Danh pháp hợp chất hữu cơ

Danh pháp hợp chất hữu cơ định các loại hợp chất như hiđrocacbon, ancol, andehit, axit. Số lượng các nhóm chức năng và vị trí của chúng ...Danh pháp hợp chất hữu cơ định các loại hợp chất như hiđrocacbon, ancol, andehit, axit. Số lượng các nhóm chức năng và vị trí của chúng ...

(C h u bien) - T R A N THj TlflJ

DANH PHAP

N H A X U A T B A N G IA O D U C V IE T N A M

TRAN QUOC SON (Chu bien) - TRAN THj TlfU

DANH PHAP

(Tai ban Ian thu mu&i co sua chua)

NHA XUAT BAN GIAO DUC VIET NAM

Tran Quoc San, G S trirang D H SP Ha Noi

Tran Thi Tiiru, P C S truong D H SP T P Ho Chi M inh

LOI NOI DAU

CHO LAN XUAT BAN THU" BA

Van de thudt ngi't vd danh phap hod hoc a ni(dc ta dang duac rat nhieu ngitai ddc biet quan tarn Dieu nay khong nlu'tng vi tam quan trong cua no trong day

vd hoc hod h oc cCing nhit trong sdn xuat va nghien cihi hod hoc, md cdn vi chi fa cd sit tliong nhd't ve cdc nguyen tdc xay difng thuat ngit hod hoc bang tieng Viet vd ve cdch phien chuyen tit tieng nude ngoai (chit yeu 1a tieng Anh) sang tieng Viet.

Cuon such nay gidi thieu nhifng nguyen tdc c o ban ve danh phap IUPAC cua cdc loqi hcrp clid't hifn c o thitting gap Sach ditac xuat ban Ian dau tien vao ndm 2000 da ditoc d oc gid don nhan rat nliiet tinh Ba nam sail, sach ditc/c xud't ban kin tint liai, co bo sung chitong V, tit bay den nay sach duac in lai lidng ndm d e d d p ifng nhu cau cua doc gid.

Ldn xuat ban tlu't b a nay do chit bien phu trach, tuy van gift nguyen ndm clutcmg, song m oi clutong deu ditac chinh li vd bo sung nhieu nham cap nhat

vd m d rong pliqm vi sit dung cho ngitai doc, trong tam Id may van de sau :

M ot Id, b o sung cdc c/uy tdc chon lita hidrua nen, quy tdc goi ten hop chat tap chitc, danh p h ap phan, danh phap dung hop cua hap chat di vdng

H ai Id, dita them danh phap cdc he polixiclo, danh phap mot so hop chat chita niter nhit imit, hidrazit, cdc axit imidic, hidrazonic, hidroxam ic, danh phap

!u/p chat cd k im vd hap chat hidroxi cacbonyl,

Ba la phdt trien danh phap cua nhieu loqi chat, trong so do co a-am ino axit, cacbohidrat, glixerit, steroit

Bon Id, dita vao cuoi m oi clutang mot so bdi tap, lidu het ditac trd lai a cuoi sach.

Cuon sach nay vita Id tai lieu bdi ditang gido vien hod hoc vita la giao trinh cho sinli vien dqi hoc, c a o dang, hoc vien cao hoc vd nghien ci'tu sinh, dong thai cung Id tai lieu tham khao cho cdn bo giang day vd nghien cihi hod hoc hCtu co ciing tat cd nhifng ai quan tam den danh phap hod hoc.

C dc tdc gid rat mong nhan ditac nhieu y kien phe binh xay dung.

Hd N oi, thang 6 ndm 2 0 JO

C a c ta c gia

hoa hoc o nude ta 131-2 PHAN LOAI DANH PHAP HOP CHAT HLTU CO DANH PHAP IUPAC

1-2-1 Phan loai chung ve danh phap hop chat huu co 15

Danh phap he thong (15) Danh phap thong thucmg (16) Danh phap nua he thong hay nira thong thuong (16)

1-2-2 Phan loai danh phap IUPAC 16

Ten thay the (16) Ten trao ddi (17) Ten loai chuc (18) Ten dung hop (18) Ten ket hop (19) Ten cong (19) Ten trir (20) Ten nhan (21) Ten cua di vong theo Hantzsch va Widman (21) Cac xiclophan (22) Ten thong thuong va nua

he thong duoc IUPAC luu dung (23)

1-3 QUY D|NH VE SIJ DUNG CAC CHi S 6 V! TRI VA CAC LOAI DAU TRONG DANH PHAP IUPAC

1-3-1 Cac chi so ve vj t r i 23

1-3-2 Dau phay va cac daiu chaim 24

Dau phay (24) Dau mot cham (24) Dau hai cham (25)

1-3-3 Gach noi va dau ca ch 25

Gach noi (25) Dau cach (26)

1-3-4 Cac dau moc dong 26

Dau moc cong (26) Dau moc vuong (27) Dau moc xoan (28)

1-4 TIEN T 6, HIDRUA NEN VA NHOM DAC TRUNG1-4-1 Tien t o

Tifin to vi do boi (28) Tien to've cS'u tao (31)

28

MUC LUC

1-4-2 Ilidrua nen 33

Hidrua nen don nhan (33) Hidrua nen axiclic da nhan (34) Hidrua nen don vong (34) Hidrua nfin da vong (35)

1-4-3 Nhom dike trurng 36

Phan loai nhom dac trung theo he tit;n to/hau t6' trong danh phap thay the (36)

Do uu tien cua cac nhom dac trung (37)

1-5 QUY TAC CHUNG CUA Vl£C GOI TEN THEO DANH PHAP THAY THf: IUPAC

1-5-1 H idrocacbon 38

Xac dinh hidrua nen (38) Danh so cac nguyen tir cacbon tren mach chlnh (39) Goi ten day du (39)

1-5-2 Dan xuait cua hidrocacbon 39

Xac dinh nhom dac trung (39) Xac dinh hidrua ndn (39) Danh so mach chrnh (39) Truong hop chua nhom dac trung loai A (40) Truong hop chua nhom dac trung loai B (40) Cac hop chat tap chuc (40) Tom tat trinh tu goi ten dan xuatcua hidrocacbon (40)

1-5-3 Cac quy tac xac dinh hidrua nen a x iclic 41 1-5-4 Mot so quy tac chon lira hidrua nen doi voi cac hop chat chua ca mach ho

Ian mach vong 43

1-6 DANH PHAP D6NG PHAN CAU HINH

1-6-1 Dong phan hinh hoc 45

1 Ic danh phap as/trims (45) He danh phap syn/anti (46) He danh phap Z/E (46)

1-6-2 Dong phan quang h oc 48

Danh phap D/L (49) Danh phap R/S (49) Danh phap erythro/threo (51)

Bai tap chuang I 52

DANH PHAP HOP CHAT HOU CO 7

C hirongII DANH PHAP HIDROCACBON, CAC ION VA GbC TU DO, CAC D| VONG

II-1-3 Nhom (hay goc) hidrocacbon n o 58

Nhom (goc) hidrocacbon no hoa tri mot (58) Nhom (goc) hidrocacbon no hoa tri hai (59) Nhom (goc) hidrocacbon hoa tri ba va cao hon (60)

11-2 HIDROCACBON KHONG NO MACH HO

II-2-1 Hidrocacbon khong no 61

Hidrocacbon khong no co mot hay nhieu lien ket doi (61) Hidrocacbon co mot hay nhiSu lien ket ba (62) Hidrocacbon chiia ddng thoi lien ket doi va lien ket ba (62)

II-2-2 Nhom (hay goc) hidrocacbon khong n o 63

Nhom (goc) hoa tri mot (63) Nhom (goc) da hoa tri (64)

11-3 HIDROCACBON VONG NO VA KHONG NO

II-3-1 Hidrocacbon don vong n o 65

Hidrocacbon don vong no khong nhanh va co nhanh (65) Nhom (goc)

hidrocacbon don vong no (65)

II-3-2 Hidrocacbon don vong khong no 66

Hidrocacbon don vong khong no (66) Cac nhom (goc) hidrocacbon

don vong khong no (66)

11-3-3 Hidrocacbon hai vong co chung mot nguyen tu mat vong : Hidrocacbon

kieu s p iro 67

Hidrocacbon kieu spiro (67) Nhom (goc) hidrocacbon kieu spiro (67)

II-3-4 Hidrocacbon hai vong co chung cau noi : Hidrocacbon kieu bixiclo 68

Hidrocacbon kieu bixiclo (68) Nhom (goc) hidrocacbon kieu bixiclo (68)

II-3-5 He nhieu vong (da vong) co chung cau noi Hidrocacbon kieu polixiclo 69

11-4 HIDROCACBON THOM

11-4-1 Hidrocacbon thorn don vong va da v o n g 69

Ten thong thudng cua aren duoc IUPAC luu dung (69) Ten cua cac aren co nhom the' (71) Ten cua cac hidrocacbon thorn da vong dung hop (72) II-4-2 Nhom (hay goc) hidrocacbon thorn 74

Cac nhom (goc) co ten thong thuong hoac ten nua he thong duoc luu dung (74) Cac nhom (goc) thorn khac (75) 11-5 G dc CACBO TU DO, ION VA ION-GdC 11-5-1 Goc tu do 76

Cac gdc tu do R va R (76) Cac goc tu do co nhom the (76) 11-5-2 Cation va cation -goc 77

Cation duoc hinh thanh bang cach them H(+> vao hidrua nen (77) Cation duoc hinh thanh bang cach bdt di H( * tu hidrua n6n (77) Cation-goc (78) II-5-3 Anion va anion-goc 78

Cacbanion (78) Anion-goc (79) 11-6 DANH PHAP DI VONG II-6-1 Ten thong thuong va ten nua he thong 80

Di vong don va di vong da dung hop (80) Nhom (goc) di vong (80) II-6-2 Ten he thong theo Hantzsch - Widman 81

II-6-3 Ten trao d o i 83

II-6-4 Ten dung hop 84

Bai tap chuong II 86

C h iron g III DANH P H A P H O P CHAT HUU CO DON CHITC VA DA CHIFC D 6 N G NHAT 111-1 DAN x u At h a l o g e n VA HOP c h At NITRO III-1.-1 Dan xuat halogen 89

Danh phap thay the (89) Danh phap loai chuc (91) Danh phap cong (9 j ) Ten thong thuong (91) III-1 -1 Hop chat n itro 92

DANH PHAP HOP CHAT HCTU CO 9

Danh phap thay the (93) Ten thong thuong (93) Cac dan xuat hidroxi cua

he tap hop vong thorn (94)

III-2-3 Cac hop chat tuong dong chalcogen cua ancol va phenol 94 III-2-4 Cac nhom (goc) sinh ra bang cach tach H d O H 95

Cac nhom gdc R O - va A rO - (95) Cac nhom hoa tri hai d dang -O -X -O - (95) Cac nhom chua S va Se tuong dong vdi RO- va ArO- (96)

cd nhom CHO d cach mach vong bang mot doan mach cacbon (100) Andehit

va axit tuong ung cd ten thong thudng (101) Chat tuong dong chalcogen cuaandehit ( 102)

III-4-2 X e to n 102

Danh phap thay the (102) Danh phap loai chuc (103) Ten thong thudng duoc IUPAC luu dung (103) Cha't tuong dong chalcogen cua xeton (103)

III-4-3 X e te n 104 III-4-4 D^n xuat d nhom chuc cua andehit va xeton 105

Axetal (105) Hemiaxetal (106) Axylal (106) Oxim (107) Hidrazon (107)

111-5 AXIT CACBOXYLIC VA CAC DAN XUAT

III-5-1 Axit cacb oxylic 108

Axit monocacboxylic va dicacboxylic mach ho (108) Axit chtia >3 nhom cacboxyl noi vdi mach hd va axit chua >1 nhom cacboxyl noi vdi mach vong (108) Axit cd nhom COOH d cach xa vong mot doan mach cacbon (108) Ten thong thudng (109) Cac nhom axyl (109) Chat tuong ddng chalcogen cua axitcacboxylic ( 1 11)

III-5-2 Diin xuat d nhom chuc cua axit cacboxylic 112

Muoi (112) Este (112) Halogenua axit (113) Anhidrit (113) Amit va imit (114) Hidrazit (115) Lacton va lactam (116) Nitrin (117) Cac axit imidic, hidrazonic,hidroximic va hidroxamic (118)

111-6 AMIN, IMIN VA MOT S6 CHUC CHUA HAI NGUYEN TU NITO

III-6-1 Amin bac m o t 118

Monoamin bac mot (118) Diamin bac mot (119)

III-6-2 Amin bac hai va amin bac b a 120

Amin bac hai va amin bac ba doi xung (120) Amin bac hai va amin bac ba khong doi xung ( 120)

III-6-3 Cac hop chat azo va diazo 121

Hop chat azo (121) Hop chat diazoni (122) Hop chat diazo (122)

111-7 HOP CHAT CO KIM

III-7-1 Truong hop kim loai khong noi vdi phoi tu anion 122

III-7-2 Hop chat co kim co phoi tu anion 123 Bai tap chuung I I I 123

ChirongIV DANH PHAP HOP CHATTAP CHIFC

VA HOP CHAT THl£N NHl£N

IV-1 QUY TAC GQI TEN CAC HQP CHAT TAP CHUCIV-1-1 Danh phap thay the cua cac hop chat tap churc chi chua cac nhom loai \ j 2 7

IV -1-2 Danh phap thay the cua cac hop chat tap chuc chua nhom loai B

IV -1 -3 Danh phap trao doi cua cac hop chat tap churc

DANH PHAP HOP CHAT HOU CO 11

IV-2 HQP CHAT HIDROXICACBONYL, HIDROXI AXIT VA OXO AXIT

IV-2-1 Hop chat hidroxicacbonyl 132 IV-2-2 Hidroxi a xit 133

12 MUC LUC

Chuung V CAC T£N GOI DUOC LUU DUNG

VA TRINH TU UU Tl£N CUA CAC NHOM

V -l TEN THONG THUONG VA NUA H£ THONG DUOC LUU DUNG

V -l-1 Hidrocacbon va nhom (goc) hidrocacbon 173

Hidrocacbon mach ho va hidrocacbon don vong (173) Nhom (goc) hidrocacbon mach ho va don vong (174) Hidrocacbon da vong khong no va thorn (175) Hidrocacbon da vong no (177) Nhom (gdc) hidrocacbon da vong (177) V -l-2 Di vong va nhom (gdc) di vong 177

Di vong nen (177) Nhom (gdc) di vong (181) Y -l-3 Hop chat mang nhom dac trirng chura oxi va luu huyn h 182

Hop chat hidroxi, ete va nhom (gdc) tuong ung (182) Hop chat cacbonyl va nhom (gdc) lien quan (183) Axit cacboxylic va cac hop chat lien quan (184) Mot so hop chat va nhom (gdc) chua luu huynh (187) V -l-4 Hop chat mang nhom dac trung chura nito va halogen 187

Amin va nhom the dan xuat (187) Cau true nen mach ho chua nhi6u nito va cac nhom the dan xuat (188) Hop chat chua halogen (189) V-2 t£n g o i cac n h o m t h u o n g d u n g v a d o u u t i£n CUA CAC NHOM HAY GAP KHI XAC DjNH CAU HINH V-2-1 Ten goi cac nhom (gdc) thudng d u n g 190

V-2-2 Ten goi va do uu tien cua cac nhom (gdc) dung trong cac he danh phap E/Z va R /S 207

Cac nhom xep theo trinh tu do uu tien (207) Cac nhom xep theo trinh tu bang chu cai (210). Bai tap bd su n g 214

TAI LIE1' DOC T H E M 217

TRA LOI MOT SO BAI T A P 218

PHI L U C 229

Phu luc 1 Ve danh phap va thuat ngu hoa hoc huu c o 229

Phu luc 2 Danh muc ten goi cac nguydn to hoa h o c 243

do xuat hien danh p h ap G ianeva. Nhung quy tdc cua danh phap G ianeva duac Hiep hoi hoa hoc quoc te (viet tat la IU C, xuat phat tu International Union o f Chemistry) hop tai L ie g ia (Liege, Bi) nam 1932 xem xet, chinh If va bo sung thanh

quy tdc Liegia. C ac quy tac nay duac hoan thien them vao nhung nam 1936 (tai

L u cern e) va 1938 (tai Rom a).

Nam 1947, Hiep hoi quoc te hoa hoc c a ban va ting dung (viet tat la IUPAC, xuat phat tu International Union o f Pure and Applied Chemistry duac thanh lap trudc do thay cho IU C ), hop tai Luan Don (London, Anh) de! ra soat va bo sung cac quy tac cua danh phap duang thai da dat van de xay dung nen danh phap IUPAC

ma cac phan quan trong duac thong qua tai ki hop cua IU PA C a Pari (P aris, Phap) nam 1957 Tir do den nay IU PAC thudng xuyen bo sung va hoan chinh cac quy tac cua danh phap, khong xem danh phap do la tlnh tai, trai lai can duac phat trien lien tuc Trong so cac van kien quan trong ve danh phap hoa hoc hiiu ca, phai ke den cac tai lieu xuat ban nhung nam nhu 1979, 1993, 1998, 2004,

Cung nhu ca c nude khac tren the g iai, nuac ta da tirng ap dung danh phap

G ian ev a cung m ot so loai danh phap nua he thong va khong he thong Trong vong bon - nam thap ki gdn day da chuyen sang dung danh phap IU P A C thay cho danh phap G ian ev a

1-1 -2 Vai net ve tinh hinh nghien cuu, sir dung thuat ngCr va danh

phap hoa hoc huu co 6 nude ta

T ru ac C ach m ang thang Tam , trong tieng V iet hau nhu chua co nhieu tir hoa hoc chinh xac M ai tori nam 1942 mdri co cong trinh "D anh tCr khoa h oc" (trong

14 CHLfONG I - DAI ClfCJNG VE DANH PHAP HCfU CO

do co hoa hoc) cua G S Hoang XuSn Han, tuy la mot dong gop ra't ldn song bay gior chua duoc sir dung rOng rai

Sau Cach mang thang Tam, tieng Viet diroe dung trong giang day va cac cong tac khoa hoc, nen cac tir hoa hoc duoc chmh thurc dua vao tieng Viet

6 mien Bdc, nam 1960, Uy ban Khoa Hoc nha nude da de ra quy dinh tam thdi

ve cac nguyen tdc bien soan danh tir khoa hoc tu nhien Nam 1963, mdt nhom cac nha hoa hoc chii chot tai Ha Noi bien soan cuon "Tir dien hoa hoc Nga - Anh - Viet" Mot nam sau, GS Nguyin Thac Cat cong bo mot ban du thao ve thuat ngu va danh phap hoa hoc

6 mien Nam, nam 1962 GS Le Van Thdi da chu tri bien soan cuon "Danh tir khoa hoc" ; nam 1967 thanh lap "Uy ban quoc gia soan thao danh tir chuyen mon" (trong do co danh tir hoa hoc) do GS Le Van Thdi lam Chu tich ; Uy ban nay da de

ra cac nguyen tdc phien chuyen va cac phuong sach xay dung thuat ngu hoa hoc

Tir nam 1975 den nay, dat nude da thong nhat song cdn chua cd su thong nhat

ve danh phap va thuat ngu hoa hoc (khong thong nhat giua cac trudng dai hoc, cac vien nghien cuu; giua khoi giao due va khoi y te; giua nhung ngudi sir dung tai lieu

in d mien Nam trudc day va nhung ngudi sir dung sach in d mien Bdc, ) Xu hudng

co nguon gdc tir sach in d mien Bdc cd dac diem chung la Viet hoa nhieu hon; trong khi do, xu hudng co nguon gdc tir tai lieu d mien Nam trudc day lai thien ve sir dung tieng Phap va tieng Han nhieu hon

Nam 1982, Bo Giao due da thanh lap Hoi dong chuan hoa tieng Viet, xay dung nen nhung quy dinh ve chmh ta trong sach giao khoa cai cach giao due, song it duoc

ap dung trong thirc te

Hoi dong quoc gia chi dao bien soan Tir dien bach khoa Viet Nam, tren co sd ap dung cac quy tac do GS Nguyen Thac Cat de xuat, cung dat cac quy dinh ve thuat ngu hoa hoc Trong khi do, nganh Duoc tir lau van cd cac quy dinh mang tfnh quoc

te - hoi nhap cao, le duong nhien muc do Viet hoa khong cao

Trong tinh hinh nhu vay, tir ddu thap ki 90 cua the ki trudc, cac sach ve hoa hoc (pho thong, cao dang va dai hoc) do Nha xuat ban Giao due an hanh deu tuan theo mot sd quy djnh tam thdi, chu yeu dua tren cac de xuat cua G S Nguyin Thac Cat, cu the nhu sau :

- Viet lien cac am tiet, bo cac ddu thanh va ddu mu

- Cd gdng giu gdn sat dang thuat ngu gdc, nhung doc theo tid'ng Viet

- Them mot sd phu am va phu am kep von khong cd trong tieng Viet nhu :

cl, cr, hr, v.v

1-2 PHAN l o a i d a n h p hAp 15

- Thay y bang / trong moi trudng hop, trir trong hau to yl cua ten goc huu co

- Them mot so van nguoc nhu al, ol, yl de chi mot so chtic huu co va cac goc

- Bo bdt r trong cac vSn nhu ar (tr£r cacbon va cacbonat vi da qua quen dung), or, er, va dung ic thay ich.

- Giu nguyen khong phien chuyen cac tien to nhu cis-, trans-, ortho-, meta-, v.v Tai Hoi nghi khoa hoc va cong nghe hoa hoc huu co toan quoc lan thuf nhat(1999) va cac lan tiep theo cung nhu tai Hoi thao quoc gia ve danh phap va thuat ngu hoa hoc huu co (2000) da co nhung bao cao trong do neu len cac nguyen tac chung va cac quy tac cu the vi phien chuyen Tuy vay, nhung bat dong y kien ve danh phap va thuat ngu van chua duoc khac phuc

Trudc tlnh hinh do, tu nam 2005 Hoi Hoa hoc Viet Nam, duoc sir ung ho cua Bo Khoa hoc va Cong nghe va Lien hiep cac Hoi khoa hoc va ki thuat Viet Nam, da thuc hien de tai "Xay dung he thong thuat ngu va danh phap hoa hoc Viet Nam" D i tai nay1*’ da hoan thanh viec xay dung cac nguyen tac chung, cac quy tac phien chuyen

d i goi ten cac nguyen to hoa hoc, cac hop chat vo co va huu co, cac tieu chi dat thuat ngu hoa hoc cung cac phuong thuc xav dung thuat ngu, v.v

Trong khi cho doi Nha nude ban hanh nhung quy dinh mdi v i danh phap va thuat ngu dua tren cac ket qua nghien cuu cua D i tai, sach nay van tam thdi ap dung cac quy dinh cua Nha xuat ban Giao due Viet Nam nhu cac lan xuat ban trudc

1-2 PHAN LOAI DANH PHAP HOP CHAT HftU CO

DANH PHAP IUPAC

1-2-1 Phan loai chung ve danh phap hop chat huu co

Co the quy cac ten cua hop chat huu co vi hai loai chinh va mot loai trung gian

1-2- 7-7 Danh phap he thong

Do la loai danh phap trong do moi bo phan cau thanh diu co y nghla he thong Thi du ten goi hexan ( C 6H 14 ) gom hai bo phan la hexa- (tiin to xuat phat tir tieng

Hi Lap co nghla la sau) va -an (hau to noi len mot hidrocacbon no), do do ta cd hex(a) + an —» hexan (bo bdt mot trong hai chu a liin nhau)

(*) Trong thoi gian thuc hien cac thu tuc in tap sach nay, H6i Hoa hoc Viet Nam da cho ra mdt d6c gia mdt c6ng trinh tap the diroc hoan thanh trong khuon khd cua de tai neu tren Do la cuon

"Danh phap va thuat ngu hoa hoc Viet Nam”, Nha xua't ban Khoa hoc va Ky thuat, Ha N6i, 2010.

16 CHUONG I - DAI CUCJNG VE DANH P H A P H gU ^ O

1-2-1-2 Danh phap thdng thuong

Danli phap thong thudng hay danh phap thudng la loai danh phap duoc hinh thanh dua theo ngu6n gdc tim ra hoac theo tfnh chat be ngoai (mau sac, mui vi ) hoac mot you to khac kh6ng co tfnh he thong Thi du : ure (tieng Phap la uree) co ngudn goc tir urine (tieng Phap co nghla la nude ti6u) vi ure lan dSu tien duoc tach

ra tu nude tieu (1778)

1-2-1-3 Danh phap nua he thdng hay nua thong thudng

Loai danh phap nay cd tfnh cach trung gian giua hai loai tren, vi no chi co mot

\ai yeu to he thdng Thi du : stiren (C 6H5CH = CH2 )c o nguon gdc la stirax (ten loai nhua cay cho ta stiren) va chi co hau to -en (noi len su cd mat cua noi doi C=C) la yeu to he thdng

1-2-2 Phan loai danh phap IUPAC

l en cua cac hop chat huu co theo IUPAC (danh phap IU PAC) gom nhi6u loai,

ma da sd la ten he thdng, chi cd mot sd tuong doi it la ten nira he thdng va ten thong thudng

1-2-2-1 Ten thay the (Substitutive name)

Ten tliuy the hay la ten the duac tao nen nhd thao tdc thay the, turc la thay mot hay nhi£u nguyen tu H d bo phan chinh goi la hidrua nen (mach chinh, vong chmh, v.v ) bang mot hay nhieu nguyen tu hoac nhom nguyen tu khac roi lay ten cua hidrua nen ghep vdi ten cua nguyen tu hoac nhom nguyen tu mdi the vao (duoc neu ten dudi dang tien to hoac hau to tuy trudng hop, theo nhung quy tacnhat dinh) Thi du :

c h 3 - c h 2 - o hHidrua n£n : etan

Nhom the : -O H cd ten d dang hau to -ol

Ten thay the : Etanol

c i - c h 2 - c h c i - c h 3Hidrua n£n : propan

Nhom the : -C l co ten d dang tien to cloro- (hoac clo-)

Ten thay the : 1,2-Dicloropropan

C6H , - N H - C H 3

Hidrua n6n hay chuc nen (co vong va nhom churc): anilin

Nhom the : -C H 3 co ten metyl

Ten thay the : jV-Metylanilin

I-2 -2 -2 Tin trao doi (Replacement name)

Ten trao doi duoc hinh thanh khong phai bang thao tac thay the nguyen tu hidro ma bang thao tdc trao doi nguyen tu (hay nhom nguyen tir) khac hidro cua hidrua nen bang nguyen tu (hoac nhom nguyen tu) khac Nhung nguyen tir'moi duoc thay vao con duoc goi la di nguyen tu hay di tu.

Co hai loai :

a) Ten trao doi d bo khung

Ta goi ten hop chat nhu khi chua co sir trao doi, nhung can them tien to noi len nguyen tir duoc dua vao ; cac ti<5n to' nay deu tan cung bang chu "a" : chang han o.xa- (nguyen tir oxi), thia- (luu huynh), aza- (nito hay azot), sila- (silic), v.v (xem Bang II.2) Thi du :

^ trao d6i C bang Si

4-O xa- 1-azaxiclohexan 7-Oxa-2-thia-4-azaoctan

b) Ten trao doi d nhom chCfc

Su trao d6i nguyen tir oxi d nhom chuc bang nguyen tir khac duoc the hien bang ti6n to noi len nguyen tir moi duoc dua vao Thi du :

2-OPHC HUU CO

18 CHlfONG I - DAI CUONG V § DANH PHAPHCrUCO

CH3[CH2]4C H = 0Hexanal

C H 3[ C H 2 ]4 C H = Se

H e x a n s e l e n a l

1-2-2-3 Ten loai chuc hay la ten goc - chuc

(Functional class name, Radicofunctional name)

Ten loqi chuc hay con goi la ten goc-chuc duoc tao nen bang thao tdc cong ten cua goc (hay la nhom) vdi ten cua chiic huu CO Thi du :

Neu cd mat hai hay nhieu nhom (gdc) khac nhau thi neu ten chung theo trinh

tu bang chu cai Thi du :

Chii y rang n£u phan gdc d dang ti'nh tir thi phdn nay duoc dat sau phan chirc cho phu hop vdi ngu phap ti£ng Viet Thi du : ancol etylic (tir etyl ancol)

1-2-2-A Tin dung hop (Fusion name)

Day la len ciia cac hop chat da vong ngung tu (hay dung hop) Trong he da

\ong do cd mot bo phan duoc coi la chinh hay co sd (duoc xac djnh theo nhung qu> tac clj the) va 11161 bO phan ghep ndi (bang cach ngung tu hay la dung hop) Bo phan ghcp noi nay duoc goi ten dudi dang tien to, thudng thudng duoc tan cunghani: chur "o" Hii du :

Phan ca s6 : antraxen Phan ca sd : furan

Ten : Benzofajantraxen Ten : Benzo[£]furanCac chu cai nhu a, h, r,„ dung dd’,chi thu tu cua cac lien ket trong vong

1-2 PHAN lo a i d a n h p hAp 19

I-2 -2 -5 Ten ket hop (Conjunctive name)

Doi vdi cac hop chat huu co chua dong thdi mot bo phan mach ho cd nhom chuc chinh va m6t bo phan mach vong, ngudi ta cd the dung thao tdc ket hap ten cua bo phan mach ho (duoc coi la hidrua nen) va ten cua he vong, mac du de tao nen hop chat cdn goi ten ta phai bdt di mot sd nguyen tu H d ch6 noi Thi du :

X iclohexan E tan ol T en k e t hop : X iclohexanetanol

Ten thay the : 2-Xiclohexyletanol

X iclop en tan -l,l-d ietan ol Axit ben zen-l,3,5-triaxetic

Neu cac nhanh khong giong nhau, chi co nhanh chinh duoc coi la bo phan ket hop con cac nhanh khac duoc neu ten 0 dang tien to Thi du :

HOOCCH,

Axit 4-(cacboximetyl)benzenpropanoic Axit 4-(2-cacboxietyl)benzen-l,2-diaxetic

I-2 -2 -6 Ten cong (Additive name)

Ten cong duoc hinh thanh bang thao tdc cong cac hop phan ma khong bdt di nguyen tu hay nhom nguyen tu nao tu m6i hop phan do Thi du :

20 CHL/ONG I - DAI Cl/ONG VfE DANH PHAP HLfU CO

c h 2 = c h 2 +Etilen

Q h5 Phenyl

-C H jt-C H jlj-C H j

Hexyl

+

O Oxi

c 6h 5 Phenyl

O Oxi

-CH2 - C H 2

Etilen oxit

Q H 5 - C 6H5BiphenylCH3[CH2 c h 2o

H exyloxi

4H

N a p h ta le n H idro 1 ,2 ,3 ,4 -T e tr a h id r o n a p h ta le n

I-2 -2 -7 Ten trir(Subtractive name)

Ten tru dirge hinh thanh tir ten cua mot chat tuong tir da quen biet bang cach dung mot tien to hoac mot hau to de noi len su loai bdt mot so nguyen tir hay nhom nguyen tu Do la thao tdc trif.

Co hai loai :

a) Ten trie duoc hinh thanh bang cach dung tien to trif nhu de-, anhidro-

Anhidro- la tien to noi len sir tach bort HOH, de- la phan dau cua mot tien to phan anh sir bdt di mot nguyen tu hoac nhom nguyen tu nao do, chang han demetyl-

fbdt di mot nhom metyl va thay bang H), deoxi- (bdt di mot nguyen tu O nhd thay the OH bang H) Thi du :

CH3CH2CH2-I-2 -2 -8 Ten nhSn (Multiplicative name)

Ten nhan bie’u thj su rich tu cac ca'u true nen tuong tir nhau, ndi vdi nhau bang mot nhom da hoa tri ddi xung Trinh tu cac b6 phan cua ten nhan nhu sau : ten nhom doi xung + tien td chi d6 b6i (di-, tri-, ) + ten cua ca'u true nen (van giu nguyen cach danh sd song dung cac da'u phet cho cac ca'u true nen thu hai, thuf ba, ) Thi du :

h o c h 2c h 2 - o - c h 2c h 2o h

2^2'-Oxidietanol

HOOC n) - C H 2 -</ x> - COOH Axit 4 ,4 ’-metylendibenzoic

/CI-^COOH N— CH2COOH

1-2-2-9 Tin cua dj vdng theo Hantzsch va Widman

Ddi vdri cac di vong don vong co m6t hay nhi£u dj tir vdi s6 canh tir 3 den 10, IUPAC ap dung he th6'ng ten theo de xu£t cua Hantzsch va Widman. Theo cach goi ten nay, ten cua mdt di vong duoc c£u thanh tir hai ph£n chinh :

- T i6n td "a" dung de’ chi ra loai dj nguyen tir trong vong Thi du : oxa-, thia-, aza-,

22 CHLTONG I - DAI CLTONG v£ DANH PHAP HCfU CO

- Phan c a sa 16 hap vdi hau to dung de ndi len ki'ch thudc cua di vong, do chua bao hoa, di vong cd chua nito hay khong Thi du : -iridin, -iran, -ole

Cu the’ va chi tiet hon ve loai danh phap nay duoc trinh bay d muc II.6

1-2-2-10 Cac xidophan

Cac he da vong phurc tap trong do cac bo phan thur ca'p mach vong va mach hd ndi vdi nhau tao nen vong ldn duoc goi la cac xiclophan, cdn cach goi ten duoc goi la danh phap phan.

Theo danh phap nay, b6 phan thur cap mach vong duoc coi la sieu nguyen tuvz

bieu di^n bang dau cham dan cung vdi chu so to va dam, cdn he vong ldn ndi tren (chua cac sieu nguyen tu va cac be phan thu cap mach hd) duoc goi la sieu vdng

hay xiclophan. Thi du :

Si£u nguyfin tir 1 3 14

Ten c i i a s i e u n gu y en tir trong xicloph an duoc la'y ten cu a vdng blnh thudng co them h.Ui 10 </, c h i n g han henzena (tir vdng b en zen ), xiclohexana (tir vong

n c l o h o x in) piruhna (tirp irid in ), v.v

V i t ri c i i a s i e u nguyen tir (duoc danh s d uu tien) trong xiclophan duoc ghi

• m n c t e n h a n g c h u s d A RAp binh thudng, cdn cac vi tri ndi sieu nguyen tir vdi b6

p h i n t h i r c A p m a c h h d duoc ghi bang chu s d A Rap trong da'u moc cong

N h u v A y , xiclophan neu d tren co ten dAy du la (l,4)-benzenaxiclodecaphan.

S o l u r m g s i e u n g u y e n tir trong m6t xiclophan c d the nhi^u hon 1 Thi' du :

1,4( 1,3)-Dibenzenaxiclohexaphan

1-2-2-17 Ten thdng thudng va ten nua he thong dupe luu dung trong he

thdng tin cua IUPA C

Do la ten cua mot sd hidrocacbon mach ho, mach vong, nhom (hay goc) hidrocacbon, din xuat hidroxi, hop cha't cacbonyl, axit cacboxylic, di vong, v.v Cac ten thuoc loai nay duoc chia thanh ba nhom :

• Nhom (a) gom cac ten duoc dung khi khong co nhom the va khi co nhom the d bat ki vi tri nao Thi du : etan, axetilen, benzen, phenol, anilin, axit benzoic, v.v

• Nhom (b) gom cac ten duoc dung khi khong co nhom the va khi co nhom the chi d mot so vi tri nhat dinh (thuong la 6 mach vong) Thi du : toluen, stiren, v.v

• Nhom (c) gom cac ten duoc dung chi khi khong co nhom the Thi du : isopentan, neopentan, isopren, glixerol axit lactic, v.v

Noi dung chi tiet va day du hem ve cac ten duoc IUPAC luu dung duoc trinh bay 6 V l

1-3 QUY DINH V f SU DUNG CAC CHl S6 V! TRf VA CAC LOAI DAU TRONG DANH PHAP IUPAC

1-3-1 Cac chi so v£ vi tri

Cac chi so ve vi tri cua cac nhom the va nhom chuc la nhung chu so A Rap (thi du : 1 ,2 , 3 ), cac chu cai Hi Lap (thi du a , p, y, ) hoac chu cai La Tinh (thi du :

O, N, P, ) ma nhi£u tieng nude ngoai (Anh, Phap, va dang chu Nga) viet la

locant. Trudc day, IUPAC chua quy dinh cu the vi tri dat cac "locant" trong ten goi h(^p chat huu co, n6n da ton tai nhidu cach viet khac nhau Thi du : ddi vdi CH3CH2CH=CH2 co the viet 1-buten ; buten-1 hoac but-l-en ; ddi vdiCH3CH(OH)CH3 co th^ viet 2-propanol ; propanol-2 hoac propan-2-ol Tu daunhung nam 90 cua thd ki trudc, IUPAC da quy dinh ro rang ta't ca cac "locant", tuc

la cac chi sd ve vj tri du la chu sd hay chu cai, cdn duoc dat ngay trudc b6 phan co

24 CHl/ONG I - OAI Cl/ONG v£ DANH PHAP HOU CO

lien quan cua ten goi hop chat huu co, chi trir trong ten cua cac goc (hay nhom) o dang thu gon Thi du :

Ten d dang thu gon cua mot so goc (nhom) :

2-Naphtyl (khong viet napht-2-yl) vi la dang thu gon cua naphtalen-2-yl

3-Piridyl (khong viet pirid-3-yl) vi la

i f dang thu gon cua piridin-3-yl

1-3-2 Dau phay va cac dau cham

CD

1-3 SCr DUNG CAC CHI S6 VI TRI' VA CAC LOAI DAU 25

-1,1’ : 3\l"-Terxiclobutan 2 ,2 ': 7',2"-Tem aphtalen

1-3-3 Gach noi va dau cach (khoang trong)

1-3-3-1 Gach ndi

Gach ndi (-) duoc dung vao cac muc dfch sau :

a) Phan cach “locant” vdi nhung phan con lai ma lien ke cua ten goi Thf du :2-m etylbuta-l,3-dien ; Af-metyl-/V-propylanilin

b) Phan cach cac “locant” d gin nhau ma thuoc ve cac phdn khac nhau cua ten goi (thucmg phai dung them da'u moc don)

Thf du :

9-( 1 -N aphtyl)antraxen

trong do, so 1 thu6c ve vong

naphtalen, con so 9 thuoc ve vong

antraxen

c) Phan cach hai phan ve chi so

noi len vi tri ngung tu (dung hop)

Thf du :

Thieno[3,2-/?]furan

trong do, 3 va 2 thu6c \i vong

thiophen, con h thuoc ve vong

furan

d)Phan cach cac kf hieu lap the nhu E, Z, R, S, D, L vdi ten cua hop chat Thf

du : (£> bu t-2-en , D-glucozo, (/?)-glixerandehit

e) Phan cach cac tien t6'v e cau tao va cdu hinh (nhu sec-, tert-, cis-, trans-, )

va cac tien td vi tri (nhu ortho-, meta-, para-, peri-, amphi-, ) vdi phdn co ban cua

26 CHlfONG I - DA! ClfCJNG v£ DANH PHAP HCfU CO

tSn goi Cac tien to nay duac in nghieng va khong nen viet hoa, du a ddu cau Thi

du : sfc-butyl clorua, ancol rm -butylic ; orr/zo-nitrophenol

1 -3 -3 -2 D au cach

Da'u cach hay khoang trong duoc dung trong cac trucmg hap :

a) Phdn cdch cac tu trong danh phap go'c-churc D o la ten cua axit va cac din xuat a nhom chuc (thi du : axit axetic, etyl axetat, anhidrit a x e tic , ); cac hap chit cacbonyl va dan xuat d nhom chuc (thi du : etyl metyl xeton ; benzandehit oxim , ) ; cac dan xuat halogen va cac hap chat tuong tu (thf du etyl bromua ; axetyl clorua ; metyl xianua, ) cac ancol, ete va cha't tucmg dong (thi du : ancol etylic ; etyl vinyl ete ; metyl propyl sunfua, ), v.v

b) Phdn cach cac tir trong mot sd danh phap cong Thi du : stiren o x it ; piridin A'-oxit, etilen dibromua

1-3-4 Cac dci'ii moc dong

Co ba loai da'u moc dong duoc dung trong he danh phap IU PAC ; do la dau moc cong hay la da'u m oc dan ( ) ; da'u moc vu6ng [ ] va da'u moc xoan { }

1 -3 -4 -1 DH u m oc cong

Ddu moc cong dupe quy dinh dung vao cac muc dich sau :

a) Tdch rieng cho ro m6t nhom (gdc) phurc tap ma co danh sd ri£ng va thuong duoc dat ngay sau cac tidn td v£ d6 b6i “bis”, “tris”, ndu co mat nhi£u nhom ziOng nhau Thi du :

C H ,[C H , |sCH[CHt I^CHi

" \

( h , - c h - c h 2c h 2c h 3 7-( 1 -Metylbutyl)tridecan

(H 0C H ,C H 20 )2 C H C 0 0 H Axit bis(2-hidroxietoxi)axetic

b) Trdnh sit nhdm ldn v i ca'u tao Thi du :

Cloro(metyI)silan

C H ,- S iH2 -C I

1-3 SCf DUNG CAC CHI S6 Vj TRI VA CAC LOAI DAU 27

c) Nhan ro “nguyen tir hidro duac cdng vao” cung vdri “locant” ciia no Thi du :

e) Bao boc ten ciia monome co nhanh cung vdi “locant” cua no va ten ciia monome gom hai thanh phan trong ten ciia polime Thf du :

CH-, - C H :

" I

Cl-fC H , - CH

Poli(l-phenyletilen) hay Polistiren

Poli(hexam etylen adipamit)-(N H C O [C H 2 ]4CONH[CH2 ]6^

I-3 -4 -2 Dau moc vuong

D3u moc vuong duoc dung vao cac muc dfch sau :

a) Chi ro su lap lai nhieu lan cac nhom lam keo dai mach Thf du : CH3-[C H 2]10- C H 3 dodecan

b) Bao quanh tap hop cac kf hieu (s6' va chu cai) ve vi tri dung hgfp (hay ngung tu)

Thf du : dibenzo[a,y]antraxen va thieno[3,2-^]furan

c) Bao quanh tap hap cac so so luofng nguyen tir rieng re o m6i vong hoac m6i cdu ndi trong he da vdng thuoc cac loai spiro, bixiclo, trixiclo, v.v

Thf du : spiro[3.4]octan ; bixiclo[3.2.1]octan

28 CHUCJNG I - DAI CUONG v£ DANH PHAP HCfU CO

d) Bao boc cac “locant” mdt khfa canh ca'u true nao do cua m6t hop phSn trong ten cua hop chat huu co Thi du :

1-3-4-3 Dau moc xoan

Da'u moc xodn dung de’ bao boc cac tien td nhom the ma da dung d£u moc vuong Thf du :

NH2 - C H 2C H 2 - 0 - C H - 0 - C H 2CH 2 - 0 - C H - C H = 0

2- { 2- [ l- ( 2-Aminoetoxi)etoxi]etoxi}propanalKhi phai lap lai nhieu Mn cac da'u moc khac nhau thi trinh tu viet cac da'u do l a : dau moc cong, da'u moc vuong, da'u moc xodn, va lai dau m oc cong, da'u moc vuong, dau moc xoan, ; cu the la { [ ({ [ () ] })] } Thi du :

Axit 4 ,4 ’-{ l-[({ 5- [(4’-xianobiphenyl-4-yl)oxi]pentyl }oxi)cacbonyl]etylen Jdibenzoic

1-4 t i £ n t 6, h id r u a n £ n v a n h o m d A c t r u n g

1-4-1 Tien to

Tien to hay la tie'p dau ngu (prefix) cd the duoc quy ve hai loai ldn la tien tove

do boi (noi len so luong cac nhom cau tao giong nhau hoac tuong tu nhau) va tien tove cau tao (phan anh dac diem ca'u tao)

1-4-1-1 Tien to ve do boi

a) Cac tien to co ban di-, tri-, tetra-,

Tru nona- va undeca- xuat phat tu tidng LaTin, cac tien to cdn lai deu xudt phat tu tieng Hi Lap (xem bang 1-1)

1-4 T|£n t6, HIORUA N^N VA NH6M OAC TRUNG 29

Bang 1-1

TIEN TO CO BAN VE DO BOI

ilia-Chit y rang, bat dau tir dodeca- hau het cac tien to duoc hinh thanh bang cach

to hop cac tien to hop phan theo trinh tu ngugc vdi trong sd A Rap Thi du :

13 : trideca- ; 24 : tetracosa- ; 35 : pentatriaconta- ; 48 : octatetraconta- ; 52 : dopentaconta-; 132 : dotriacontahecta-

Cac tien td co ban dung de chi do boi ciia cac tidn td ca'u tao thuoc loai don gian (khong co nhom the trong ten cua nhom the do), cac hau td, cac tien td “a”, v.v Thi' du : 2,3,3,5-tetrametylheptan ; 1,1-dicloropropan ; 2,8-diazaphenantren ; etan-1.2-d io l: axit benzen-1,3,5-triaxetic

Ti£n td mono- thudng dugc bo bdt trong nhieu ten hoa hoc, tru nhung trudng hgp cdn phai nhdn manh hoac cdn lam ro cau tao Thf du :

b) Cac tien to bis, tris, tetrakis,

Tru bis (hai lan, tuong duong vdi di-) va tris (ba ldn, tuong duong vdi tri-), cac tien td khac thuoc loai nay deu dugc cau thanh tu tien td co ban da neu d tren bdng cach them "k is” vao cuoi Thf du :

30 CHL/ONG I - DAI Cl/ONG Vg DANH PHAP HOfU CG

4 lan : tetra + kis = tetrakis

5 lan : penta + kis = pentakis

10 ldn : deca + kis = decakisCac tien td bis, tris, tetrakis, dung de chi do boi cua cac ti£n td cau tao co chua nhdm the phu (goi la nhom the phurc tap) va cac hau td cung cd chua nhom the Thi du : bis(2-aminoetyl)- (khong dugc viet di-2-aminoetyl) ; terephtalandehit bis (phenylhidrazon) (khong viet terephtalandehit diphenylhidrazon)

Ngoai ra, cdn dung cac tien td nay trong trudng hgp ma cac tien td c a ban co the gay nhdm ldn Thf du : Khi co 3 nhdm -C H 2- phai viet la tris(metylen), khongviet trimetylen vi se hieu la -C H 2CH2CH2- ; ddi vdi 3 nhdm dexyl CH3[CH2] j- phai viet la tris(dexyl) ma khong viet tridexyl vi se hieu la CH3[CH2]12-

Chu y rdng khong cd monokis

c) C a c tien to bi-, ter-, quater-,

Cac tien td loai nay deu xudt phat tir sd La Tin, chung dugc dung chu yeu trong ten cua cac td hgp vong de ndi len so lugng vdng ndi vdi nhau

1 “

N

3 “ 2" 3' 2' 2 3

1,1' : 4 1 "-Terphenyl ho^c p-terphenyl

1-4 T|£n T6, HIDRUA NI=N VA NHOM DAC TRUNG 31

1-4-1-2 Tien to v i cau tao

Nhin chung, cac tien to ve ca'u tao dugc chia thanh hai loai : tien td tach ra dugc (detachable prefixes) va tien td khong tach ra dugc (nondetachable prefixes), m6i loai do lai dugc chia thanh cac loai nho hon

a) Tien to tach ra duoc

Loai tien to nay gdm cac nhom chu yeu sau :

• Cac ti£n to nhdm the don gian (trong ten nhdm the khong co nhdm the phu), Thi du : m etyl-, etyl-, phenyl-, cloro- hidroxi-, m etoxi-, v.v Trong ten goi mot hgp chat huu co, cac tien td nay dugc viet theo trinh tu cac chu cai dau, chang han : am ino- > brom o- > butyl- > etyl- > hidroxi- > m etyl- > propyl-

Thi du :

1 -Etvl-3-m etylxiclohexan 2.5.8-T riclo ro -1,4-dimetylnaphtalen

Chu y rang nhung chu cai dau cua cac tien td vg do boi khong dugc tfnh vao trinh tir cac tidn td

• Cac tien td nhom the phurc tap (trong ten cua nhom the co ten nhom the phu) ; thi du clorom etyl-, 2-hidroxietvl- 4-nitrophenyl- Trong ten goi cua mot hgp chat huru ca cac ti6n td nay dugc viet theo trinh tu cac chu cai dau cua ten goi hoan chinh cua nhom the do bao gom ca tien td ca ban ve do boi

Chang han : difluorobutyl- > etyl- > triclorometyl-

32 CHl/ONG I - DAI CITONG v£ DANH PHAP HOU CO

• Cac tien t o “a”, nhus/'/a-, oxa-, aza-, Thf du :

• Cac tien to trif, nhu dehidro- (tach bdt hidro), demetyl- (tach bat metyl),

nor- (loai bo het metyl hoac thu hep vong), anhidro- (tach nude) Thf du :

(ten cu : Benzyn)

Born an

c H : o o h

H

rf

c

U n : h 2 o h

Norbornan

H-H HO H-

A xit gulonic A xit 2,5-<3A?///(//-ogulonic

• Cac tien to cong nhu dihidro- tetrahidro-, hom o- (them nhom -C H ,-),v.v TTif du :

N ap h talen 1 ,2 ,3,4-T etrah id ro n ap h talen

1-4 TI§N T6, HIDRUA N^N VA NHOM DAC TRUNG 33

Khi trong phan tu co dong thdi ca ti£n td tach ra dugc va tien td khong tach

ra dugc, le duong nhien phai dat tien td tach ra dugc d trudc Thf du :

COOH SiH2\

- c h 2 c h 3

H ■ H- CH3CH20 -

Cach goi ten cac loai hidrua nen nhu sau :

1-4-2-1 Hidrua nen don nhan (Mononuclear hydrides)

Hidrua don nhan chi chua mot nguyen tu cua nguyen td dugc khao sat con lai

la cac nguyen tu hidro Da sd ten cua hidrua den nhan dugc hinh thanh tir ten ciia nguyen td tucmg ung va hau td -an. Thi du :

Chu y rang khong dung cac dang ten nhu oxan (OH2), germanan (GeH4),

selenan fSeH : ), teluran (TeH 2) va bisman (BiH 3) de tranh nham lSn vdi ten ciia cac

di vong no sau canh

VCP'-'C hOj CO

34 CHl/ONG I - DAI CL/ONG v£ DANH PHAP HCfU CO

I-4 -2 -2 Hidrua nen axiclic da nhan (Acyclic polynuclear hydrides)

a) Hidrocacbon no

Ngoai trir bon hidrocacbon dau day dong ding, cac hidrocacbon con lai d6u

co ten dirge hinh thanh tir tien to chi so lirgng nguyen tir cacbon va duoi - an.

Chung deu la nhung hidrua nen

b) Hidrua khac hidrocacbon

Ten cua cac hidrua nay la : tien to co ban ve do boi + ten hidrua don nhan Thi du :

cong thuc chung C „ll2n vai n >6 dugc goi la cac [/;]annulen Thi du :

1-4 t i £ n t 6 , h id r u a n £ n v A n h O m d A c t r u n g 35

b) Hidrua dong vdng khong chifa cacbon

Cach goi ten nhu hidrua mach ho' khong chua cacbon chi cdn them tien to xiclo- Thi du :

H2Gev

GeHc

G eH GeHc

X iclo h ex ag erm an

c) Hidrua dj vdng

Ngoai nhung ten thong thuong duoc luu dung ; cac hidrua di vong voi so canh khong qua 10 dupe goi ten theo Hantzsch va Widman (xem II-6)

I-4 -2 -4 Hidrua nen da vdng

Loai nay rat da dang ; co nhieu ten thong thudng duoc IUPAC luu dung (xem chuong II va chucng V)

Ngoai khai niem hidrua nen (parent hydride) noi d tren, IUPAC con dung khai niem chuc nen (functional parent) va hidrua nen mang nhom chuc

ffunctionalized parent hydride)

Chuc nen la cdu true co mot hay nhieu nhom dac trung (nhom chuc) va co mot hay nhi£u nguyen tu hidro noi vdi ft nhat mot nguyen tu cua bo khung hoac voi m6t nhom chuc Thi du : anilin, axit axetic

Neu hidrua n£n mang nhom chuc ducrc goi ten dudi dang hau to, thi khong coi

do la chuc n6n ma la hidrua nen mang nhom chuc. Thi du : xiclohexanol

36 CHlfONG I - DAI CLfONG v£ DANH PHAP HOU CO1-4-3 Nhom dac trung

Nhom dac trung (characteristic-groups)'hay nhom chuc (functional groups) la nguyen tu hay nhom nguyen tu quyet dinh tfnh chat hoa hoc dac trung cua mot loai hop chat him ca. Do la nhung nguyen tu hay nhom nguyen tu lien ket voi hidrua nen co the bang lien ket cacbon-cacbon (thf du —COOH ; —CN ; —COQ, ) hoac khong bang lien ket cacbon-cacbon (thf du - O H ,- N H 2, - C l, -B r , .)

Cac lien ket kep cacbon-cacbon (C=C, O C ) noi len do chua bao hoa (do khong no) cung co the’ dupe coi la nhom chuc, song mat khac chung lai la mot bo phan cua cau true ndn Cac lien ket do co ten a dang hau to :

1-4-3- 7 Phan loai nhdm dac trung theo he tien to /h a u to trong danh

phap thay the cua IUPAC

a) Cac nhdm dac trung chi cd ten d dang tien to (nhdm loai A)

Bang 1-2

NHOM DAC TRUNG LOAI A

Nhom dac tri/ng Tien to Nhom dac tri/ng Tien to

)selanyl-1-4 t i £ n t o , h i d r u a n £ n v A n h o m d a c t r u n g 37

b) Cac nhom dac trung co the cd ten d dang tien to hoac hau to (nhdm loai B)

Bang 1-3

NHOM DAC TRlfNG LOAI B

Cac chu (C) chi ra rdng nguyen tu cacbon nay duoc ti'nh trong ten cua hidrua nen

1-4-3-2 Do uu tien cua cac nhom dac trung

Khi trong phan tir co mat hai hoac hon hai nhom loai B, can xac dinh nhom chinh de; goi ten dircri dang hau to, con cac nhom khac dugc goi ten duoi dang ti6n

to Nhom chinh la nhom co do iru tien cao hon trong day sau (do IUPAC quy d in h ):

38 CHL/ONG I - DAI CLfONG v£ DANH PHAP HOU CO

H2N

o 2 n C H -C H -C H ,-C H -C -C H

CH, CH,OH Cl O

Cac nhom loai B dugc xep theo trinh tu giam dan do uu tien la :

- COOH > > C = 0 > -O H > -N H 2 Nhom chfnh (dugc goi ten 6 dang hau to) la -COOH Nhom chfnh + hidrua nen la axit xiclohexancacboxylic Cac nhom con lai, du thuoc loai A hay loai B, deu phai neu ten d dang tien to

1-5-1 Hidrocacbon

Cach goi ten hidrocacbon dugc de cap cu the trong chuong sau Nhin chung co

3 budc chfnh :

1-5-7- 7 Xac dinh hidrua nen (mgch chinh, vdng chinh)

Viec xac dinh hidrua nen dua theo nhung quy tdc cu the Chdng han doi vdi hidrocacbon no mach hd, do la mach dai nhat ma chua nhieu nhanh nhat ; doi vdi hidrocacbon khong no mach hd, do la mach chua lien ket kep vdi sd lugng toi da

va khi cdn thi uu tien cho noi ddi hon la noi ba, v.v

1-5 QUY TAC CHUNG CUA Vl|C GQI T£N

1-5 QUY TAC CHUNG COA DANH PHAP THAY TH£' 39

1-5 -1-2 Danh so cac nguyen tu cacbon tren mach chinh

Cach danh so cung phai tu&n theo nhiing quy tdc cu the’ Chdng han, doi voi hidrocacbon no cdn danh s6' tu1 ddu nao gdn nhanh de’ cho “locant” nho nhat, ddi vdi hidrocacbon khong no cdn danh sd tu ddu nao gdn lien ket kep hon, va khi cdn thiet thi uu tien cho ndi ddi C = C

1-5-1-3 Coi ten day du

“Locant” cua cac nhanh + Ten cua cac nhanh (theo trinh tu chu cai) + Hidrua nen + “Locant” cua lien ket kep (ne'u cd) + HSu td ciia lien ket kep (trinh tir -en

C H 2= C - C H , - C = C - C H - C H 3

c h36-M etyl-2-pentylhept- 1 -en-4-in

1-5-2 D in xuat cua hidrocacbon

Cach goi ten cac loai ddn xuat ciia hidrocacbon duoc trinh bay trong cac chucmg III va IV Sau day la mot sd quy tdc chung nhat

I-5 -2 -1 Xac djnh nhom dac trung

Trudc het, cdn xac dinh ro nhdm dac trung trong phan tir thuoc ve loai A hay loai B ; neu cd nhieu nhdm loai B cdn xac dinh nhdm chinh.

I-5 -2 -2 Xac djnh hidrua nen

Do la mach chura nhdm chuc chinh vdi sd lucmg toj da, sau do den cac nhdm churc va nhdm the khac vdi sd lucmg cang nhieu cang tot

I-5 -2 -3 Danh so mach chinh

Can danh sd tir ddu nao gdn nhdm chinh va cho “locant” nho nhdt Cac hau td chi do chua bao hoa (-en, -in ) duoc dat ngay trudc ten ciia nhdm chmh

40 CHL/ONG I - DAI Cl/CING v£ DANH PHAP HOU CO

I-5 -2 -4 Trudng hgp chUa nhdm dac trung loai A

Ddi vdi cdc hap chat dan chuc va da chuc dong nhat ch i chua nhom dac trung loai A thi goi ten cac nhdm dac trimg d dang tien to cung vdi “locant” (dat truac tien td) roi den ten hidrua nen (mach chinh, vdng chinh)

I-5 -2 -5 Trudng hop chUa nhdm dac trung loai B

Ddi vdi cac hap chat dan chuc vd da chuc dong nhat chua nhom dac trung loai B thi nhdm dac trung duoc the hien d dang hau ro cung vdi “locant” (dugc dat ngay trudc hau td)

I-5 -2 -6 Cac hop chat tap chUc

Ddi vdi cac hap chat tap chuc chura nhieu nhdm dac trung khac nhau, trong sd

do cd nhdm loai B, thi goi ten tat ca cac nhdm khong phai la nhdm chinh d dang tien td cung vdi “locant” (dat ngay trudc mdi tien td) roi den ten hidrua nen (mach chinh) cung vdi do chua bao hoa (neu cd) va sau cung la ten nhdm chinh a dang hau ro cung vdi “locant” (dat ngay trudc hau td)

/-5-2-7Tom t i t trinh tugoi ten d in xuat cua hidrocacbon

Locant + Nhdm the va nhom chuc khong chinh (d dang tien td, trinh tu chir cai) + Hidrua nen + Locant + Do chua bao hoa (d dang hau to -en, -in ) + Locant + Nhdm chuc chinh (d dang hau td)

Thi du 1 : CH3 - CH2 - OH va HO - CH2 - CH2 - OH

Nhdm chuc chinh : -O H (thuoc loai B) cd hau td -ol

Hidua nen : CH3 - C H 3 cd ten etan

Ten hgp chat : Etanol va E ta n -1,2-diol

Thi du 2 :

C H7 - C H - CH = C - C - CH,

Nhdm chinh : > C = 0 hau td -on

Hidrua nen + nhdm chinh + do chua bao hoa :

CH 3 - C H 2 - C H = C H - C - C H 3 hex-3-en-2-on

O