Didot, Saint-Léger, 905 Diesel, Rudolf, 109, 617, 1241 Diesel cycle, 1241
Diesel fuel, 481, 928, 930 Digitalis, 947
Trang 3Dikes, 595
Dimension stone, 9-10, 313-315;
end-use statistics, 314; granite,
531-532; limestone, 695-697;
marble, 720-722; quarrying,
986; sandstone, 1057-1058;
slate, 1094-1095
Diodes, 1080
Dioxins, 397, 1120
Dirty bombs, 190
Disasters, 1032
Diseases; invasive species, 114;
nutritional, 451
Distillation; alcohol, 1172;
fractional, 73, 402, 899;
methanol production, 739;
petroleum, 480, 928; seawater,
294
Divergent boundaries, 948
Dixie Project, 187
DNA See Deoxyribonucleic acid;
DNA sequencing
DNA sequencing, 124
Dogs, 47; domestication, 43
Dolan v City of Tigard (1994),
1203
Dolly the sheep, 126
Dolomite, 179-180, 406, 695, 709,
1261; marble, 720; United
Kingdom, 1262
Dolostone, 160, 694-695, 721, 733,
932
Domestic hot water, 1115
Donkeys, 45, 48
Donora, Pennsylvania, 23
Dow, Herbert H., 315-316
Dow Chemical Company, 316
Dow seawater process, 710
Draft animals, 47, 49
Drainage basins See Watersheds
Drainage density, 1163
Drake, Edwin, 274, 1045
Dredging, 723
Dried food, 471-472
Drift nets, 433
Drilling for oil and natural gas,
861-863
Drinking water, 1313
Drip irrigation, 636
Dromedaries, 45
Droughts, 214, 316-318, 378, 1165, 1208; desertification, 296; Dust Bowl, 318-320
Drugs; plant sources, 333, 350, 490-491, 945-947, 994 Dry midlatitudes zone, 339 Dry tropics and subtropics zone, 339
Ducks, 45 Dumping, 1021 Durum wheat, 1335 Dust Bowl (1930’s), 206, 242, 296, 317-320, 378, 459, 804, 972, 1322
Dutch disease, 1020 Dynamite, 10, 320, 824 Dysprosium, 999 Dzhakishev, Mukhtar, 658
E waste See Electronic waste
Earth; crust, 324-326, 503, 698;
interior structure, 503; mantle, 503; seismic activity, 504 Earth Day, 182, 385, 391 Earth First!, 277, 321
Earth in the Balance (Gore), 530
Earth Observation Satellite Company, 681
Earth Observing System, 683 Earth resources satellites, 680-684,
1008, 1133 Earth Summit, Johannesburg (2002), 243
Earth Summit, Rio (1992), 7-8,
104, 107, 243, 304, 321-323,
392, 492, 668, 781, 796, 1157,
1264, 1271-1272, 1276, 1361, 1363
Earthforce, 1065 Earthquakes, 323; Sumatra-Andaman, 502
Earthwatch Institute, 326-327 East India Company, 263 Ecocentrism, 382 Ecodevelopment, 1156 Ecofeminism, 382
Ecological resources See Category
Index Ecology, 327-331 Economic development, 974-976
Economic issues See Category
Index under “Social, economic, and political issues”
Economics; oil, 872-875; primary sector, 974-976; resource exchange, 1020-1022; resources accounting, 1015-1016; solar energy, 1118; sustainability, 1183-1185
Ecoregions, 524 Ecosystem ecology, 328 Ecosystem services, 331-334 Ecosystems, 328, 334-338, 448; defined, 240; invasive species,
113 See also Biomes
Ecotones, 1327 Ecotourism, 123, 352, 1337, 1370 Ecozones, 338-340
Ecuador, 890
Edge of the Sea, The (Carson), 182
Edison, Thomas, 177, 340-341,
343, 614, 816 Edison Electric Institute, 341-342, 837
EEZs See Exclusive economic
zones Efficiency, 717-720 Ehrlich, Paul, 390 Einstein, Albert, 150, 637, 830, 934
EIS See Environmental impact
statements Eisenhower, Dwight D., 83-84,
363, 620 Ekeberg, Anders Gustaf, 1207
El Niño, 317, 342-343, 432, 552, 1217
Elasticity of energy demand, 357 Elastomers, 1041
Electric-arc furnace, 1149, 1151 Electric cars, 347
Electric power, 343-348, 1134; cogeneration, 232; distribution, 341; France, 469; geothermal, 505; Industrial Revolution, 613; industry, 346; nuclear
generation, 191; ocean currents, 843-846; ocean tides, 1225-1229; ocean waves, 846-848; solar cells, 934-937, 1117;
Trang 4solar chimneys, 1111; steam
turbines, 1145; storage, 368
Electrical conductors, 728-731
Electrical energy See Electric
power
Electrical properties of minerals,
759
Electrical-resistance alloys, 633
Electricity See Electric power
Electrochemical cells, 368
Electrolysis, 316, 529, 557-558,
729
Electromagnets, 713
Electrometallurgy, 729
Electronic publishing, 908
Electronic waste, 560
Electronics; silicon, 1086; silver,
1091
Electronics industry, 605
Electrostatic precipitators, 12
Electrum, 528
Elephants, 49, 645; domestication,
45
Elevators, 1240
Elhuyar, Fausto, 1244
Elhuyar, Juan José, 1244
Ellipticine, 947
Elton, Charles S., 448
Emeralds, 483, 485
Emery, 2, 261, 264, 485
Eminent domain, 56, 1201-1205
Emissions trading, 1265
Emus, 45
Endangered species, 104-108, 247,
348-354, 377, 1267, 1362-1363;
extinctions, 1141-1143; ivory
trade, 645-648; land use, 676,
980; marine life, 434; plants,
523; statistics, 349; United
Nations, 1267-1268; whales,
1332 See also Biodiversity;
Threatened species
Endangered Species Act (1973),
348, 353-357, 377, 389, 392,
430, 981, 1142, 1333
Endangered Species Conservation
Act (1969), 353, 1267
Endangered Species Preservation
Act (1966), 104, 353, 1142,
1267
Energy; agriculture, 19; China, 201; cogeneration, 232;
consumption, 1024;
consumption statistics, 366;
economics, 872-875; efficient use of, 146-152; nonrenewable resources, 1010; oceans,
843-848, 851, 1225-1229; propane, 977-978; renewable, 149; solar, 934-937, 1109-1119; storage, 367-370; transportation, 1238-1243; from waste, 1120; wood fuels, 1353-1355
Energy Act, U.K (2004), 216 Energy crisis (1970’s), 149, 286,
346, 357, 360, 363, 391, 401, 872-876, 890, 911, 935, 1003,
1172, 1195, 1227, 1346 Energy cycles, 337 Energy economics, 357-361 Energy efficiency, 717-720 Energy forests, 1353 Energy inputs, 357 Energy Policy Act (2005), 109-110, 361-362, 413
Energy politics, 362-367 Energy Reorganization Act (1974), 837
Energy resources; weather and,
1323 See also Category Index
Energy returned on energy invested, 913
Energy Star program, 148 Engineered geothermal systems, 509
Engineered wood, 1359 Engineering; coastal, 227-229
England See United Kingdom
Enhanced geothermal systems, 509
Enhanced oil recovery (EOR), 863
Environment Action Programme (European Community), 404 Environment and Natural Resources Division, U.S
Department of Justice, 371-372 Environment Canada, 168 Environmental activism, 240, 277, 390-394; Barry Commoner,
233; Earth First!, 321;
Greenpeace, 548, 960; Wangari Maathai, 704-705; Sea
Shepherd Conservation Society, 1065
Environmental biotechnology, 372-375
Environmental Defense Fund, 28, 390
Environmental degradation, 334, 375-379; developing countries, 301-305; farmland, 412;
Industrial Revolution, 614; oil spills, 881-883; overgrazing, 894-896; soils, 1103-1106; strip mining, 1168
Environmental economies, 1022 Environmental engineering, 379-381
Environmental ethics, 381-383, 667-668
Environmental federalism, 414 Environmental geology, 502 Environmental impact statements,
380, 384, 790 Environmental legislation;
European Union, 404-405; U.S., 384-390
Environmental movement, 390-394
Environmental Protection Act, Canadian (1988), 167-168 Environmental Protection Agency, U.S., 182, 210, 385-386,
394-398, 561, 791-792, 1033 Environmental racism, 564 Environmental risk analysis, 380
EOSAT See Earth Observation
Satellite Company Ephedrine, 947 Epsom salts, 711, 1071 Erbium, 999
EROEI See Energy returned on
energy invested Erosion, 398-400, 1068; coastal, 1322; control, 333, 398-400; placer deposits, 938; soil, 1103, 1322; streams, 1164;
weathering, 1324-1327 Erythronium, 1289
Trang 5Esparto, 909
Essential2 campaign, 36
Estuaries, 117
Ethanol, 108-110, 374, 400-403,
1012, 1062, 1172, 1242, 1282;
Brazil, 139; corn, 260; U.S
policy, 362
Ethics See Environmental ethics
Ethnobotany, 135
Ethyl alcohol See Ethanol
Ethylene, 925, 977, 1062
Ethylene dibromide, 144
Ethylene glycol, 926
Etta pegmatite, 266
European Union, 404-405; air
pollution, 25 See also Austria;
Belgium; Denmark; France;
Greece; Italy; Netherlands;
Norway; Poland; Portugal;
Spain; Sweden; Switzerland;
Turkey; Ukraine; United
Kingdom
Europium, 999
Eutrophication, 406, 425, 1311;
lakes, 666; phosphorus, 934
Evaporites, 406-407, 1070-1071;
borax, 131; bromine, 142;
potash, 970
Evolutionary ecology, 328-329
Exclusive economic zones,
407-408, 433, 650, 686, 855, 967,
1156, 1270, 1287
Exotic species See Biological
invasions; Invasive species
Exploration geology, 501
Explosions, mining, 764
Explosives, 823-824; dynamite,
320; nitrogen compounds,
821
Extensive management, 700
Extinctions, 105, 112, 348-349,
500, 523, 1141-1143
Extractive agriculture, 650
Extraterrestrial resources,
1132-1136
Extremophiles, 490
Extrusion, 1150
Extrusive deposits, 594-595
Exxon Valdez oil spill, 374, 408-409,
853, 882
Fabrics, 1211-1214 Factory system, 170 Falls, Albert, 292 Famines, 249, 316, 449-452; flood-related, 441; India, 603
Faraday, Michael, 173, 343, 522,
709, 712, 1040 Farm bureaus, 36-37
Farming See Agriculture;
Horticulture Farmland, 410-413; China, 197;
conflicts over, 1026;
degradation, 452; India, 602;
Netherlands, 812; Poland, 961;
slash-and-burn methods, 1092-1094; soils, 1102; Taiwan, 1197;
Ukraine, 1251 Fayalite, 883 Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act (1969), 154, 766 Federal Coal Mine Safety Act (1952), 766
Federal Coal Mine Safety and Health Amendments Act (1977), 766
Federal Crop Insurance Reform and Department of Agriculture Reorganization Act (1994), 289
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, 413-414 Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act (1972), 387, 574, 925
Federal Facilities Compliance Act (1992), 1017
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (1947),
574, 924 Federal Land Policy and Management Act (1976), 153,
672, 979-980, 1341 Federal Metal and Nonmetallic Mine Safety Act (1966), 766 Federal Mine Safety Board of Review, 154
Federal Power Act (1935), 413 Federal Power Commission, 413 Federal Water Pollution Control Act (1948), 211
Federal Water Power Act (1920),
413, 581 Federal Water Quality Act (1965), 211-212
Federalism and resource management, 414-417, 672 Fee ownership, 748
Feldspar, 3, 417-420, 917, 938, 1057; end-use statistics, 419; in granite, 532; Italy, 643;
Thailand, 1219; Turkey, 1249; world production, 418 Felsic minerals, 594, 699, 955 Feral animals, 42
Ferberite, 1244
FERC See Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission Fermentation, 1172 Fermi, Enrico, 420-421, 716, 830 Ferroalloys, 29, 421-423
Ferrochromium, 421 Ferromanganese, 421 Ferromolybdenum, 422 Ferronickel, 422 Ferrosilicon, 422, 1088 Ferrotitanium, 422
Ferrous alloys See Ferroalloys
Ferrovanadium, 422 Fertilizers, 18-19, 46, 164, 423-425,
544, 566; Brazil, 141; guano, 550-552; Haber-Bosch process, 556; nitrogen and ammonia, 818; phosphate, 931; potash, 971; soils, 1107; sulfuric acid, 1175
Fiberglass, 425-426 Fiberglass wool, 426 Fibers; animal, 1211; artificial, 1212; plants, 943-945; synthetic, 1212; textiles, 1211-1214; wood, 1357
FIFRA See Federal Insecticide,
Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act Finger Lakes, 665
Firedamp, 764 Firefighting, 455 Fires, 426-428; forest, 454-456; grasslands, 536; landfills, 679; mines, 764
Fischer, Franz, 225
Trang 6Fischer-Tropsch process, 225
Fish See Fishing and fisheries
Fish and Wildlife Coordination
Act (1934), 353
Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S.,
291, 354, 429-430, 1143, 1339
Fish farming, 437
Fish ladders, 582, 666; Sweden,
1189
Fishing and fisheries, 332,
430-438, 853; Argentina, 64;
Canada, 166; Chile, 196;
Denmark, 283; fish stocks,
1156-1157; government
regulation, 416; India, 600;
Italy, 644; Japan, 650; Law of
the Sea, 685-686, 1269-1271;
Norway, 829; Poland, 962;
Portugal, 967; Taiwan, 1201;
Thailand, 1219; thermal
pollution, 1221-1222; Ukraine,
1255; United States, 1283; U.S
catch totals, 434; water
pollution, 1314; world
producers, 854 See also Whales
and whaling
Fishmeal, 196
Fitch, John, 612
Flame retardants, 144
Flash floods, 442
Flax, 438-440, 909, 941, 944, 1211
Flexible fuel, 110
Flexible fuel vehicles, 403
Flint, 2
Flint corn, 260
Floodplains, 442, 1162;
development on, 675
Floods and flood control, 65,
441-446, 1164; China, 1223; dams,
270; irrigation, 636; landfills
and, 679; regulation, 333
Floriculture, 18
Flour corn, 260
Flow resources, 240
Flowers, 809
Fluidized bed incinerators, 599
Fluorescent imaging, 730
Fluorides, 447
Fluorite, 160, 446-447; end-use
statistics, 446
Fluorspar, 446-447; end-use statistics, 446
Foliation, 732, 737 Food and Agriculture Organization, U.N., 452, 1274-1275
Food chain, 431, 447-449, 973, 1142; mercury in, 726 Food crops, 576; diversity of, 491;
future prospects, 126; genetic diversity, 488; harvesting, 578;
high-yield, 542-544;
management, 21-22; from rain
forests, 992 See also Agriculture;
Fruit crops; Grains; Vegetable
crops; specific crops
Food preservation, 168-169;
aluminum cans, 30; freeze-drying, 471-472; tin cans, 1235 Food production, 126, 332 Food pyramid, 448
Food shortages, 449-452; statistics, 450
Food supply, 287-289 Food web, 447-449, 1142 Fool’s gold, 526, 629 Forage crops, 16 Forbes, Stephen Alfred, 448 Ford, Henry, 453, 613, 876 Foreman, David, 321 Forest fires, 428, 454-456 Forest management, 456-458,
1231, 1357; fires, 454;
reforestation, 1005-1007 Forest products, 1229 Forest protection, 457 Forest regulation, 458 Forest Service, U.S., 288, 458-461,
793, 937, 979, 1338-1339 Forestry, 378, 461-464; clear-cutting, 212-213; Gifford Pinchot, 937-938
Forestry Service, Canadian, 804 Forests, 332, 378, 464-466, 1021;
Austria, 93; biological invasions, 113; Brazil, 141;
Canada, 165; Chile, 195; China,
197, 199; deforestation, 277-282; degradation of, 1026;
Democratic Republic of the
Congo, 239; France, 470; Indonesia, 608; Japan, 652; Mexico, 744; multiple use, 785-787; Norway, 828; Poland, 962; Portugal, 967; Sweden, 1188; Switzerland, 1193; Taiwan,
1201 See also Timber industry;
Trees; Wood products Forging, 1150
Formaldehyde, 739 Forster, Johann R., 338, 883 Forsterite, 883
Fossil fuels, 333, 856, 1010, 1071,
1113, 1227, 1346; Brazil, 137; China, 201; climate change, 546; coal, 217-226; conflicts over, 1024; energy economics, 358-359; France, 469; gasoline, 480-482; peat, 913-916;
propane, 977-978;
unsustainability, 108; U.S policy, 392
Fourastié, Jean, 975 Fourdrinier machine, 905 Fourth Assessment Report (IPCC), 616
Fractional distillation, 73 Fracture of minerals, 758 Fragmentation, 93 France, 467-471; economic statistics, 468
Francis, James B., 581 Franklin, Benjamin, 147 Frasch, Herman, 1175 Frasch process, 960, 1054, 1175 Free trade, 303
Freeze-drying of food, 471-472 French Guiana, 469
Frenkel defect, 267 Freons, 977 Fresh water, 585 Freshwater ecosystems, 117 Freshwater lakes, 664 Freshwater wetlands, 1328 Friends of the Earth, 28, 391, 472 Fringing reefs, 257
Frishmuth, William, 33 Fritts, Charles, 934 Fructose, 1171 Fruit crops, 15; Spain, 1141
Trang 7Fuel cells, 345, 472-474, 739, 1172,
1240, 1242; lithium, 698;
research, 739
Fuels; ethanol, 400-403; wood and
charcoal, 1353-1355
Fuller, Calvin, 934
Fullerenes, 173, 177
Fuller’s earth, 209
Fulton, Robert, 612, 1239
Fumaroles, 517, 590
Fungicides, 923
Furans, 1120
Furrow irrigation, 636
Furs and fur trade, 76-77
Fused aluminum oxide, 3
Gabbro, 594; ophiolites, 888
Gadolin, Johan, 999
Gadolinium, 999
Gahnite, 898
Gaia hypothesis, 973
Galápagos Islands, 798
Galena, 691, 755
Gallium, 475-476; end-use statistics,
475; semiconductors, 1081
Galton, Francis, 42
Galvanizing, 1371
Gamble, John, 905
Gamma decay, 637
Gangue, 590
Gardening See Composting;
Horticulture
Garnet, 2, 476-477, 483, 485, 894;
end-use statistics, 477
Garnier, Jules, 815
Garnierite, 813
Garolim Bay, South Korea, 1228
Gas See Natural gas
Gases; inert or noble, 477-480
Gasification of coal, 224-226
Gasifiers, 225
Gasohol, 401
Gasoline, 480-482, 617, 928;
consumption, 618; Iran, 625;
lead additives, 688 See also
Alternative energy; Ethanol;
Fossil fuels; Natural gas; Oil;
Petroleum
Gasoline and other petroleum
fuels, 928
GATT See General Agreement on
Tariffs and Trade Gay-Lussac, Joseph-Louis, 133
GDP See Gross domestic product
Geese, 45 Gemstones, 482-487; Australia, 88;
biopyriboles, 117-119; Brazil, 141; corundum, 261; crystals, 267; diamond, 305-309, 1125;
feldspar, 417-420; garnet, 476-477; hardness, 771; metamict, 732; mineral, 483; olivine, 883-884; organic, 483; pegmatites, 916-917; quartz, 987-989;
silicates, 1085; synthetic, 485;
Thailand, 1219; world production, 484; zircon, 1374 Gene banks, 1185-1186
Gene chips, 124 Gene therapy, 128 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, 303
General Mining Act (1872), 672, 980
General Mining Law (1872), 487, 982
General Survey Act (1824), 65 Genetic diversity, 488-491, 1072
See also Biodiversity
Genetic ecology, 328 Genetic engineering, 719;
agriculture, 20; animals, 39-41;
drug development, 50; food crops, 135; plant breeding, 942 Genetic erosion, 491
Genetic prospecting, 490 Genetic resources, 332, 349,
490-494, 993, 1155-1156 Genetic testing, 647 Genetic variability, 941 Geneva Conferences, 685 Genome sequencing, 124 Geochemical cycles, 494-497, 973;
carbon cycle, 174-176;
hydrologic cycle, 585-588;
nitrogen cycle, 821-823;
phosphorus cycle, 932-934;
sulfur cycle, 1177 Geochemical surveys, 505 Geodes, 497-498
Geoffroy, Claude François, 130 Geographic information systems,
462, 498-500, 799 Geological processes and
formations See Category Index
Geological Survey of Canada, 803 Geology, 500-503
Geophysics, 1074 George, Susan, 451 Georgescu-Roegen, Nicholas, 171 Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite, 683 Geostationary satellites, 1132 Geothermal energy, 346, 503-510, 1012; geysers and hot springs, 516-518; world consumption,
508 See also Hydroenergy
Germanium, 510-511; end-use statistics, 511; gallium in, 475; semiconductors, 1081
Germany, 511-516; economic statistics, 512
Getty, J Paul, 516 Getty Oil company, 516 Geysers, 504, 516-518 Geysers, The, 506 Ghawar oil field, 871, 911 Gibbsite, 897
Gilbert, William, 712
GIS See Geographic information
systems Glaciation, 518-520; lakes, 664 Glaciers, 518-520, 587; role in sedimentation, 1069 Glass, 189, 520-522, 754; Belgium, 99; fiberglass, 425-426; perlite, 917; porcelain, 754; pumice, 984-985; Pyrex, 134, 520; recycling of, 1004; for solar heating, 1112
Glauber’s salt, 1116 Glen Canyon Dam, 582 Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network, 256-257
Global Crop Diversity Trust, 1186 Global ecology, 328
Global Environment Facility,
1264, 1272, 1361 Global positioning systems, 462,
498, 684, 1107, 1132
Trang 8Global ReLeaf, 1007
Global Strategy for Plant
Conservation, 523
Global 200, 524, 799
Global warming, 333, 347, 392,
531, 544-548, 974, 1010, 1227;
desertification, 1271; fires, 428;
United Nations, 1262-1266,
1275-1278; water resources,
1025 See also Climate change
Globalization, 1021
Glomar Challenger, 275
Glomar Explorer, 852
Glucose, 1171
Gneiss, 524-525, 737, 1163
Goiter, 451
Gold, 525-530, 754, 801, 1030,
1071; alloys, 29; Argentina, 62;
Australia, 85, 88; Brazil, 137;
Democratic Republic of the
Congo, 238; end-use statistics,
529; Greece, 541; Japan, 654;
leaching, 687; Mexico, 745;
mining, 886; Peru, 920; placer
deposits, 938; Russia, 1046;
South Africa, 1123; Taiwan,
1201; world production, 527;
Zimbabwe, 1366
Gold rushes, 85, 526, 938, 1030,
1047, 1124, 1286
Goodyear, Charles, 1039
Gore, Al, 243, 392, 530-531, 616,
802
Gorsuch, Anne, 394
Gossypium, 262-263
Gottlieb, Alan, 1350
Government and resource
management, 244, 414-417,
672, 1160
Government and resources See
Category Index
GPP See Gross primary
productivity
GPS See Global positioning
systems
Graben lakes, 665
Grace, W R., 1298
Grains, 15, 941; corn, 258-261;
France, 470; high-yield,
542-544; India, 603; perrenial, 668;
rice, 1030-1031; Ukraine, 1253;
wheat, 1334-1336 Grand Banks, 435 Grand Canyon, 972 Granite, 9, 313, 531-532, 595, 706, 752; Turkey, 1249
Granitic plutons, 955 Grapes; France, 470; Italy, 644;
Portugal, 968; Spain, 1140 Graphic granite, 532
Graphite, 172-174, 532-535, 735,
757, 801; Brazil, 141; end-use statistics, 534; South Korea, 1130; world production, 533 Grasses, 894
Grasslands, 116, 535-538; China, 199; fires, 427; overgrazing, 894; rangeland, 997-999; U.S., 459
Grate-type incinerators, 599 Gravel, 9-10, 1054-1057, 1200;
dredging of, 723; end-use statistics, 1056; mining, 1169;
Netherlands, 812; placer
deposits, 939; Taiwan, 1200 See also Sand
Gray water, 1004 Gray whales, 1331 Grazing, 894-896; rangeland, 997-999
Grazing Service, U.S., 1208 Great Barrier Reef, 257, 432 Great Depression (1930’s), 1035,
1208, 1210 Great Lakes, 664-665, 667 Great Plains Conservation Program, 806
Greece, 538-542; economic statistics, 539
Green Belt movement, 704-705 Green building, 149
Green building movement, 149 Green Revolution, 17, 542-544, 942; rice, 1030
Greenhouse effect, 22, 545, 974 Greenhouse gas emissions;
changes in, 24; U.S statistics, 546
Greenhouse gases, 216, 513,
544-548, 662-663, 936, 1032, 1242,
1258, 1263, 1276; abatement, 374; natural gas, 1045 Greenhouses, 506, 517, 1112 Greenockite, 157
Greenpeace, 391, 548, 1065 Gregor, William, 1237 Grignard reagents, 708, 711 Gross domestic product, 975 Gross primary productivity, 973 Grotius, Hugo, 685, 855 Groundwater, 81, 548-550, 585,
587, 1162, 1313, 1319; aquifers, 57-59; Austria, 94; dissolved minerals, 1069; mining wastes, 886; supplies, 620; water rights, 1316
Grove, Sir William Robert, 472 Groves, Leslie Richard, 716 Guano, 342, 550-552 Guatemala, 800 Guayule, 1037 Guggenheim family, 552-553 Guinea pigs, 45
Gulf Stream, 851 Gulf War (1990-1991), 892, 1024, 1159
Gunmetal, 145 Gunpowder, 1175 Gutenberg, Johann, 905 Gypsum, 160-161, 184, 186, 407, 553-555, 752, 1175-1176; Indonesia, 610; Thailand, 1219; world production, 554
Gypsy moth, 113 Gyres, 851 Haber, Fritz, 556, 723, 820 Haber-Bosch process, 556, 583, 818
Habitat conservation plans, 354 Habitat/species area, 797 Haeckel, Ernst, 328 Hahn, Otto, 830, 1284 Halides, 761
Halite, 406, 1050; United Kingdom, 1261 Hall, Charles Martin, 33, 557-558 Hall-Héroult process, 558, 1149 Halogens, 143
Hancock, Thomas, 1036
Trang 9Hanford, Washington, 717, 839
Hard abrasives, 1
Hardin, Garrett, 434
Hardness See Mohs hardness scale
Hardness of minerals, 757,
771-772
Hardrock Mining and
Reclamation bill, 981
Hardwoods, 464, 1356
Hargreaves, James, 612
Harkin, J B., 795
Harsten, D L G., 534
Harvesting, 578
Hatch, Orrin, 1049
Hatchett, Charles, 817
Haüy, René-Just, 268
Hawleyite, 157
Hazardous and Solid Waste
Amendments (1984), 1017
Hazardous wastes, 397, 1003,
1032, 1306; cleanup,
1177-1182; disposal, 502, 558-563,
836; incineration, 598; nuclear,
838-842; water contamination,
1314
Hazards of resource exploitation,
1031-1033
Health See Human health
Hearth-type incinerators, 599
Heat cogeneration, 232
Heat energy, 503-510, 718;
storage, 370
Heat pumps, 358; geothermal,
509
Heating; solar, 1109, 1113
Heating oils, 482, 928
Heavy metals, 1311
Hébert, Louis, 571
Helium, 80, 568-570; end-use
statistics, 569
Hematite, 629, 897
Hemp, 440, 570-572, 909, 941,
944-945, 1211
Henry, Joseph, 343, 712
Herbicides, 573-575, 578, 923
Herbivores, 894, 998
Herbs See Medicinal plants
Herkimer diamonds, 988
Hermann, C H., 268
Héroult, Paul, 33, 557, 1149
Hess, Henry, 1066 Hessel, Johann, 268 Hetch Hetchy valley, 793 High-temperature alloys, 633 Hildebrand, William, 569 Hill, James Jerome, 575-576, 1330 Himalayas, 778
Hippopotamuses, 645-646 Historic sites, 56-57 Historical events and movements
See Category Index
Hitchcock, Ethan, 1001 Hittites, 29
Hjelm, Peter Jacob, 774 Holmium, 999
Homestead Act (1862), 296, 972 Homesteading, 1208
Honeybees, 45 Hoover Dam, 582, 666 Hope diamond, 309, 486 Hormones, 128
Hornblende, 118 Horse Hollow Wind Energy Center, 1347
Horses, 47; domestication, 45 Horticulture, 18, 576-579;
composting, 233-235 Hot springs, 504, 516-518; health value, 518
Household waste, 598 Howard, Sir Albert, 233 Huang River, 1165; floods, 443 Hubbert, Marion King, 360, 911 Hubbert’s peak, 360
Hubble Space Telescope, 1134 Huebnerite, 1244
Hugoton gas field, 871 Human growth hormone, 128 Human health, 563-568; acid precipitation, 4; air pollution, 22-26; animals, 50-52;
biotechnology, 128;
Environmental Protection Agency, 396; hazardous waste, 558-563; invasive species, 114;
lead, 690; mining safety, 763-767; radioactive elements, 1283; water pollution,
1312-1315; weather, 82 See also
Medicine
Human population growth See
Population growth Humboldt, Alexander von, 338, 550
Humus, 1100 Hunger, 449-452; future prospects, 126; statistics, 450 Hunter, M A., 1237
Hunting, 247, 1342; U.S
regulations, 672 Huntite; Greece, 541 Huntsman, Benjamin, 1148 Hurricanes, 94, 214, 343, 442-443,
1204, 1322
Husbandry See Animal husbandry
Huygens, Christiaan, 617 Hybrid vehicles, 1242 Hybrids, 942
Hydraulic conductivity of aquifers, 59
Hydraulic lime, 753 Hydrocarbons, 325, 481, 625, 858,
864, 867, 977 Hydrochloric acid, 760 Hydrodesulfurization, 930 Hydroelectric dams, 1011
Hydroelectric power See
Hydroenergy
Hydroelectricity See Hydroenergy
Hydroenergy, 150, 187, 272, 368, 579-583, 778, 825, 1251;
Argentina, 63; Austria, 94; Brazil, 139; Canada, 164; dams,
270, 272; electricity from, 345; France, 469; Germany, 515; India, 600; Norway, 828;
Poland, 962; Russia, 1046; Sweden, 1188; Switzerland, 1191; Taiwan, 1200; Tennessee Valley Authority, 1210-1211; Ukraine, 1255; Venezuela,
1294 See also Geothermal
energy Hydroenergy plants, 272, 581 Hydrofluoric acid, 446 Hydrofoils, 1239 Hydrogen, 583-585; fuel cells, 473; fuel from, 109, 111, 375
Hydrogen bomb, 83, 957 Hydrogen peroxide, 132
Trang 10Hydrologic cycle, 81, 120, 333,
585-588, 850, 1162, 1308;
forests, 465; groundwater, 549
Hydrology, 81, 585-588
Hydrolysis, 1100
Hydroponics, 588-590, 1299
Hydropower See Hydroenergy
Hydrothermal energy, 503-510,
517
Hydrothermal solutions, 590-591,
595, 950
Hydrothermal veins, 955, 1232,
1302, 1371
Hydrothermal vents, 724-725, 852,
1300
Hydroxides, 760
Hydroxyapatite, 933
Hyperbaric chambers, 899
Hypothermal deposits, 591
IAEA See International Atomic
Energy Agency
IAIA See International Association
for Impact Assessment
Ice caps, 587
Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation
Satellite, 683
Ice for food preservation, 169
Iceland, 503-504, 516
Iceland Deep Drilling Project,
276
Ickes, Harold, 592
Idrija, Slovenia, 643
Igneous rock, 592-597; magma,
706-708
Iijima, Sumio, 177
Illinois Central Railroad v Illinois
(1892), 983
Ilmenite, 897, 1236; India, 604
IMF See International Monetary
Fund
Immiscible segregations, 596
Immunotoxins, 566
Incineration of waste, 560,
597-600, 1120
Inconvenient Truth, An (Gore),
393, 531
India, 600-605; air pollution, 25;
economic statistics, 601;
economy, 975; farmland, 411
Indium, 605-606; end-use statistics, 606
Individualism, 382 Indonesia, 606-610; economic statistics, 607; rubber, 1039 Industrial minerals, 207 Industrial Revolution, 610-615;
agriculture, 17; alloys, 1235;
capitalism, 170; coal, 220, 362, 1112; glass technology, 522;
lead, 690; mechanization, 449;
railroads, 1154-1155; steam engines, 1146; textile production, 1211 Industrialization, 610-615 Inert gases, 477-480 Infant mortality, 451 Infantile marasmus, 451 Infinite substitutability law, 171 Inosilicates, 117, 762
Insecticides, 923 Insects, 45 Insulation, 146 Insulin, 50, 128 Integrated circuits, 189 Integrated Ocean Drilling Program, 615
Intensive management, 700 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 393, 615-617,
1028, 1263 Internal combustion engines, 480,
613, 617-619, 911, 1241; acid precipitation, 3; ethanol in, 402; gasoline, 480-482 International Association for Impact Assessment, 619-620 International Atomic Energy Agency, 190, 620
International Conservation of Biodiversity Groups, 493 International Council for Science, 902
International Geophysical Year (1957-1958), 52
International Monetary Fund,
303, 1263 International Polar Year (2007-2008), 902
International Space Station, 1134
International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor project, 834
International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (2004), 1186 International Union for
Conservation of Nature, 7, 243,
348, 621, 796, 1266, 1362 International Whaling Commission, 377, 1332 Internet, 1242; paper production, 908
Intertidal zone, 117 Intrusions, 706; layered, 707
Intrusive formations See Plutonic
rocks Invasive species, 112-114, 248 Iodine, 621-623; Chile, 192; end-use statistics, 622
Iodized salt, 621 Ion exchange, 295
IPCC See Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change Iran, 623-628, 890; economic statistics, 624; U.S relations, 365
Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988), 364, 873
Iraq, 890, 1024; mercury poisonings, 726; U.S invasion, 366
Ireland See United Kingdom
Iridium, 951-954 Iron; end-use statistics, 633; world production, 629
Iron Age, 29 Iron and iron ore, 596, 628-634,
755, 1071, 1135; Australia, 88; Brazil, 137; dietary, 730;
ferroalloys, 421-423; France, 467; Germany, 515; India, 604; Indonesia, 610; Iran, 627; Kazakhstan, 660; magnetic properties, 712; Peru, 922; Poland, 961; residual deposits, 1014; Russia, 1047; smelting, 1095; South Africa, 1126; Spain, 1138; steel manufacture, 1147-1150; Sweden, 1189;