Dictionary of Agriculture - T docx

tall fescue tall fescue noun a very hardy perennial grass often used for winter grazing in hilly or less fertile areas tallow tallow /tləυ/ noun a cattle by-product produced by rendering

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T

tabanidae

tabanidae /tə|bnidai/, tabanids plural

noun a family of horse flies with strong

antennae, which are often large and fly

fast Most females suck blood and attack

large mammals such as cattle with their

blade-like jaws

Tabanus

Tabanus /tə|beinəs/ noun any of the

tabanidae

table bird

table bird noun a poultry bird reared for

meat

table chicken

table chicken noun a chicken raised for

eating rather than producing eggs

tack

tack taken from or by one farmer to graze

on another farmer’s fields 쑗 He takes 360

store lambs on tack in the autumn to

remove surplus grass.

tackroom

tackroom /tkrυm/ noun a room for

storing harness equipment The tack

should be kept in damp-free conditions

Taenia

Taenia /tiniə/ noun a genus of

tape-worm

tag

identify it

tailbiting

tailbiting /teilbaitiŋ/ noun a form of

behaviour, especially associated with pigs,

in which an animal bites the tail of another

animal The cause is not known but could

be due to bad housing

tail corn

tail corn , tailings /teiliŋz/ noun grains

of corn of inferior size

tailpiece

tailpiece /teilpis/ noun an extension of

the mouldboard of a plough which helps to

press down the furrow slice

taint

taint /teint/ verb to give an unpleasant

taste to food

take

take-all

take-all noun a disease of wheat and

barley, causing black discoloration at the

base of the stem, premature ripening and

white ears containing little or no grain

although whiteheads can be caused by other diseases.)

tall fescue

tall fescue noun a very hardy perennial grass often used for winter grazing in hilly

or less fertile areas tallow

tallow /tləυ/ noun a cattle by-product produced by rendering down all the ined-ible waste, used in the manufacture of soap and formerly incorporated into animal feeds

Tamworth

Tamworth /tmwθ/ noun a breed of pig, red-gold in colour, which makes the animal almost immune to sunburn

COMMENT: Tamworths are widely exported to the USA and Australia because of their ability to stand hot sun-shine They are hardy and can thrive on the roughest land

tan

tandem parlour

tandem parlour noun a milking parlour where the cows stand in line with their sides to the milker

tank

fluid 쑗 water tank 쑗 fuel tank 2. a large container for liquid, part of a spraying machine

tankard

tankard noun a variety of mangel tanker

tanker noun a truck used to carry liquids such as petrol or milk

tank mix

tank mix noun the process of mixing several pesticides into one mixture to be used as a spray

‘Removal of the majority of green material will reduce the risk of blight infection following flailing although advice is to include an appropriate fungicide in the tank mix to protect from tuber blight.’

[Farmers Guardian]

tannin

tannin /tnin/, tannic acid /tnik

sid/ noun 1. a brownish or yellowish compound formed in leaves and bark

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243 Technical Committee

peas and beans, prevent nutrients from the

plants being fully absorbed by the grazing

changing animal hides to leather, which is

resistant to decay, by precipitating the

gelatin in the hides as an insoluble

compound All tannins are obtained from

plants, including tea, and the bark and galls

of oak

tanning

tanning /tniŋ/ noun the process of

converting animal skins to leather

COMMENT: Hides are soaked in a mixture

of chromium salts and after a certain

period of soaking they become leather

tap

turned to make a liquid or gas come out of

a container쐽 verb to remove or drain liquid

from something

tapeworm

tapeworm /teipwm/ noun a parasitic

worm with a long flattened segmented

body that lives mainly in the guts of

verte-brate animals, including humans Class:

Cestoda

COMMENT: Tapeworms enter the

intes-tine when a person eats raw fish or meat

The worms attach themselves with

hooks to the side of the intestine and

grow longer by adding sections to their

bodies Tapeworm larvae do not

nor-mally develop in humans, with the

exception of the pork and dog

tape-worms, Taenia solium Tapeworms

sel-dom need treatment in livestock,

although sheepdogs should be wormed

regularly

taproot

taproot /tp|rut/ noun the thick main

root of a plant which grows straight down

into the soil (NOTE: A taproot system has a

main root with smaller roots branching off

it, as opposed to a fibrous root system

which has no main root.)

tare

weight of a container or of the packaging in

which goods are wrapped

Tarentaise

Tarentaise /trən|teiz/ noun a breed

of dairy cattle from the Savoie region of

France The animals are yellowish fawn in

colour, with black muzzle, ears and tail

target price

target price noun the wholesale price

within the EU that market management is

intended to achieve for certain products

such as wheat It is linked to the support

price

COMMENT: Target prices are set in terms

of fixed agricultural units of account,

which are converted into different

exchange rates known as ‘green rates’ (in the UK, the ‘green pound’) A system

of levies on non-EU agricultural imports

is used to protect target prices when they are set above the general level of world prices In addition, the EU has estab-lished an internal price support system based on a set of intervention prices set slightly below the target price If the level

of supply is in excess of what is needed

to clear the market at the target price, the excess supply is bought by the Commu-nity at the intervention price, thereby pre-venting overproduction from depressing the common price level

tariff

tariff noun a duty or duties levied by a government on imported or sometimes exported goods

tar oil

tar oil noun a winter wash used to control aphids and scale insects on fruit trees tarragon

tarragon /trəən/ noun an aromatic

plant (Artemisia dracunculus) of which the

leaves are used for seasoning tassel

tassel noun 1. a male flower of the maize plant 2. an appendage of hair hanging from the neck of male turkeys쐽 verb to produce

a tassel 쑗 The crop tasselled early.

tattoo

tattoo noun a mark made on an animal’s body to identify it

TBC

tea

shrubs of the Camellia family, of which the

commonest is Camelia sinensis

COMMENT: Tea is one of the hardiest of all subtropical plants The plants are pruned to form low bushes and to encourage the production of leaves and help plucking The principal tea-produc-ing countries are India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, China, Indonesia and Japan

teaser ram

teaser ram noun a vasectomised ram, used to stimulate ewes by ‘non-fertile’ mating prior to the introduction of fertile rams

teat

cattle there are four quarters to the udder, each drained by a teat

teat chaps

teat chaps plural noun sores on the teat, probably due to abrasions caused by the milking machine

teat cup

teat cup noun a tube forming part of a milking machine, which fits over the teat

of the cow teat dipping

teat dipping noun a measure for control

of mastitis in cattle The teats are dipped in

a cup containing an iodophor disinfectant Technical Committee

Technical Committee noun a committee appointed by the UK

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govern-technology 244

ment in 1965, which reviewed the welfare

of animals kept under intensive livestock

husbandry systems

technology

technology noun 1. the use of scientific

knowledge to develop machines and

tech-niques for use in industry 2. machines and

techniques developed using scientific

knowledge 쑗 The technology has to be

related to user requirements.

tedder

tedder /tedə/ noun a machine used to lift

and loosen a swath, enabling air to

circu-late through the cut crop

COMMENT: Tedders may be mounted or

trailed, and some are of the rotary type

with spring tines which rotate on a

verti-cal axis and move the crop sideways

Others, overshot hay tedders, have a

rotor with a series of spring tines which

lift the crop over the rotor and back to the

ground

tedding

tedding /tediŋ/ noun the process of

spreading by lifting the swaths of

new-mown grass in haymaking, so as to expose

more grass to the sun and air and make it

dry more quickly

Teeswater

Teeswater /tizwɔtə/ noun a breed of

longwool sheep with a dark muzzle It is

used to provide rams for cross-breeding

with Swaledale ewes to produce the hybrid

Masham

teg

Telemark

Telemark /telimɑk/ noun a Norwegian

breed of dairy cattle The animals are red

with white patches

tel quel

tel quel /tel kwel/ adjective referring to

the weight of any type of sugar in tonnes

temporary grassland

temporary grassland noun arable

land sown to ley for a limited period

tenant

tenant noun a person who pays rent for

the use of a farm and land owned by a

land-lord

Tenant Farmers Association

Tenant Farmers Association noun a

group formed to represent the interests of

tenant farmers on a national scale Abbr

TFA

tender

tender adjective 1. soft or susceptible to

damage 2. referring to a plant which

cannot tolerate frost

tenderise

tenderise /tendəraiz/, tenderize verb

to make meat tender by keeping it for a

certain time in cold conditions, by

applying substances such as papain, by

injecting with enzymes, etc

tenderometer

tenderometer /tendə|rɒmitə/ noun a

device used for testing vining peas to see

how firm they are, so allowing harvesting

to take place at the right time

tendon

tendon noun a strip of connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone

tendril

tendril /tendrəl/ noun a stem, leaf or petiole of a plant modified into a thin touch-sensitive organ that coils around objects, providing support for climbing plants

terminal

terminal adjective referring to a shoot or bud at the end of a shoot

terminal sire

terminal sire noun a sire used in cross-breeding, whose progeny will possess a high rate of growth and good carcass quality, but will not be suitable for breeding themselves

terrace

terrace noun a flat strip of land across a sloping hillside, lying level along the contours 쐽 verb to build terraces on a mountainside 쑗 The hills are covered with terraced rice fields.

COMMENT: Terracing is widely used to create small flat fields on steeply sloping land, so as to bring more land into pro-ductive use, and also to prevent soil ero-sion

terrace cultivation

terrace cultivation noun hill slopes cut

to form terraced fields which rise in steps one above the other and are cultivated, often with the aid of irrigation

terrain

terrain noun the ground or an area of land

in terms of its physical surface features 쑗

mountainous terrain

terra rossa

terra rossa noun a red soil that develops over limestone, found in Spain, Southern France and Southern Italy

terrier

terrier noun a record of land held and its occupation and use

tertiary

tertiary adjective coming after two other things 쒁 primary, secondary

Teschen disease

Teschen disease /teʃən di|ziz/ noun

a virus disease of pigs caused by an enter-ovirus It is a notifiable disease which causes fever, paralysis and often death testa

testa /testə/ noun the tough protective skin around a seed which protects the embryo inside Also called seed coat

testicle

testicle /testik(ə)l/ noun same as testis

testis

testis /testis/ noun one of two male sex glands in the scrotum, producing sperm

(NOTE: In mammals, including humans, the paired testes also secrete sex hormones

The plural of testis is testes.)

tetanus

tetanus noun an infection caused by

Clostridium tetani in the soil, which affects

the spinal cord and causes spasms which occur first in the jaw

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245 three-times-a-day

COMMENT: Livestock, especially horses,

can be affected by the disease People

who work on the land or with soil, such

as farm workers or construction workers,

should be immunised against tetanus

tether

tether noun a rope, chain or halter, used

to tie up animals쐽 verb to tie up an animal

with a rope or chain, so that it cannot move

away

tetracycline

tetracycline /tetrə|saiklin/ noun an

antibiotic used against various bacterial

diseases

tetraploid

tetraploid /tetrəplɔid/ noun forms of

grass and clover with larger seeds and a

larger plant than ordinary grass and clover

Deep green in colour, they are lower in dry

matter, palatable and digestible There are

also tetraploidal varieties of wheat (NOTE:

The number of chromosomes has been

doubled from the normal diploid state in

ryegrasses.)

Texan angora goat

Texan angora goat noun a breed of

goat with very fine hair, imported from

America

Texel

Texel /teksel/ noun a breed of sheep

from the North of Holland, used to

cross-breed as a flock sire

TFA

Associ-ation

TGE

gastro-enteritis

t/ha

thatch

thatch /θtʃ/ verb to cover a roof with

reeds, straw, grass or other plant material 쑗

Reeds provide the longest-lasting material

for thatching.쐽 noun a covering for a roof

made of reeds, straw, grass or other plant

material 쑗 birds nesting in the old thatch

theaves

theaves /θivz/ plural noun female sheep

between the first and second shearing

theoretical field capacity

theoretical field capacity noun the

rate of work that would be achieved if a

machine were performing its function at its

full-rated forward speed for 100% of the

time

therophyte

therophyte /θerəυfait/ noun an annual

plant that completes its life cycle rapidly in

favourable conditions, growing from a

seed and dying within one season and then

surviving the unfavourable season in the

form of seeds (NOTE: Many desert plants

and plants growing on cultivated land are

therophytes.)

thiabendazole

thiabendazole /θaiə|bendəzəυl/ noun

a substance used to worm cattle

thiamine

thiamine /θaiəmin/, thiamin noun

vitamin B1, found in yeast, cereals, liver and pork

thicket

thicket noun a wood of saplings and bushes growing close together

thin

plants from a crop, so allowing the remaining plants to grow more strongly thinnings

thinnings /θiniŋz/ noun small plants removed to let others grow more strongly thistle

thistle noun a perennial weed (Cirsium arvense, Cirsium vulgare) with spiny or

prickly leaves, which grows as an erect plant and has large purple or white flower heads

thorax

thorax /θɔrks/ noun 1. a cavity in the top part of the body of an animal above the abdomen, containing the diaphragm, heart and lungs, all surrounded by the rib cage 2.

the middle section of the body of an insect, between the head and the abdomen thorn

thorn noun 1. a sharp woody point on plant stems or branches 2. a plant or tree that has sharp woody points on its stems or branches

thornless

thornless /θɔnləs/ adjective referring

to a plant without thorns 쑗 He developed a new thornless variety of blackberry.

thorny

thorny /θɔni/ adjective with thorns thoroughbred

thoroughbred adjective, noun (refer-ring to) a horse that is bred for particular characteristics, in particular, a horse bred for racing

thousand grain weight

thousand grain weight noun the weight of a thousand grains, used as an indicator of grain quality

thousand-headed kale

thousand-headed kale ,

thousand-head kale noun a variety of kale grown for feeding to livestock, usually in the winter months It has many branches and small leaves The dwarf thousand-head produces

a large number of new shoots during the winter

threadworm

threadworm /θredwm/ noun a thin parasitic worm which infests the large

intestine Genus: Enterobius.

three-point linkage

three-point linkage noun a method of coupling implements to a tractor Auto-matic couplers for three-point linkage permit implements to be attached rapidly and safely

three-times-a-day

three-times-a-day noun a milking system in which cows are milked three times a day Using this system can increase milk yields

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thresh 246

thresh

thresh /θreʃ/ verb to separate grains from

stalks and the seedheads of plants

threshing machine

threshing machine noun a machine

formerly used to thresh cereals, now

replaced by the combine harvester

threshold price

threshold price noun in the EU, the

lowest price at which farm produce

imported into the EU can be sold This is

the price in the home market below which

the government or its agencies must buy all

the produce offered by producers for sale at

that price

thrift

thrift /θrift/ noun good health in an

animal

‘PMWS is a complex disease The

devastating impact seen in newly affected

herds is well recognised But it may be

difficult to distinguish from other causes

of ill thrift if present at a low level.’

[Farmers Weekly]

thrifty

thrifty /θrifti/ adjective referring to an

animal which is developing well

thrips

thrips /θrips/ noun an insect that is a pest

of vegetables Thrips operate on the

under-side of leaves, leaving spots of sap or other

liquid which are red or blackish-brown

Typical examples are the onion thrips,

grain thrips and pea thrips

thrive

thrive verb (of an animal or plant) to

develop and grow strongly 쑗 These plants

thrive in very cold environments.

throw

throw verb to give birth to young

thrunter

thrunter /θrntə/ noun a three-year-old

ewe

thrush

thrush noun a disease affecting the frog

of a horse’s hoof

Thuya

Thuya /θujə/ noun the Latin name for

cedar

thyme

thyme noun a common aromatic

Mediter-ranean plant (Thymus) used for flavouring

soups, stuffings and sauces

tick

from the skin Order: Acarida

tick bean

tick bean noun a small bean (Vicia faba

L), usually used for feeding to horses and

other animals

tick-borne fever

tick-borne fever noun an infectious

disease transmitted by bites from ticks In

cattle, the disease causes loss of milk yield

and a lower resistance to other diseases In

sheep it causes fever, listlessness and loss

of weight Abortions may occur as a result

of tick-borne fever

tick pyaemia

tick pyaemia /tik pai|imiə/ noun a

disease affecting young lambs resulting in

limb joint and internal abscesses

tied cottage

tied cottage noun a house which can be occupied by the tenant as long as the tenant remains an employee of the landlord tier

above another, e.g the arrangement of cages in a battery

tilapia

tilapia /ti|lpiə/ noun a tropical white fish, suitable for growing in fish farms tile draining

tile draining noun a means of draining land using underground drains made of clay, plastic or concrete Special machines called ‘tile-laying machines’ are available for this work

till

digging or ploughing, to make it ready for the cultivation of crops

tillage

tillage /tilid/ noun the activity of preparing the soil for cultivation

tiller

tiller /tilə/ noun a shoot of a grass or cereal plant, which forms at ground level in the angle between a leaf and the main shoot True stems are only produced from the tillers at a later stage in the plant’s development

tillering

tillering /tiləriŋ/ noun the process of developing several seedheads in a plant of wheat, barley or oats (NOTE: Tillering leads

to the production of a heavier yield, and can be induced by rolling the young crop in the spring when it begins to grow Tillering

is used to compensate for poor establish-ment It is also important in grasses.)

tilth

tilth /tilθ/ noun a good light crumbling soil prepared to be suitable for growing plants 쑗 Work the soil into a fine tilth before sowing seeds.

timber

timber noun trees which have been or are

to be cut down and made into logs timberline

timberline /timbəlain/ noun US same

as treeline

Timothy

Timothy /timəθi/ noun a palatable

tufted perennial grass (Phleum pratense).

It grows on a wide range of soils and is winter hardy It is used in grazing mixtures and as a hay plant in conjunction with ryegrass

tine

cultivator or harrow Types of tine include rigid, spring-loaded and spring. 2. a sharp prong of a fork or rake

tined

tined /taind/ adjective with tines 쑗 a spring-tined harrow

tine harrows

tine harrows plural noun sets of curved tines sometimes used when the soil surface

is caked or compacted A tine harrow will break up the soil to depth of several inches

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247 total mixed ration

Tipulidae

Tipulidae /ti|pjulidi/ noun a family of

insects including crane flies and their

larvae, leatherjackets, which destroy plant

roots

Tir Cymen

Tir Cymen noun an agri-environmental

scheme for Wales, closed to new entrants

since 1998

Tir Gofal

Tir Gofal noun an agri-environmental

scheme for Wales, established in 1999

tissue culture

tissue culture noun 1. plant or animal

tissue grown in a culture medium 2. a

method of plant propagation which

repro-duces clones of the original plant on media

containing plant hormones

title

title noun 1. the right to hold goods or

property 2. a document proving a right to

hold property

title deeds

title deeds plural noun documents

showing who is the owner of a property

TMR

toadstool

toadstool noun a fungus that resembles

an edible mushroom, but which may be

poisonous

tobacco mosaic virus

tobacco mosaic virus noun a virus

affecting both tobacco plants and tomatoes

tocopherol

tocopherol /tɒ|kɒfərɒl/ noun one of a

group of fat-soluble chemicals that make

up vitamin E (NOTE: It is particularly

abun-dant in vegetable oils and leafy green

vegetables.)

toe-in

toe-in noun the shorter distance between

the bases of the front wheels of a tractor,

compared to their tops Toe-in improves

steering performance and reduces wear on

the front tyres

Toggenburg

Toggenburg /tɒənb/ noun a small

Swiss breed of goat, which is pale brown in

colour with white markings on face, legs

and rump In Britain it has been developed

into a larger, darker animal, which is a

good milker with a long lactation period

tolerance

tolerance noun the ability of an

organism to accept something, or not to

react to something 쑗 plants with frost

toler-ance

tolerant

tolerant adjective not reacting adversely

to something 쑗 a salt-tolerant plant

tolerant variety

tolerant variety noun a variety of crop

which has been developed to withstand a

disease or attacks by certain pests

tolerate

tolerate verb not to react adversely to

something

toleration

toleration /tɒlə|reiʃ(ə)n/ noun the

ability to tolerate something, or the act of

tolerating something 쑗 poor toleration of

high temperatures

tomato

tomato noun an important food crop that produces a round fruit with a bright red skin and pulpy flesh with many seeds The ripe fruit are used in salads and many cooked dishes, and also pressed to make juice and sauces Large quantities are also canned

tom turkey

tom turkey noun a male turkey ton

weight, equal to 1016kg Also called long

ton 2 US a unit of measurement of weight, equal to 907kg Also called short ton

tonne

tonne noun a unit of measurement of weight, equal to 1000 kg Also called

metric ton

top dressing

top dressing noun a fertiliser applied to

a growing crop topknot

topknot /tɒpnɒt/ noun a tuft of hair on the top of an animal’s head, found in certain breeds of cattle and sheep top link sensor

top link sensor noun the mechanism by which most draught controls sense the draught on a tractor implement It uses the top link of the three-point linkage topper

topper /tɒpə/ noun a machine used to cut the tops off sugar beet 쒁 pasture topper

topper unit

topper unit noun a unit forming part of a two- or three-stage system, with a chopper and blower unit

topping

topping noun the process of cutting the leaves and stems from the sugar beet root

It must be done accurately, as overtopping reduces yield

tops

plants such as sugar beet which are cut off and used as fodder for cattle and sheep or made into silage

top-saving attachment

top-saving attachment noun an attachment to a topper unit which collects the tops of sugar beet after they have been cut off

topsoil

topsoil /tɒpsɔil/ noun the top layer of soil, often containing organic material, from which chemical substances are washed by water into the subsoil below total bacterial count

total bacterial count noun a system of calculating the strength of an infection by counting the number of bacteria present in

a sample quantity of liquid taken from the animal Abbr TBC

total mixed ration

total mixed ration noun a winter feed for livestock involving mixing of concen-trates with roughage and allowing the animals free feeding of the mix Abbr TMR

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Toulouse 248

Toulouse

Toulouse /tuluz/ noun a

medium-large grey and white breed of goose, which

originates in France

tow

or implement

towbar

towbar /təυbɑ/ noun a strong bar at the

back of a car or tractor, to which another

vehicle can be attached to be pulled along

tower silo

tower silo noun a tall circular tower used

for storing silage

Townshend, Viscount

Townshend, Viscount (1674–1738)

an 18th-century Norfolk landowner

Nick-named ‘Turnip’ Townshend, he did much

to make the Norfolk four-course rotation

system popular

toxaemia

toxaemia /tɒk|simiə/ noun blood

poisoning 쒁 pregnancy toxaemia

toxic

toxic adjective referring to a substance

that is poisonous or harmful to humans,

animals or the environment

toxicity

toxicity /tɒk|sisiti/ noun the degree to

which a substance is poisonous or harmful

쑗 They were concerned about the high level

of toxicity of the fumes.

toxico-toxico- /tɒksikəυ/ prefix poison

toxicological

toxicological /tɒksikə|lɒdik(ə)l/

adjective referring to toxicology 쑗

Irradi-ated food presents no toxicological hazard

to humans.

toxicologist

toxicologist /tɒksi|kɒlədist/ noun a

scientist who specialises in the study of

poisons

toxicology

toxicology /tɒksi|kɒlədi/ noun the

scientific study of poisons and their effects

on the human body

toxicosis

toxicosis /tɒksi|kəυsis/ noun

poisoning

toxic substance

toxic substance noun a substance that

is poisonous or harmful to humans,

animals or the environment

toxin

toxin noun a poisonous substance

produced by microorganisms 쒁 mycotoxin

toxoplasmosis

toxoplasmosis /tɒksəυplz|məυsis/

noun an infectious disease affecting ewes,

which causes pregnant animals to abort

t/pa

TPO

trace

trace noun a very small amount of

some-thing 쑗 There are traces of radioactivity in

the sample.

traceability

traceability /treisə|biliti/ noun the

concept that each stage in the supply chain

from farm to consumer can be traced so

that the quality of the food can be guaran-teed

‘A new survey has found Welsh food is riding high among consumers who are identifying and asking for local produce when eating out – and seemingly do not mind paying that little bit extra Commissioned by the Welsh Development Agency and carried out by Beaufort Research, the survey also highlights the importance of traceability, with consumers said to be increasingly interested in the origin of their food.’

[Farmers Guardian]

trace element

trace element noun a chemical element that is essential to organic growth but only

in very small quantities

COMMENT: Plants require traces of cop-per, iron, manganese and zinc Humans require the trace elements chromium, cobalt, copper, magnesium, manga-nese, molybdenum, selenium and zinc

traces

traces plural noun side-straps or chains

by which a horse pulls a cart or implement tracklayer

tracklayer /trkleiə/, tracklaying

tractor noun a heavy-duty caterpillar tractor, used mainly for earthmoving and drainage work

tractor

tractor /trktə/ noun a heavy vehicle with large wheels used for a range of tasks

On farms it is mainly used for pulling culti-vation and spraying equipment

COMMENT: The general-purpose tractor does most of the work on arable and live-stock farms and may have either two- or four-wheel drive Lighter tractors, usually two-wheel drive models, are used by market gardeners More powerful four-wheel drive tractors are needed for ploughing and heavy cultivation The heaviest tractors are tracklayers, or

‘crawlers’, which are used for very heavy work and on heavy soils Besides pulling trailed implements such as balers, for-age harvesters and drills, the tractor’s hydraulic system can be used to raise and lower mounted implements and operate lifting and loading equipment The hydraulic system provides the power for fertiliser spreaders, hedge trimmers and a variety of other imple-ments Medium-sized tractors develop 40–60hp, while large models can develop as much as 200hp Very mod-ern tractors have in-cab computers which can tell the driver how much ground has been covered, and how much fuel has been used, and can even advise on the gear which will give the

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249 transpiration

since 1970, all new tractors must be

fit-ted with an approved protective cab or

frame to prevent the driver being

crushed in accidents where the tractor

rolls over

tractor-mounted loader

tractor-mounted loader noun a

loader which is mounted on a tractor, and

not trailed

tractor vaporising oil

tractor vaporising oil noun a fuel

formerly used in many tractors, but now

replaced by diesel oil Abbr TVO

Trade Union Sustainable Development Advisory Committee

Trade Union Sustainable

Develop-ment Advisory Committee noun a

forum for consultation on environmental

issues between the Government and the

main TUC-affiliated trade unions in the

UK Abbr TUSDAC

trafficability

trafficability /trfikə|biliti/ noun the

ability of soil to take machinery or stock

without significant soil damage It is

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