Chemical weathering: The chemical decomposition of solid rock by processes that change its original materials into new forms that are chemically stable at or near the Earth’s surface.. C
Trang 1isms to remove toxins from bodies of water or act as
pesticides
Bitumen: A generic term for a variety of solid or
semisolid hydrocarbons; tar, asphalt, and
petro-leum are classified as bitumens
Black lung disease:A pneumoconiosis, or disease of
the respiratory system, brought on by long-term
in-halation of coal dust
Brine:Water with a higher content of dissolved salts
than is normally found in seawater
Carbonate mineral:A mineral compound, such as
cal-cite or aragonite, whose fundamental structure
in-cludes the CO3−2anion
Cation:An atom, group of atoms, or molecule that
has lost electrons to become a positively charged
ion See also Anion.
Ceramics: Hard, brittle materials created by firing
(baking) nonmetallic minerals such as silicates and
clays at high temperatures
Chemical weathering: The chemical decomposition
of solid rock by processes that change its original
materials into new forms that are chemically stable
at or near the Earth’s surface See also Mechanical
weathering; Weathering
Clay:A term with three meanings: a particle size (less
than 2 microns); a mineral type (kaolin, smectite,
illite); and a fine-grained soil or soft rock that is
puttylike when damp
Cleavage: The tendency for minerals to break in
smooth, flat planes along zones of weaker bonds in
their crystal structure; planar structure in a rock
that imparts a preferred direction of fracturing
Climate: A region’s characteristic meteorological
conditions, particularly temperature and
precipi-tation, averaged over a significant period of time
See also Weather.
Coal:Dark brown to black carbonaceous rock formed
by heat and compression from the accumulation of
plant material in swampy environments; readily
combustible, it is used as a fuel
Coal gasification: Conversion of coal to a gaseous
product by one of several available technologies
Compost:The relatively stable humus material that is
produced from a composting process in which
bac-teria in soil mixed with garbage and degradable
trash break down the mixture into organic fertilizer
Conservation:The perpetuation through sustainable
use of renewable resources and the development
and wise utilization of nonrenewable resources
Consumption: In terms of energy economics, the amount of energy, derived from various sources, used by the general populace
Crust: The outermost layer of the Earth; the conti-nental crust, composed of dominantly silicon-rich igneous rocks, metamorphic rocks, and sedimen-tary rocks, is between 35 and 60 kilometers thick, while the oceanic crust, composed of magnesium-and iron-rich rocks such as basalt, is 5 to 10 kilome-ters thick
Crystal:A solid with an internally ordered, regularly repeating arrangement of component atoms
Crystal structure:The regular arrangement of atoms
in a crystalline solid
Crystallization:The formation and growth of a crys-talline solid from a liquid or gas
Daughter product: An isotope that results from the decay of a radioactive parent isotope
Deforestation:A process by which forest or trees are cleared away from an area
Delta:A nearly flat deposit of sediment, often triangu-lar, formed at a river mouth where the wave action
of the sea is low
Demonstrated resources:According to the U.S Geo-logical Survey, “A term for the sum of measured
plus indicated” resources See also Identified
re-sources; Indicated resource; Measured resource
Density:The mass per unit volume of a solid, liquid,
or gas
Depletion allowance:According to the U.S Geologi-cal Survey, “a business tax deduction analogous to depreciation, but applies to an ore reserve rather than equipment or production facilities Federal tax law allows this deduction from taxable corpo-rate income, recognizing that an ore deposit is a depletable asset that must eventually be replaced.”
Deposition:The physical or chemical process by which sedimentary grains come to rest after being eroded and transported, or by which mineral matter is pre-cipitated from solution
Desalination:The process of removing salt and miner-als from seawater or from saline water occurring in aquifers in order to render it fit for agriculture or other human use
Desert:A region that has a mean annual precipitation
of 10 inches or less A desert supports little or no vegetation
Desertification: A process by which deserts are cre-ated, expanded, or changed by the clearing away of
Trang 2peripheral forestry or brush, thus allowing the
desert to occupy new spaces
Diatomaceous earth: A soft, light-colored, siliceous
sedimentary rock composed chiefly of the siliceous
cell walls of diatoms, microscopic single-celled
aquatic plants similar to algae
Ductility:The ability of a solid to change shape
with-out breaking when subjected to stress
Ecology:The science dealing with the relationship
be-tween organisms and their environments
Ecosystem:An ecological system composed of
organ-isms and their environment
Element:A irreducible substance that cannot be
bro-ken down into other substances except by
radioac-tive decay
Era:A large division of geologic time, composed of
more than one geologic period
Erosion:The removal of weathered rock and mineral
fragments and grains from an area by the action of
wind, ice, gravity, or running water
Eutrophication:The process by which mineral and
or-ganic nutrients present in a body of water increase,
leading to an overproduction of aquatic plants
such as algae and a reduction of animal life
Evaporite:A mineral that has precipitated upon the
evaporation of seawater or lake water; a rock
largely composed of evaporite minerals
Ex situ: Latin for “out of place”; said of a rock, soil,
fos-sil, or other material that is no longer in its original
position See also In situ.
Fault:A fracture or system of fractures across which
relative movement of rock bodies has occurred
Floodplain: The relatively flat valley floor on either
side of a river which may be partly or wholly
occu-pied by water during a flood
Flux:A material that reduces the melting point of an
ore, a mixture of metals, or other substances
Food chain:A hierarchical arrangement of the
organ-isms of an ecological community according to the
order of predation, in which each uses the next,
usually lower, member of the scale as a food source
Fossil fuel:A general term used to refer to petroleum,
natural gas, and coal
Fresh water:Water with less than 0.2 percent dissolved
salts, such as is found in most streams, rivers, and
lakes
Fuel: A material that is burned or otherwise
con-sumed to produce energy
Galvanizing:The process of coating iron or steel with zinc to prevent rust
Gem: A precious or semiprecious stone, especially when cut or polished for ornamental purposes
Geochemical cycle:The path by which Earth mate-rials as erosional products of rock are deposited and reformed into rock; also called the rock cycle
Geode:A small, hollow, generally spherical body of rock with inward-projecting crystals lining the in-side wall
Geology:The study of the planet Earth—its history, its structure, and its processes
Geothermal:Pertaining to the Earth’s internal heat
Germ plasm:Hereditary material, genes; cells whose principal function is reproduction; the jellylike liv-ing matter outside the nucleus of such a cell
Geyser:A type of hot spring that periodically erupts
Glacier:An accumulation of ice that flows viscously as
a result of its own weight; a glacier forms when snowfall accumulates and recrystallizes into a gran-ular snow, which becomes compacted and con-verted into solid, interlocking glacial ice
Glass:A solid without a periodic ordering of atoms; natural glasses frequently form when molten mate-rial is rapidly cooled
Global warming:A gradual, ongoing, planet-wide in-crease in temperature, such as that induced by a buildup of greenhouse gases in the Earth’s atmo-sphere
Gneiss:A coarse-grained metamorphic rock that shows compositional banding and parallel alignment of minerals
Granite:A light-colored igneous rock made up mainly
of three minerals—two feldspars and quartz—with varying amounts of darker minerals
Grassland:One of Earth’s major biomes, containing the planet’s richest soils, which are intensely farmed and grazed
Greenhouse gases:Gases, such as carbon dioxide and water vapor, that hold the heat that enters a planet’s atmosphere as solar radiation; these gases create
a warming effect similar to that inside a green-house
Groundwater:Water that is located beneath the sur-face of the Earth in interconnected pores
Guano:A phosphate or nitrate deposit formed by the leaching of bird or bat excrement; used as a fertil-izer
Trang 3Half-life:The time that it takes for half the atoms in a
radioactive sample to decay; each radioactive
mate-rial has a different value
Hardness:Resistance to abrasion or surface
deforma-tion; the relative hardness of various minerals is
of-ten judged by the Mohs hardness scale
Hectare:A metric unit of area equal to 10,000 square
meters (2.471 acres)
Herbicide:A class of pesticide used to kill or inhibit
the growth of unwanted vegetation
Horticulture:A form of commercial agriculture
en-tailing cultivation of plants in gardens or orchards
to produce food for one’s own consumption or for
sale
Hydrocarbons: Chemicals composed chiefly of the
elements hydrogen and carbon; the term is often
applied to petroleum, natural gas, and their
by-products
Hydroelectric power:Electricity generated by moving
water in turbines
Hydrologic cycle:The constant circulation of water as
a liquid and vapor from the oceans to the
atmo-sphere, across the land, and back to the oceans
Hydrology: The science and study of the Earth’s
water—its properties, its effects, its distribution,
and its circulation; the term is also often used in the
more restricted sense of flow in channels
Hydrosphere: The waters of the Earth, including
rivers, lakes, oceans, groundwater, snow, ice,
gla-ciers, and water vapor
Hydrothermal:Related to hot water, particularly
in-volving the production or dissolution of minerals
Identified resources:According to the U.S
Geologi-cal Survey, “resources whose location, grade,
qual-ity, and quantity are known or estimated from
specific geologic evidence [including] economic,
marginally economic, and subeconomic
compo-nents To reflect varying degrees of geologic
cer-tainty, these economic divisions can be subdivided
into measured, indicated, and inferred.”
Igneous:A type of rock or mineral that forms by the
solidification of molten material
In situ:Latin for “in place”; said of a rock, soil, fossil,
or other material that is in its original position See
also Ex situ.
Indicated resource:According to the U.S Geological
Survey, an identified resource whose “quantity and
grade and(or) quality are computed from
informa-tion similar to that used for measured resources,
but the sites for inspection, sampling, and mea-surement are farther apart or are otherwise less adequately spaced The degree of assurance, al-though lower than that for measured resources, is high enough to assume continuity between points
of observation.”
Inert gas:A gas that displays no chemical activity
Inferred resource:According to the U.S Geological Survey, an identified resource whose “estimates are based on an assumed continuity beyond measured and(or) indicated resources, for which there is geologic evidence Inferred resources may or may not be supported by samples or measurements.”
Insecticide: A pesticidal agent used to kill or other-wise control insects that are harmful to humans or crops
Intrusive rocks:Igneous rocks formed from magmas that have cooled and crystallized underground, within preexisting rock
Ion:An atom, a group of atoms, or a molecule that has
lost or gained one or more electrons See also
An-ion; Cation
Isotope: A species of an element having the same number of protons but a different number of neu-trons, therefore having a different atomic weight
Laterite:A deep red soil, rich in iron and aluminum oxides, formed by intense chemical weathering in
a humid tropical climate
Lava:The fluid rock issued from a volcano or fissure and the solidified rock it forms when it cools
Leaching:The process of dissolving a material from rock or soil
Limestone:A common sedimentary rock containing the mineral calcite; the calcite originated from fos-sil shells of marine plants and animals or by precipi-tation directly from seawater
Lithosphere:The outer shell of the Earth, including both the crust and the upper mantle, which be-haves rigidly over time periods of thousands to mil-lions of years
Magma:Molten silicate liquid plus any crystals, rock inclusions, or gases trapped therein
Malleability:The ability to be shaped or formed
Mantle: The portion of the Earth’s interior that ex-tends from about 60 kilometers to 2,900 kilometers
in depth; it is composed of relatively high-density minerals that consist primarily of silicates
Marine vents:Openings on the deep seafloor through
Trang 4which superheated water and dissolved minerals
from deep inside the Earth are emitted; also called
“smokers” because of the dark, smokelike
appear-ance of the emitted mineral-laden fluid
Measured resource:According to the U.S Geological
Survey, an identified resource whose “quantity is
computed from dimensions revealed in outcrops,
trenches, workings, or drill holes; grade and(or)
quality are computed from the results of detailed
sampling The sites for inspection, sampling, and
measurements are spaced so closely and the
geo-logic character is so well defined that size, shape,
depth, and mineral content of the resource are
well established.”
Mechanical weathering: The disintegration of solid
rock by physical processes such as frost action,
ab-sorption of water, and salt-crystal growth; also called
physical weathering See also Chemical weathering;
Weathering
Metalloid:A nonmetallic element having some of the
chemical properties of a metal; examples include
arsenic, antimony, boron, germanium, selenium,
and tellurium
Metallurgy:The science or procedures of extracting
metals from their ores and preparing them for use
Metamictization: The process by which the original
crystal structure of certain rare minerals breaks
down as a consequence of the decay of radioactive
elements
Metamorphic:A type of rock formed when an existing
rock undergoes changes in mineralogy, chemistry,
or structure resulting from changes in
tempera-ture, pressure, or chemical environment at depth
within the Earth
Mineral: A naturally occurring inorganic crystalline
substance with a restricted chemical composition
Mining wastes:Soil and rock removed in the process
of extracting and processing minerals; spoil and
tailings
Miscible:Capable of being mixed
Mohs hardness scale:A hierarchy of ten minerals
ar-ranged and numbered in order of increasing
hard-ness, with talc (1) as the softest mineral known and
diamond (10) as the hardest
Monoculture:In agriculture or forestry, the cultivation
or growth of a single-species crop
Multiple use:Use of land for more than one purpose;
for example, grazing of livestock, watershed and
wildlife protection, recreation, and timber
produc-tion
Native element:An element that occurs naturally un-combined with other elements in a nongaseous state
Natural gas:A flammable vapor found in sedimentary rocks, commonly associated with petroleum; also known simply as gas or methane
Natural resource: A naturally occurring substance that is useful to humans and that is found in such a
form that it can be extracted economically See also
Resource
Nitrogen fixation:The process by which certain soil bacteria and algae convert inorganic nitrogen com-pounds into organic comcom-pounds that plants can assimilate; the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen
to nitrogen-containing compounds by natural or industrial processes
Noble gas:An inert gas (a gas that displays no chemi-cal activity)
Nonrenewable resource: An Earth resource that is fixed in quantity and will not be renewed within a human lifetime
Nuclear energy: Energy produced from a naturally occurring isotope of uranium In the process of nuclear fission, the unstable uranium isotope ab-sorbs a neutron and splits to form tin and molyb-denum This releases more neurons, so a chain reaction proceeds, releasing vast amounts of heat energy
Oceanography:The study of the oceans—their struc-ture, their chemistry, their biology, and their phe-nomena
Oil: Greasy substance that remains liquid at room temperature and is insoluble in water Oils can be obtained from plants and seeds or from the bodies
of animals, but the most economically important oil today is mineral oil or petroleum, sometimes called crude oil This is a product created millions
of years ago from the bodies of marine organisms that were incorporated into layers of sedimentary rocks The petroleum migrated through perme-able rocks to form series of reservoirs that consti-tute an oil field
Oil shale:A fine-grained, sedimentary rock rich in oil, gas, and solid tarlike substances
Open-pit mining: Surface mining in which overbur-den is removed to expose valuable rock
Ophiolite:An assemblage of metamorphosed basaltic and ultramafic igneous rocks intimately associated with unmetamorphosed marine sediment
Trang 5Ore: Any concentration of economically valuable
minerals
Original resource:According to the U.S Geological
Survey, “the amount of a resource before
produc-tion.”
Overburden:The material overlying an ore body
Overgrazing:The practice of allowing animals to graze
excessively so that the grazing has a negative
ef-fect on an area’s vegetation, rendering the land
un-sustainable
Oxidation:A very common chemical reaction in which
elements are combined with oxygen; examples
in-clude the burning of petroleum, wood, and coal;
the rusting of metallic iron; and the metabolic
res-piration of organisms
Oxide:A mineral compound in which oxygen is linked
with one or more elements
Ozone:A gas containing three atoms of oxygen; ozone
is highly concentrated in a zone of the upper
atmo-sphere
Peak oil:The point at which oil availability and
pro-duction reaches its zenith, before the Earth’s oil
re-sources begin an irreversible decline
Pegmatite: A very coarse-grained igneous rock that
forms late in the crystallization of a magma; its
overall composition is usually granitic, but it is also
enriched in many rare elements and gem minerals
Pesticide:An agent used to kill or otherwise control
organisms that are harmful to humans or crops
Petroleum:A naturally occurring, diverse mixture of
mostly liquid hydrocarbons, obtained from oil wells;
also called crude oil See also Oil.
Photovoltaics: Devices and technologies that
trans-form sunlight into electricity
Placer deposit:A mass of sand, gravel, or soil resulting
from the weathering of mineralized rocks that
con-tains grains of gold, tin, platinum, or other
valu-able minerals derived from the original rock
Plate tectonics:The widely accepted theory that the
outer surface of the Earth consists of large moving
plates that interact to produce seismic, volcanic,
and mountain-building activity; the movement of
tectonic plates
Playa:A nearly level area at the lowest part of an
un-drained desert basin, sometimes temporarily
cov-ered with water
Pluton:A generic term for an igneous body that
solidi-fies well below the Earth’s surface; plutonic rocks
are coarse-grained because they cool slowly
Porphyry:An igneous rock in which large crystals are embedded in a fine-grained crystalline base
Preservation: The act of keeping a natural area, as nearly as possible, pristine, unaltered, and uncon-taminated by human influence
Pumice:A porous, glassy rock that is a common con-stituent of silica-rich explosive volcanic eruptions
Quarry: An open-pit mine from which stone is ob-tained
Radioactivity:The spontaneous emission from unsta-ble atomic nuclei of alpha particles (helium nu-clei), beta particles (electrons), and gamma rays (electromagnetic radiation)
Rare earth element:Any of the metallic elements hav-ing atomic number 57 through 71
Reclamation:In mining, the array of human efforts— mainly slope reshaping, revegetation, and erosion control—meant to improve adverse conditions pro-duced by mining operations
Remote sensing: The collection and interpretation
of information about an object without physical contact with the object; for example, satellite imag-ing, aerial photography, and open path measure-ments
Renewable resource: A resource that can be repro-duced, such as a crop, or that renews itself, such as
tidal or solar energy See also Biofuels, Photovoltaics.
Reserve base:According to the U.S Geological Sur-vey, “ That part of an identified resource that meets specified minimum physical and chemical criteria related to current mining and production prac-tices, including those for grade, quality, thickness, and depth The reserve base is the in-place demon-strated (measured plus indicated) resource from which reserves are estimated [and] includes those resources that are currently economic (reserves), marginally economic (marginal reserves), and some of those that are currently subeconomic
(subeconomic resources).” See also Demonstrated
resources
Reserves:Surplus materials stored for possible future use
Reservoir:A body of porous and permeable rock; pe-troleum reservoirs contain pools of crude oil or natural gas
Residual mineral deposit:A mineral deposit formed
by residual concentration, a process whereby chemical weathering removes undesired
Trang 6constitu-ents from rock to leave behind a concentration of
valuable minerals
Resource:According to the U.S Geological Survey, “a
concentration of naturally occurring solid, liquid,
or gaseous material in or on the Earth’s crust in
such form and amount that economic extraction
of a commodity from the concentration is
cur-rently or potentially feasible.”
Riprap: Large fragments of broken rock, used most
frequently to prevent or minimize erosion by waves
or currents
Rock: A naturally occurring consolidated material
consisting of one or more minerals
Salt dome: A naturally formed underground
struc-ture in the shape of a circular plug, resulting from
the upward movement of salt
Salt water: Water with a salt content of 3.5 percent,
such as is found in normal ocean water
Saturated zone:The zone beneath the land surface
where all the pores in the soil or rock are filled with
water rather than with air
Seafloor spreading:The action in which new ocean
floor is created at, and moves away from,
mid-oceanic ridges
Secondary enrichment:An ore-deposition process in
which an ore mineral is dissolved, carried
down-ward in solution, and redeposited to form an
en-riched zone
Sediment:Solid matter, either organic or inorganic in
origin, that settles on a surface; sediment may be
transported by wind, water, or glaciers
Sedimentary:A type of rock resulting from the
consol-idation of loose sediment that has accumulated in
flat-lying layers on the Earth’s surface
Semimetal:A metalloid
Silicate:A compound having a crystal structure that
contains SiO4tetrahedra
Silicosis:A fibrous lung disease caused by inhaling
sil-ica dust
Silviculture:Management of forestland for timber
Sintering: A bonding of individual particles into a
continuous solid phase through heating and
subse-quent cooling; this process may involve some
de-gree of melting
Slurry:A fluid mixture of a liquid (usually water) and
a finely divided material (such as cement or plaster
of paris)
Smelting:A metallurgical process in which an ore is
melted to extract the metal it contains
Spoil:In mining, the waste rock that does not contain economically significant concentrations of an ore
Stone: Rock used in construction, either crushed (sometimes called aggregate) or cut into shaped blocks (sometimes called dimension stone)
Strategic resource:A material that is vital to a nation’s military and/or economic security, particularly one that must be obtained largely or entirely from for-eign sources because of insufficient domestic sup-plies
Stratum (pl strata):A layer of sedimentary rock
Strip mining:Open-pit mining; the term is usually ap-plied specifically to surface-mining operations for obtaining coal
Sublimate:A solid crystalline material that is depos-ited directly from the vapor state
Sublimation:The conversion of a solid directly to the vapor form, without its becoming a liquid
Surface water:Water that flows across or collects upon the surface of the Earth, including streams, rivers, lakes, and oceans
Sustainability:In an ecological sense, the ability of a biome to remain productive and to maintain spe-cies diversity over time
Tailings: The portions of washed or milled ore that have been separated from material of value and are too poor to merit further processing
Tectonics:The study of the processes that formed the structural features of the Earth’s crust; it usually addresses the creation and movement of immense
crustal plates (plate tectonics) See also Plate
tec-tonics
Topsoil: The organically rich, fertile upper layer of soil that can support plant life
Trace element:A nonessential element found in small quantities in a mineral; also, a physiologically es-sential element that occurs in minute quantities in plant and animal tissue
Trap: A structure in rocks that allows petroleum or natural gas to accumulate rather than flow through the area
Ultramafic rocks: Dense, dark-colored, iron- and magnesium-rich silicate rocks composed primarily
of the minerals olivine and pyroxene
Uncommitted inventory:According to the U.S Geo-logical Survey, “the quantity of mineral materials held in the [United States’] National Defense Stock-pile.”
Trang 7Vein:A mineral deposit that fills a fault or other
frac-ture
Volcanic rock:Fine-grained igneous rock formed at or
near the surface of the Earth
Water table:The upper level of the saturated zone; at
and below this depth, the pores in the soil and rock
are saturated with water
Weather:Atmospheric conditions, including
temper-ature, barometric pressure, humidity, and wind
ve-locity, at a given place and time See also Climate.
Weathering:The mechanical disintegration and
chem-ical decomposition of rocks and sediments See also
Chemical weathering; Mechanical weathering
Wetland:An area that is saturated by surface or ground-water with vegetation adapted for life under those soil conditions, as swamps, bogs, fens, marshes, and estuaries
Trang 8This select bibliography is divided into fourteen sections, arranged alphabetically: Conservation and Environmental Man-agement; Ecological Regions and Issues; Energy Resources; Environmental Engineering; Geological Processes and Formations; Global Climate Change; Government Resources; Mineral and Chemical Resources; Plant and Animal Resources; Pollution and Waste Management; Social, Economic, and Political Issues; Soil and Agricultural Resources; Technology and Industry; and Water Resources and Hydrology.
Conservation and Environmental
Management
Armstrong, Susan J., and Richard G Botzler, eds
En-vironmental Ethics: Divergence and Convergence 3d ed.
Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2003
Botkin, Daniel B., and Edward A Keller
Environmen-tal Science: Earth as a Living Planet 7th ed New York:
John Wiley & Sons, 2009
Carroll, Scott P., and Charles W Fox, eds Conservation
Biology: Evolution in Action New York: Oxford
Uni-versity Press, 2008
Chiras, Daniel D., and John P Reganold Natural
Re-source Conservation: Management for a Sustainable
Fu-ture 10th ed Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson
Prentice Hall, 2009
Dodds, Walter K Humanity’s Footprint: Momentum,
Im-pact, and Our Global Environment New York:
Colum-bia University Press, 2008
Ehrenfeld, David Becoming Good Ancestors: How We
Bal-ance Nature, Community, and Technology New York:
Oxford University Press, 2009
Farnham, Timothy J Saving Nature’s Legacy: Origins of
the Idea of Biological Diversity New Haven, Conn.:
Yale University Press, 2007
Freyfogle, Eric T Why Conservation Is Failing and How It
Can Regain Ground New Haven, Conn.: Yale
Uni-versity Press, 2006
Hadley, Malcolm, et al Biosphere Reserves: Special Places
for People and Nature Paris: UNESCO, 2002.
Harper, Charles L Environment and Society: Human
Per-spectives on Environmental Issues 4th ed Upper
Sad-dle River, N.J.: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2008
Hobbs, Richard J., and Katharine N Suding, eds New
Models for Ecosystem Dynamics and Restoration
Wash-ington, D.C.: Island Press, 2009
Hunter, Malcolm L., Jr., and James P Gibbs
Funda-mentals of Conservation Biology 3d ed Malden, Mass.:
Blackwell, 2007
Jacobson, Michael C., et al Earth System Science: From
Biogeochemical Cycles to Global Change 2d ed San
Diego, Calif.: Academic Press, 2000
Jeffries, Michael J Biodiversity and Conservation 2d ed.
New York: Routledge, 2006
Knight, Richard L., and Courtney White, eds
Conserva-tion for a New GeneraConserva-tion: Redefining Natural Resources Management Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 2009.
Ladle, Richard J., ed Biodiversity and Conservation:
Critical Concepts in the Environment 5 vols New York:
Routledge, 2009
Loeffe, Christian V., ed Conservation and Recycling of
Resources: New Research New York: Nova Science,
2006
Louka, Elli Biodiversity and Human Rights: The
Interna-tional Rules for the Protection of Biodiversity Ardsley,
N.Y.: Transnational, 2002
MacDonald, Glen Michael Biogeography: Space, Time,
and Life New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2003.
Maclaurin, James, and Kim Sterelny What Is
Biodiver-sity? Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008.
Miller, G Tyler, Jr Living in the Environment: Principles,
Connections, and Solutions 15th ed Pacific Grove,
Calif.: Brooks/Cole, 2007
Minteer, Ben A., ed Nature in Common?
tal Ethics and the Contested Foundations of Environmen-tal Policy Philadelphia: Temple University Press,
2009
Morin, Peter Jay Community Ecology 2d ed Oxford,
Oxfordshire, England: Blackwell, 2008
Peacock, Kathy Wilson Natural Resources and
Sustain-able Development New York: Facts On File, 2008.
Pickett, Steward T A., Jurek Kolas, and Clive G Jones
Ecological Understanding: The Nature of Theory and the Theory of Nature 2d ed Boston: Academic Press,
2007
Portney, Paul R., and Robert N Stavins, eds Public
Pol-icies for Environmental Protection 2d ed Washington,
D.C.: Resources for the Future, 2000
Primack, Richard B Essentials of Conservation Biology.
4th ed Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Associates, 2006 Raven, Peter, Linda R Berg, and David M
Hassen-zahl Environment 7th ed Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley,
2009
Trang 9Rosenbaum, Walter A Environmental Politics and Policy.
7th ed Washington, D.C.: CQ Press, 2008
Scott, Nicky Reduce, Reuse, Recycle: An Easy Household
Guide White River Junction, Vt.: Chelsea Green,
2007
Sherratt, Thomas N., and David M Wilkinson Big
Questions in Ecology and Evolution New York: Oxford
University Press, 2009
Sinclair, Anthony R E., John M Fryxell, and Graeme
Caughley Wildlife Ecology, Conservation, and
Man-agement 2d ed Malden, Mass.: Blackwell, 2006.
Somerville, Richard C J The Forgiving Air:
Understand-ing Environmental Change 2d ed Boston: American
Meteorological Society, 2008
Traer, Robert Doing Environmental Ethics Boulder,
Colo.: Westview Press, 2009
Trudgill, Stephen The Terrestrial Biosphere:
Environ-mental Change, Ecosystem Science, Attitudes, and Values.
New York: Prentice Hall, 2001
Williams, R J P., and J J R Fraústo da Silva The
Chem-istry of Evolution: The Development of Our Ecosystem.
Boston: Elsevier, 2006
Ecological Regions and Issues
Aber, John D., and Jerry M Melillo Terrestrial
Ecosys-tems 2d ed San Diego, Calif.: Harcourt Academic
Press, 2001
Berger, John J Forests Forever: Their Ecology, Restoration,
and Protection Chicago: Center for American Places,
2008
Bettinger, Peter, et al Forest Management and Planning.
Boston: Academic Press/Elsevier, 2009
Bowyer, James L., Robin Shmulsky, and John G
Haygreen Forest Products and Wood Science: An
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