Dictionary of Agriculture - H doc

Full form Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points hack out to hire쐽 verb to ride a horse, especially to ride a horse to a show, as opposed to taking the horse in a box hackles hackles pl

ha

habit

habit noun the characteristic way in

which a specific plant grows 쑗 a bush with

an erect habit 쑗 a plant with a creeping

habit

habitat

habitat noun the type of environment in

which a specific organism lives

habitat action plan

habitat action plan noun a detailed

description of a specific habitat together

with the detailed actions and targets

proposed for conserving it Abbr HAP

habitat management

habitat management noun same as

nature management

habitat restoration

habitat restoration noun activity

carried out to return an area to a former

more favourable condition for wildlife

HACCP

HACCP /hsəp/ noun a process for

identifying and controlling hazards within

a process, e.g in the food industry Full

form Hazard Analysis Critical Control

Points

hack

out to hire쐽 verb to ride a horse, especially

to ride a horse to a show, as opposed to

taking the horse in a box

hackles

hackles plural noun the long feathers on

the neck of a domestic cock

hackney

hackney /hkni/ noun a type of horse

used both for riding and as a draught

animal

haemoglobin

haemoglobin /himə|ləυbin/ noun a

red protein in red blood cells that combines

reversibly with oxygen and transports it

round the body Abbr Hb

COMMENT: Haemoglobin absorbs oxygen

in the lungs and carries it in the blood to

the tissues Haemoglobin is also

attracted to carbon monoxide and readily

absorbs it instead of oxygen, causing

carbon monoxide poisoning

Hagberg

Hagberg /hb/, Hagberg test

noun a test used to determine the milling

quality of wheat

COMMENT: The test measures the falling time of wheat, using ground wheat in suspension in water A good milling wheat has a high falling time, and wheat with low falling times is not normally used in milling Hagberg test kits are available for farmers to make their own tests on samples of wheat

Hagberg falling number

Hagberg falling number noun the falling time in seconds in the Hagberg test

쑗 a top quality wheat with a specific weight

of 79–80, Hagberg 350 and protein of 12%

hair balls

hair balls noun balls of hair which collect in the stomach of animals making digestion difficult They can cause fits and convulsions in very young calves, and sight may be slightly impaired

hairworm

hairworm /heəwm/ noun a very thin

worm of the species Capellaria, which

infests poultry hake bar

hake bar /heik bɑ/ noun an attachment which links a trailed plough to the tractor half-breed

half-breed noun an animal of mixed breed, mainly applied to crossbred sheep half-hardy

half-hardy adjective referring to a plant that is able to tolerate cold weather down to about 5C 쒁 hardy

Half long

Half long noun a sheep produced by crossing a Cheviot ram with a Blackface ewe

half-standard

half-standard noun a type of fruit tree with a trunk shorter than that of a full standard, about 1.2m from the ground to the first branches

halo-halo- /hləυ/ prefix salt halo blight

halo blight noun a disease which affects the pods of peas and beans, making them brown and withered

halomorphic soil

halomorphic soil /hləυmɔfik sɔil/

noun soil that contains large amounts of

salt halophyte

halophyte /hləfait/ noun a plant that

is able to grow in salty soil, as in estuaries

121 hatchery

halothane gene

halothane gene /hləυθein din/

noun a recessive gene found in some

breeds of pigs which affects the animal’s

susceptibility to stress and can lead to

porcine stress syndrome (NOTE: The gene

is called the halothane gene because it

can be tested for by exposing the pigs to

the anaesthetic halothane.)

‘Molecular biology has enable

tremendous strides Eliminating the

halothane gene is one example and there

will be more equally significant advances

to come.’ [Pig Farming]

halter

halter /hɔltə/ noun a rope with a noose

for holding and leading horses or cattle

ham

pig 2. meat from this part of the pig,

usually cured in brine and dried in smoke

hammer mill

hammer mill noun a machine used in the

preparation of animal feed by grinding

cereals into meal

COMMENT: A typical hammer mill has a

high-speed shaft with a grinding rotor at

one end and a fan at the other Eight

flails are attached to the rotor which beat

the grain into meal

Hampshire

Hampshire /hmpʃə/ noun an

Amer-ican breed of black-haired pig with white

markings It is similar to the British

Saddleback which has black skin and a

white saddle

Hampshire Down

Hampshire Down noun a short stocky

early-maturing sheep, originating from

Berkshire ewe flocks and Southdown rams

hand

height of a horse One hand is 10.16cm,

and the measurement is taken from the

ground to the withers of the horse

hand collection

hand collection, hand picking noun

the picking of fruit such as bananas or

peaches by hand

hand feeding

hand feeding, hand rearing noun the

process of bringing up orphaned animals

by feeding them with a bottle

hand hoe

hand hoe noun a garden implement with

a small sharp blade, used to break up the

surface of the soil or to cut off weeds

COMMENT: There are several types of

hand hoe, including the Dutch hoe,

where the blade is more or less straight

and is pushed by the operator, the draw

hoe has the blade set at right angles to

the handle and is used for drawing drills

at seed-sowing time The Canterbury

hoe does not have a blade, but is like a

three-pronged fork, with the prongs set a

handle

handle noun a term used to describe the texture or feel of wool

hand pulling

hand pulling noun the act of pulling weeds or plants out of the ground by hand hank

spun into a thread and coiled into a loop for convenience A hank is 560 yards long HAP

harden off

harden off verb to make plants which have been raised in a greenhouse become gradually more used to the natural temper-ature outdoors 쑗 After seedlings have been grown in the greenhouse, they need to be hardened off before planting outside in the open ground.

hardjo

hardjo /hɑdjəυ/쏡 Leptospira hardjo

hardpan

hardpan /hɑdpn/ noun a hard cement-like layer in the soil or subsoil, which can be very harmful as it prevents good drainage and stops root development hard wheat

hard wheat noun wheat with a hard grain rich in gluten

hardwood

hardwood noun a slow-growing broad-leaved tree, e.g oak, teak or mahogany hardy

hardy adjective referring to a plant able to tolerate cold weather, especially below 5

°C 쒁 half-hardy

hare

similar to but larger than a rabbit, with hind legs longer than forelegs

haricot bean

haricot bean /hrikəυ bin/ noun the dry ripe seed of the French bean

harrow

harrow /hrəυ/ noun a piece of equip-ment with teeth or discs, used for breaking

up soil or levelling the surface of ploughed

soil with a harrow, covering seeds that have been sown in furrows

harvest

harvest noun 1. the time when a crop is gathered 2. a crop that is gathered 쑗 We think this year’s wheat harvest will be a good one.쐽 verb 1. to gather a crop that is ripe 쑗 They are harvesting the barley. 2. to gather a natural resource

harvester

harvester /hɑvistə/ noun a machine which harvests a crop 쑗 Most crops are now harvested by machines such as combine harvesters or sugar beet harvesters.

HASSOP

HASSOP /hsəp/ noun 쏡 HACCP

spelt HASSOP.)

hatch

hatch verb to become mature and break out of the egg쐽 noun a brood of chicks hatchery

hatchery /htʃəri/ noun a place where eggs are kept warm artificially until the

hatchery waste 122

animal inside becomes mature enough to

break out

hatchery waste

hatchery waste noun surplus chicks or

embryos produced in a hatchery (NOTE:

The animal welfare code lays down rules

for the humane slaughter of hatchery

waste, and there are also strict rules

governing how this waste may be disposed

of.)

haulm

haulm /hɔm/ noun the stalks and stems

of peas, beans and potatoes

haulm roller

haulm roller noun a roller found on

potato harvesters and grading machinery

haulm silage

haulm silage noun silage made from the

stems and leaves of peas and beans left

after harvest

haunch

haunch /hɔnʃ/ noun the hind leg of an

animal, especially a deer

hawthorn

hawthorn /hɔθɔn/ noun a small tree

(Crataegus monogyna) with spiny shoots,

used for hedges round grazing areas

hay

has flowered, used for feeding animals

COMMENT: Hay is cut before the grass

flowers and at this stage in its growth it is

a nutritious fodder If it is mowed after it

has flowered it is called straw, and is of

less use as a food and so is used for

bedding

hay bale

hay bale noun hay which has been

compressed into a square, rectangular or

round bale, so that it can be handled and

stored more easily

hay baler

hay baler noun a machine which gathers

cut hay and makes it into bales

haycock

haycock /heikɒk/ noun formerly, a

conical heap of raked hay

hay fever

hay fever noun same as pollinosis

haylage

haylage /heilid/ noun hay for silage,

cut and compressed in plastic bags so that

it stays green without any fungus being

able to spread

hayloader

hayloader /heiləυdə/ noun an

imple-ment for loading hay from the field into a

trailer

haymaking

haymaking /heimeikiŋ/ noun the

cutting of grass in fields to make hay

COMMENT: Haymaking normally needs

three to four days of fine weather in early

season and two to three days when the

humidity falls as temperatures rise The

critical period for hay occurs when the

crop is partly dried in the field The object

should be to dry the crop as much as

possible without too much exposure to

sun, and the least possible movement

hay is normally baled, and further barn drying is common

hay net

hay net noun a coarse meshed net bag which is filled with hay and hung up for horses to feed from

hay quality

hay quality noun the nutritional value of hay, which can depend on the weather conditions and the time taken to dry

‘The farm is now mainly permanent pasture, or grass and legumes for grazing and hay Some of this pasture has been renovated with clover, and rye is direct drilled into hay fields in the autumn for late season grazing and to improve hay

quality.’ [Farmers Weekly]

hay rack

hay rack noun a wooden frame containing hay, which is placed where live-stock can feed from it

hay rake

hay rake noun an implement used for raking hay prior to collection or baling hay seed

hay seed noun grass seed obtained from hay

haystack

haystack /heistk/ noun a heap of hay, built in the open air and protected by thatching; not used very often nowadays hay-sweep

hay-sweep noun an implement used to collect hay from swaths and carry it to a stack

hazard

hazard noun something with the poten-tial to cause injury, damage or loss 쑗 a fire hazard 쑗 a health hazard Compare risk

Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points

Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points noun full form of HACCP

hazel

hazel /heiz(ə)l/ noun a nut-bearing tree

(Corylus avellana)

Hb

HCC

Promo-tion Wales’.)

HDC

Develop-ment Council headage

headage /hedid/ noun the number of animals of a specified type, such as cattle, used as a basis for calculating subsidy payments

head corn

head corn noun the largest grains in a sample of cereal

header

header noun a machine which removes the seed heads from plants 쒁 stripper-header

headfly

headfly /hedflai/, head fly noun a

para-sitic insect Hydrotaea irritans which

mainly affects sheep and can transmit summer mastitis

heading date

heading date noun the average date by which a certain percentage of a crop has

123 hedge

formed seedheads This is used by farmers

to make decisions on which variety of a

crop is more suitable for the environment

in which they are planning to grow it

headland

headland /hedlənd/ noun an

unculti-vated area of soil at the edge of a field,

where a tractor turns when ploughing 쒁

conservation headland

headrail

headrail /hedreil/ noun a rail across the

front of a cubicle, to which a halter can be

attached

Health and Safety Executive

Health and Safety Executive noun a

UK government organisation responsible

for checking people’s working

environ-ment Abbr HSE

health and welfare plan

health and welfare plan noun a

written report made by a farmer in

consul-tation with a vet, describing how livestock

will be cared for

‘The guidance suggested that farmers

should prepare a herd health and welfare

plan with their vet which should include

measures to control the disease such as

early removal of diseased cattle, not

breeding from their offspring and making

sure that calves only receive colostrum

from their own mother where possible

This culminated in last September’s

launch of the Johne’s Initiative with

backing from various industry bodies.’

[Dairy Farmer]

heart

heart noun 1. a muscular organ that

pumps blood round an animal’s body 2. the

compact central part of a vegetable such as

lettuce, cabbage or celery, where new

leaves or stalks form 3. the innermost part

of something 쑗 This tree grows only in the

heart of the forest. 4.왍 soil which is in

good heart soil which is fertile and

produces large yields of crops

heart rot

heart rot noun a disease of sugar beet and

mangolds, caused by boron deficiency A

dry rot spreads from the crown downwards

and attacks the roots The growing point is

killed, and replaced by a mass of small

deformed leaves

heartwood

heartwood /hɑtwυd/ noun the hard

dead wood in the centre of a tree trunk

which helps support the tree Compare

sapwood Also called duramen

heat

heat to sow lettuce seed in a heated

green-house 2. the period when a female animal

will allow mating Technical name

oestrus 왍 an animal on heat a female

animal in the period when she will accept a

mate

heath

heath noun an area of acid soil where low shrubs such as heather and gorse grow and which are treeless as a result of grazing by animals

COMMENT: Lowland heaths are found on dry sandy soils or gravel below 300 m Upland heaths are found on mineral soils

or shallow peat and may be dry or wet, with mosses growing in wetter condi-tions

heather

heather noun a plant (Calluna vulgaris)

found on acid soils, common in upland areas It is used by game birds such as grouse for cover and food

COMMENT: The main competing uses for heather moorland in the UK are grouse shooting, sheep grazing, afforestation, recreational use and landscape conser-vation

heathland

heathland /hiθlnd/ noun a wide area

of heath heat stress

heat stress noun distress and discom-fort suffered by an animal because it is too hot

heat treatment

heat treatment noun the use of high temperatures, typically 45° C, to disinfest storage areas or containers

heaves

heaves /hivz/ noun a condition of horses, where spores from mouldy hay block the animals’ lungs, making breathing difficult

heavy cropper

heavy cropper noun a tree or plant that produces a large crop of fruit

heavy grains

heavy grains plural noun cereal crops such as maize, rye and wheat Abbr HG Compare light grains

heavy soils

heavy soils plural noun soils with a high clay content, which need more tractor power when ploughing and cultivating Hebridean sheep

Hebridean sheep /hebri|diən ʃip/

noun a rare breed of small black sheep of

Scandinavian origin The fleece is jet-black in colour, and the animals have one pair of horns curling downwards and another pair almost upright

hectare

hectare noun an area of land measuring

100 by 100 metres, i.e 10000 square metres or 2.47 acres Symbol ha

hecto-hecto- /hektəυ/ prefix one hundred, 102 Symbol H

hedge

hedge noun a row of bushes planted to provide a barrier around a field or garden COMMENT: It is said that you can judge the age of a hedge by counting the woody plant species in it and multiplying

by 100; the more species there are, the

hedgebank 124

of the farms in England and Wales have

hedges, with an estimated total length of

500,000km Since 1997, there have

been regulations in place to restrict the

removal of hedges and it is illegal to

remove a hedge without permission from

the local planning authority

hedgebank

hedgebank /hedbŋk/ noun a raised

strip of earth on which a hedge is planted 쑗

primroses growing on the hedgebank

hedgecutter

hedgecutter /hed|ktə/,

hedget-rimmer noun an implement attached to a

tractor, used to trim hedges Smaller

hand-held units are available

hedgelaying

hedgelaying /hedleiiŋ/ noun a

tradi-tional method of cultivating hedges, where

tall saplings are cut through halfway and

then bent over so that they lie horizontally

and make a thick barrier

hedgerow

hedgerow noun a line of bushes forming

a hedge (NOTE: Under the Hedgerow

Regu-lations, it is now forbidden to remove a

hedgerow without permission from the

local planning authority.)

hedging

hedging /hediŋ/ noun the skill of

culti-vating hedges

heel in

heel in verb to place plants in a trench and

cover with soil until needed for permanent

planting

heft

sheep which graze the same area in which

they were born, although not kept in by

fences

heifer

heifer noun a female cow which has not

calved or has calved for the first time

hemlock

hemlock /hemlɒk/ noun a poisonous

plant Latin name: Conium maculatum.

hemlock poisoning

hemlock poisoning noun poisoning of

young cattle by eating fresh shoots of the

hemlock Sheep and goats are believed to

be resistant to the poison

hemp

that also produces an addictive drug Latin

name: Cannabis sativa.

hemp nettle

hemp nettle noun a common weed

(Galeopsis tetrahit) which affects spring

cereals and vegetables Also called

glide-wort, holyrope

hen

domestic fowl 2. any female bird, e.g a

hen pheasant 쒁 fat hen

henhouse

henhouse /henhaυs/ noun a small

wooden building for keeping hens

hen in lay

hen in lay noun a bird which is laying

eggs

herb

flavour in cooking 2. a plant that has medicinal properties 3. a non-woody flow-ering plant that has no perennial stem above the ground in winter

herb-herb- / / prefix referring to plants or vegetation

herbaceous

herbaceous /hə|beiʃəs/ adjective refer-ring to plants with soft non-woody tissue that die down above ground to survive through the winter

herbage

herbage / / noun the green plants, especially grass, eaten by grazing animals

herbage allowance

herbage allowance noun the weight of herbage per unit of live weight at a point in time

herbage consumed

herbage consumed noun the mass of herbage once it has been consumed by grazing animals

herbage mass

herbage mass noun the weight of herbage produced in a specified area herbage residual

herbage residual noun herbage

remaining after defoliation herbarium

herbarium / |beəriəm/ noun a collec-tion of preserved plant or fungal speci-mens, especially one that is used for scien-tific study and classification

herbicide

herbicide noun a chemical that kills plants, especially used to control weeds herbivore

herbivore noun an animal that feeds only

on plants 쒁 carnivore, detritivore, frugi-vore, omnivore

herbivorous

herbivorous / |bivərəs/ adjective

referring to an animal that feeds only on plants

herd

cattle kept together on a farm or looked after by a farmer 쑗 They have a herd of beef cattle 쑗 Dairy herds have been reduced since the introduction of the milk quota system. (NOTE: The word ‘herd’ is usually used with cattle; for sheep, goats, and birds such as hens or geese, the word to

animals 2. to gather animals together 쑗

herding the cows into the yard

herd book

herd book noun the record of animals kept by breeding societies in which only the offspring of registered animals can be recorded

herd health

herd health noun the welfare of a herd

of cattle taken as a whole, particularly regarding the spread of infectious diseases herdmark

herdmark noun a unique marker assigned to each herd of pigs by Defra and

125 highlands

used to identify the animals when being

moved from the farm

herd register

herd register noun an official record of

a herd’s movements, medical history and

birth and death figures

‘The bovine herd register is available as a

printed report and all subsidy claims are

catered for, while all programs record

movements, calvings and drying off as a

standard.’ [Farmers Guardian]

herdsman

herdsman /hdzmən/ noun someone

who looks after a herd of animals

herdsperson

herdsperson /hdzpsən/ noun a

farm worker who looks after a herd of

live-stock

herd tester

herd tester noun a person who tests a

dairy herd for butterfat content

Herdwick

Herdwick /hdwik/ noun a mountain

breed of sheep, native to the Lake District,

which are able to survive in bitter winter

conditions The rams have horns

hereditary

hereditary adjective referring to a

genet-ically controlled characteristic that is

passed from parent to offspring

heredity

heredity noun the transfer of genetically

controlled characteristics from parent to

offspring

Hereford

Hereford /herifəd/ noun a breed of

large, hardy cattle that are deep red in

colour, with a white head and chest

Here-fords are an early-maturing breed, and are

important for beef production

herringbone parlour

herringbone parlour /heriŋbəυn

pɑlə/ noun a type of milking parlour with

no stalls and where the operator works

from a central pit The cattle stand side by

side at an angle on each side of the central

pit

heterologous

heterologous /hetə|rɒləəs/ adjective

differing in structural features or origin

heterosis

heterosis /hetə|rəυsis/ noun an

increase in size or rate of growth, fertility

or resistance to disease found in offspring

of a cross between organisms with

different genotypes Also called hybrid

vigour Compare inbreeding depression

heterotroph

heterotroph /hetərəυtrɒf/ noun an

organism that requires carbon in organic

form and cannot manufacture it (NOTE:

Animals, fungi and some algae and

bacteria are heterotrophs.)

heterotrophic

heterotrophic /hetərəυ|trɒfik/

adjec-tive referring to a heterotroph 쑗 a

hetero-trophic organism

heterozygous

heterozygous /hetərəυ|zaiəs/

adjec-tive relating to a cell or organism that has

two or more variant forms (alleles) of at

least one of its genes (NOTE: The offspring

of such an organism may differ with regard

to the characteristics determined by the gene or genes involved, depending on which version of the gene they inherit.)

Hevea

Hevea /hiviə/ noun the Latin name for the rubber tree

HFA

HFCS

syrup Hg

HG

HGCA

to improve the production and marketing

of UK cereal crops and oilseeds, and to promote research Full form Home Grown Cereals Authority

hide

important commercially both in its raw state and as leather

hide-bound

hide-bound noun a condition where dehydration makes it difficult for the animal’s skin to move over the underlying tissues

HIE

Enterprise Higher Level Stewardship

Higher Level Stewardship noun one

of the categories under the Environmental Stewardship scheme, where farmers can apply for funding in return for imple-menting complex environmental manage-ment schemes on their land Abbr HLS

high fructose corn syrup

high fructose corn syrup noun a sweetener used in the soft drinks industry, extracted from maize Abbr HFCS Also called isoglucose

high-input farming

high-input farming noun intensive agriculture which uses fertiliser, pesticides and modern machinery to guarantee a large crop output Compare low-input farming

highland

highland /hailənd/ adjective referring

to a hilly or mountainous area 쑗 Highland vegetation is mainly grass, heather and herbs.

Highland

Highland noun a hardy breed of beef cattle, with long shaggy hair hiding a dense undercoat The breed is small, has very long horns, matures slowly and is native to the Highlands and Western Isles of Scot-land

highlands

highlands noun an area of mountains 쑗

Farmers in the highlands mostly raise sheep.

highlands

Highlands and Islands Enterprise

noun a business and community

develop-high mortality rate 126

ment association for the Scottish

High-lands Abbr HIE

high mortality rate

high mortality rate noun a high

percentage of animals in a group which die

high-performance

high-performance adjective designed

to operate very efficiently

high-tech

high-tech adjective technologically

advanced (informal)

high temperature short time method

high temperature short time

method noun the usual method of

pasteurising milk, where the milk is heated

to 72°C for 15 seconds and then rapidly

cooled Abbr HTST

high-yielding

high-yielding adjective producing a

large crop 쑗 They have started to grow

high-yielding varieties of wheat.

hill

surrounding areas but not as high as a

mountain

hill drainage

hill drainage noun a small open

chan-nels about ten to sixty metres apart, dug to

drain hilly grazing areas

hill farm

hill farm noun a farm in mountainous

country, with 95% or more of its land

clas-sified as rough grazing, mainly for

breeding ewe flocks

Hill Farm Allowance

Hill Farm Allowance noun a support

payment available for owners of hill farms

to help with running costs Abbr HFA

hill grazing

hill grazing noun grassland used for

sheep and cattle grazing in hilly and

moun-tainous areas

hill land

hill land noun land on hills, mountains or

moors (NOTE: The Hill Livestock

Compen-satory allowance order classifies such

marginal land in upland and hilly areas and

makes payments to compensate for

farming in these more difficult conditions.)

Hill Radnor

Hill Radnor noun쏡 Radnor

hilum

hilum /hailəm/ noun the point where a

seed is attached to a pod When the seed is

ripe and has been separated from the pod, a

black scar can be seen on the seed

hind

hind /haind/ adjective referring to the

back part of an animal쐽 noun a female

deer

hind legs

hind legs plural noun the back legs of an

animal

hindquarters

hindquarters /haindkwɔtəz/ noun

the back part of an animal, including the

haunches and hind legs

hinge

hinge noun soil which is left uncut by a

plough when it has failed to cut a full

furrow

hirsel

hirsel /hsəl/ noun 1. a heft of sheep 2.

a piece of ground and flock looked after by one shepherd

Hisex Brown

Hisex Brown /haiseks braυn/, Hisex

White noun a hybrid breed of laying fowl histidine

histidine /histədin/ noun an amino acid which is considered essential in infants and children

hitch

hitch noun the mechanism for connecting implements to tractors Also called

drawbar 쐽 verb to attach an implement or trailer to a tractor

hive

hive-bee

hive-bee noun the domesticated bee

(Apis mellifera)

hl

HLS

Steward-ship hock

mammals, between the knee and the fetlock

hoe

to turn the soil between rows of crops, and

so to control weeds쐽 verb to cultivate land with a hoe

hog

any pig hog cholera

hog cholera noun same as swine fever

hogg

the first shearing hogget

hogget /hɒit/ noun a sheep roughly six

to twelve months old hold

insemination 쑗 Thirty ewes were AI’d and nineteen of them held.

holding

holding noun land and buildings held by

a freehold or leasehold occupier holdover

holdover /həυldəυvə/ noun a situation where a tenant farmer uses buildings and crops on a farm, after leaving the farm at the end of a tenancy It may, e.g., involve harvesting crops later in the year after the tenancy has expired

holly

holly noun an evergreen tree (Ilex aquifo-lium) producing hard white timber

Holstein

Holstein /hɒlstein/ noun a Friesian cattle imported into Canada from Holland

at the end of the 19th century, now a breed

of dairy cattle, black and white in colour Also called Canadian Holstein, Holstein-Friesian

holyrope

holyrope /həυlirəυp/ noun same as

hemp nettle

home farm

home farm noun a farm on a large estate, usually farmed by the owner

127 horticultural

Home Grown Cereals Authority

Home Grown Cereals Authority

noun full form of HGCA

home-saved seed

home-saved seed noun same as

farm-saved seed

homestead

homestead noun a farmhouse with

dependent buildings and the land which

surrounds it

homogenised milk

homogenised milk /hə|mɒdənaizd

milk/ noun milk which is made more

digestible by breaking up the fat droplets

into smaller particles which are evenly

distributed through the liquid

homograft

homograft /hɒmərɑft/ noun same as

allograft

homologous pair

homologous pair /hɒ|mɒləəs peə/

noun a pair of chromosomes in a diploid

organism that are structurally similar and

have the same arrangement of genes,

although they may carry different alleles

inher-ited from each parent.)

honey

honey noun a sweet yellow fluid

collected by bees from nectar in flowers,

and stored in a beehive

honey bee

honey bee noun a common hive-bee

honeycomb

honeycomb /hnikəυm/ noun a

construction of wax, made by bees for

storing honey

honey fungus

honey fungus noun a fungus which

primarily attacks trees and shrubs Roots

become infected by rhizomorphs In the

spring the foliage wilts and turns yellow

hoof

horse, a cow or other animals (NOTE: The

plural is either hoofs or hooves.)

hoof and horn meal

hoof and horn meal noun a fertiliser

made from animal hooves and horns

hookworm

hookworm /hυkwm/ noun a parasitic

worm in the intestine which holds onto the

wall of the intestine with its teeth and lives

on the blood and protein of the carrier

hoose

hoose /hus/ noun a popular name for a

lungworm

hop

thin groups of green flowers which are

used dried in brewing to add flavour to

beer Latin name: Humulus lupulus.

hop bine

hop bine noun the new shoot of a hop

plant, which has to be made to coil round

climbing strings

hop mildew

hop mildew noun a fungal disease of

hops

hopper

hopper /hɒpə/ noun a container with a

hole at the bottom, for holding seed or

fertiliser granules The seed drops from the

hole onto the ground or into channels taking it to drills

Hordeum

Hordeum /hɔdiəm/ noun the Latin name for barley

horizon

horizon noun a layer of soil which is of a different colour or texture from the rest COMMENT: In general, the topsoil is called the ‘A’ horizon, the subsoil the ‘B’ zon, and the underlying rock the ‘C’ hori-zon

hormonal

hormonal /hɔ|məυn(ə)l/ adjective

referring to hormones hormone

hormone noun 1. a substance produced

in animals in one part of the body which has a particular effect in another part of the body 2. a plant growth factor

horn

on the tops of the heads of animals such as cattle, deer, goats and sheep

hornbeam

hornbeam /hɔnbim/ noun a tree which produces a very hard wood, formerly used in making wheels for farm carts

horned

horned /hɔnd/ adjective with horns 쑗 a horned variety of sheep

hornless

hornless /hɔnləs/ adjective without horns 쑗 a hornless breed of cattle

horse

horse noun a hoofed animal with a flowing mane and tail, used on farms as a working animal, now mainly replaced by tractors

COMMENT: The main groups of horses are: the Heavy Draught Class, such as

the shire horse; the Light Draught Class, such as the Cleveland Bay; the

Saddle and Harness Class, such as the

hackney; and the Pony Class, such as

the Shetland.

horse bean

horse bean noun a broad bean used as a fodder

horsebox

horsebox /hɔsbɒks/ noun a closed vehicle used for transporting horses horsebreaker

horsebreaker /hɔsbreikə/ noun a person who trains a horse

horsefly

horsefly /hɔsflai/ noun a general name for many bloodsucking Tabanid flies Also called cleg

horseshoe

horseshoe noun an iron shoe nailed to the hard part of a horse’s hoof

horsetail

horsetail /hɔsteil/ noun a poisonous weed found in grassland

horticultural

horticultural /hɔti|kltʃərəl/

adjec-tive referring to horticulture

horticultural

Horticultural Development Council noun a non-departmental

government body providing information

horticulture 128

and support to people in the horticulture

industry, including producers of soft fruit,

mushrooms and tree fruit Abbr HDC

horticulture

Horticultural Trades Association

noun a body which represents the interests

of growers, workers and suppliers in the

garden industry Abbr HTA

horticulture

horticulture noun the cultivation of

flowers, fruit and vegetables in gardens,

nurseries or glasshouses, as a science,

occupation or leisure activity 쒁 botanical

horticulture

Horticulture Research International

Horticulture Research

Interna-tional noun the horticultural research

department of the University of Warwick

Abbr HRI

horticulturist

horticulturist /hɔti|kltʃərist/ noun

a person who specialises in horticulture

Hosier system

Hosier system /həυziə sistəm/ noun

a system of dairy cattle management,

where the milking of cows is done in the

field using a milking pail

host

parasite lives 쐽 adjective referring to a

plant or animal on which a parasite lives

hothouse

hothouse /hɒthaυs/ noun a heated

greenhouse

house

house noun a structure where animals or

machinery are kept 쑗 the reptile house 쑗

the engine house쐽 verb to keep livestock

in a building 쑗 The animals are housed in

clean cubicles.

housing

housing noun a series of buildings for

livestock

HRI

International

HSA

Association

HSE

Executive

HTA

Association

HTST method

HTST method abbreviation high

temperature short time method

hull

seed Hulls form bran. 2. the pod of peas or

beans

huller

huller /hlə/ noun a kind of threshing

machine which removes seeds from their

husks

human-caused

human-caused adjective referring to a

disaster or event which has been brought

about by human beings

Humane Slaughter Association

Humane Slaughter Association

noun a charity which campaigns for animal

suffering to be minimised during the slaughter process Abbr HSA

humate

humate /hjumeit/ noun a salt that is derived from humus

humid

humid adjective relating to air that contains moisture vapour 쑗 Decomposition

of organic matter is rapid in hot and humid conditions.

humidify

humidify /hju|midifai/ noun to add water vapour to air to make it more humid humidity

humidity noun a measurement of how much water vapour is contained in the air humification

humification /hjumifi|keiʃ(ə)n/

noun the breakdown of rotting organic

waste to form humus humify

humify /hjumifai/ verb to break down rotting organic waste to form humus hump

or shoulders of an animal, such as a camel,

or certain breeds of cattle humus

humus /hjuməs/ noun the fibrous organic matter in soil, formed from decom-posed plants and animal remains, which makes the soil dark and binds it together hundredweight

hundredweight noun a measure of weight of dry goods such as grain (NOTE:

Abbreviated after numbers to cwt: 5cwt.

The British hundredweight is equivalent to 50.8kg, and the US hundredweight is equivalent to 45.4kg.)

hungry soil

hungry soil noun soil which lacks nutri-ents, and so needs large amounts of ferti-liser to produce good crops

hurdle

hurdle noun a portable rectangular wooden frame used for temporary fencing for sheep

husband

husband verb to use a resource carefully husbanding

husbanding /hzbəndiŋ/ noun the activity of using a resource carefully 쑗 a policy of husbanding scarce natural resources

husbandry

husbandry /hzbəndri/ noun the activity of looking after farm animals and crops 쑗 a new system of intensive cattle husbandry

husbandry system

husbandry system noun a written plan for looking after a group of farm animals, looking at considerations such as their habitat, diet, medical care, production rates and general welfare

husk

covering of cereal grains, which has little food value, and which is removed during threshing 2. a parasitic form of bronchitis which is caused by lungworms and is

129 HYV

found mainly in cattle쐽 verb to remove the

husk from seeds

hybrid

hybrid noun a new form of plant or

animal resulting from a cross between

organisms that have different genotypes 쑗

high-yielding maize hybrids 쐽 adjective

being the result of a cross between

organ-isms that have different genotypes

hybridisation

hybridisation /haibridai|zeiʃ(ə)n/,

hybridization noun the production of

hybrids

‘Another area of interest was the

hybridisation of Italian and perennial

ryegrass varieties Italian ryegrasses were

valued for their fast growth and bulk, but

Italian ryegrass swards tended to last only

two years By cross-breeding perennial

ryegrass and Italian ryegrass, it was

expected to produce hybrid varieties

retaining many of the advantages of Italian

ryegrass but lasting for four or five years,

said Mr Johnston.’ [Dairy Farmer]

hybridise

hybridise /haibridaiz/, hybridize verb

to produce hybrids by crossing varieties of

plants or animals

hybrid vigour

hybrid vigour noun same as heterosis

Hybu Cig Cymru

Hybu Cig Cymru noun the red meat

promotion board for Wales Abbr HCC

hydrated

hydrated /hai|dreitid/ adjective

refer-ring to a chemical compound in which

water is bound

hydrated lime

hydrated lime noun a substance

produced when burnt lime is wetted It is a

mixture of calcium oxide and water, used

to improve soil quality The lime is in

powder form, having been burnt to break it

down from large lumps Also called

slaked lime (NOTE: The chemical formula

hydraulic conductivity

hydraulic conductivity /hai|drɒlik

kɒndk|tiviti/ noun the rate at which

water can move through soil, used as a

factor in soil management

hydrocarbon

hydrocarbon noun a compound formed

of hydrogen and carbon

hydrochloric acid

hydrochloric acid /haidrəklɒrik

 sid/ noun an inorganic acid which forms

in the stomach and is part of the gastric

juices

hydrocool

hydrocool /haidrə| / verb to cool

fresh fruit to prevent it from deteriorating

during transport to the retail shop or

market

hydroelectricity

hydroelectricity /haidrəυilek|trisiti/

noun the electricity produced by water

power

hydroelectric power

hydroelectric power

/haidrəυilektrik paυə/ noun the elec-tricity produced by using a flow of water to drive turbines Also called hydropower

hydrogen

hydrogen noun a gaseous chemical element that combines with oxygen to form water, with other elements to form acids, and is present in all animal tissue hydrology

hydrology noun the study of water, its composition and properties and in partic-ular the place of water in the environment hydromorphic soil

hydromorphic soil noun waterlogged soil found in bogs and marshes

hydrophobia

hydrophobia /haidrə|fəυbiə/ noun

same as rabies

hydrophyte

hydrophyte /haidrəfait/ noun a plant that lives in water or in marshy conditions hydroponics

hydroponics /haidrəυ|pɒniks/ noun

the practice of growing plants in a nutrient liquid with or without sand, vermiculite or other granular material

hydropower

hydropower /haidrəυpaυə/ noun same

as hydroelectric power

hydrops uteri

hydrops uteri / /

noun a disease of livestock caused by

excessive amount of fluid in the pregnant womb The womb may need to be drained hydrostatic pressure

hydrostatic pressure /haidrəυ|

st tik preʃə/ noun the pressure of water that is not moving

hygiene

hygiene noun the state or practice of being clean and keeping healthy conditions hygrometer

hygrometer /hai|rɒmitə/ noun an instrument used for the measurement of humidity 쑗 The most common type of hygrometer is the wet and dry bulb ther-mometer arrangement.

hyperphosphate

hyperphosphate /haipə|fɒsfeit/

noun a soft rock phosphate obtained from

North America hyphae

hyphae / / plural noun long thin filaments which make up a typical fungus hypocalcaemia

hypocalcaemia /haipəυk l| /

noun same as milk fever

hypomagnesaemia

hypomagnesaemia /haipəυm ni|

of magnesium in the bloodstream that makes animals shiver and stagger Cattle may be affected shortly after being turned out onto spring pastures after having wintered indoors Also called grass stag-gers

HYV

the shire horse; the Light Draught Class, such as the Cleveland Bay; the

Saddle and Harness Class, such as the

hackney; and the...

hookworm / h? ?kwm/ noun a parasitic

worm in the intestine which holds onto the

wall of the intestine with its teeth and lives

on the blood and protein of the... the measurement of humidity 쑗 The most common type of hygrometer is the wet and dry bulb ther-mometer arrangement.

hyperphosphate

hyperphosphate