SAMPLING AND SURVEYING RADIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTS - CHAPTER 1 doc

The purpose of Sampling and Surveying Radiological Environments is to providethe environmental industry with guidance on how to design and implement defensiblesampling programs in radiol

SAMPLING AND SURVEYING RADIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTS

LEWIS PUBLISHERSBoca Raton London New York Washington, D.C.

SAMPLING AND SURVEYING RADIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTS

Mark E Byrnes

Contributors

David A King Susan F Blackburn Robert L Johnson Sebastian C Tindall Walter E Remsen, Jr.

Samuel E Stinnette Nile A Luedtke

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© 2001 by CRC Press LLC Lewis Publishers is an imprint of CRC Press LLC

No claim to original U.S Government works International Standard Book Number 1-56670-364-6 Library of Congress Card Number 00-058777

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Byrnes, Mark E.

Sampling and surveying radiological environments / Mark E Byrnes.

p cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 1-56670-364-6 (alk paper)

1 Radioactive waste sites —Evaluation 2 Radioactive pollution—Measurement 3.

Environmental sampling 4 Radioactive waste disposal —Law and legislation—United

States I Title.

TD898.155.E83 B95 2000

The purpose of Sampling and Surveying Radiological Environments is to providethe environmental industry with guidance on how to design and implement defensiblesampling programs in radiological environments, such as those found in the vicinity

of uranium mine sites, nuclear weapons production facilities, nuclear reactors, active waste storage and disposal facilities, and areas in the vicinity of nuclearaccidents This book presents many of the most effective radiological surveying andsampling methods for use in supporting:

radio-• Environmental site characterization

• Postremediation site closeout

• Postdecontamination and decommissioning building closeout

Standard operating procedures have been provided for those sampling methods that

do not require specialized training, such as:

Guidance is provided on how to use the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)Data Quality Objectives (DQO) and Data Quality Assessment (DQA) process tosupport the design of defensible sampling programs and to ensure that the collecteddata are of adequate quality and quantity to meet the intended purpose Templateshave been provided to assist the user in going through the DQO Process and to assist

in the writing of a DQO Summary Report and Sampling and Analysis Plan Thesetemplates appear in Appendices A and B, and on the CD accompanying the book.The capabilities of multiple statistical sample design software packages are presentedalong with Web page addresses where copies of the software can be downloaded

The book includes a summary of the major environmental laws and regulationsthat apply to radiological sites, including those that govern the actions of the U.S.Department of Energy (DOE) and Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) Othermajor topics addressed by this book include radiation detection theory; samplepreparation, documentation, and shipment; data verification and validation; datamanagement; and equipment decontamination.

This book focuses on those methods and procedures that have proved themselves

to be effective and/or are acknowledged by the EPA, DOE, NRC, and/or U.S.Department of Defense (DOD) as reputable techniques The primary references used

as guidance to support the preparation of this book include:

Byrnes, M.E., 1994, Field Sampling Methods for Remedial Investigations, Lewis Publishers,

Ann Arbor, MI.

Driscoll, F.G., 1986, Groundwater and Wells, 2nd ed., Johnson Division, St Paul, MN.

Environmental Protection Agency, 1987, A Compendium of Superfund Field Operations Methods, EPA/540/P-87/001a.

Environmental Protection Agency, 1988, Guidance for Conducting Remedial Investigations and Feasibility Studies under CERCLA, EPA/540/G-89/004.

Environmental Protection Agency, 1989, Methods for Evaluating the Attainment of Cleanup Standards, Volume 1: Soils and Solid Media, PB89-234959.

Environmental Protection Agency, 1991, Handbook of Suggested Practices for the Design and Installation of Ground-Water Monitoring Wells, EPA/600/4-89/034.

Environmental Protection Agency, 1992a, Statistical Methods for Evaluating the Attainment

of Cleanup Standards, Volume 3: Reference-Based Standards for Soils and Solid Media, EPA 230-R-94-004.

Environmental Protection Agency, 1992b, RCRA Ground-Water Monitoring: Draft Technical Guidance, EPA/530-R-93-001.

Environmental Protection Agency, 1992c, Final Comprehensive State Ground Water tion Program Guidance, 100-R-93-001.

Protec-Environmental Protection Agency, 1992d, Guide to Management of Investigation —Derived

author chose this approach over a more general discussion because he believes itwill provide more valuable information to the reader.

The primary audiences for this book are U.S and international governmentagencies and their contractors responsible for the remediation and/or decontamina-tion and decommissioning of radiological sites and facilities This book is alsointended to be used as a university textbook to teach advanced undergraduate orgraduate-level courses that deal with the practical elements of performing environ-mental investigations in radiological environments

About the Author

Mark E Byrnes is a senior data quality/

sampling specialist working for ScienceApplications International Corporation(SAIC), a 39,000-person, employee-ownedscience and engineering company Mr Byrnesworks at the U.S Department of EnergyHanford Nuclear Reservation, supportingenvironmental remediation and facilitydecontamination and decommissioningactivities performed by Bechtel Hanford,Inc., and CH2M Hill under the U.S Depart-ment of Energy Environmental RestorationProgram

Mr Byrnes received his bachelor of artsdegree in geology from the University ofColorado (Boulder), and his master of sci-ence degree in geology/geochemistry fromPortland State University (Oregon) Mr Byrnes is a registered professional geologist

in the States of Tennessee and Kentucky, and is the author of the 1994 LewisPublishers book titled, Field Sampling Methods for Remedial Investigations, whichhas been used as a textbook at Georgia Tech and many other major universitiesacross the country

About the Contributors

David A King is a certified health physicist, working for SAIC Mr King

supports environmental characterization and remediation of Formerly Utilized SitesRemedial Action Program (FUSRAP) sites operated by the U.S Corps of Engineers

Mr King specializes in dose/risk assessments for radiologically contaminated sitesand radiological surveys using the EPA Multi-Agency Radiation Survey and SiteInvestigation Manual (MARSSIM) Mr King received his bachelor of science degree

in physics from Middle Tennessee State University, and his master of science degree

in radiation protection engineering from the University of Tennessee (Knoxville)

Mr King received his certification from the American Board of Health Physics in1999

Susan F Blackburn is employed by SAIC as a senior environmental statistician.

She provides statistical support to a variety of environmental programs includingthe U.S Department of Energy Environmental Restoration Program at the HanfordNuclear Reservation, the Advanced Mixed Waste Treatment Facility at Idaho Falls,the U.S Department of Energy River Protection Program at the Hanford NuclearReservation, and the Office of Civilian Radioactive Waste Management for the YuccaMountain Project Ms Blackburn has a bachelor of science degree in mathematics,

a master of science degree in human factors, and a master of science degree inquantitative methods (statistics) from the University of Illinois inChampaign/Urbana

Robert L Johnson is with the Environmental Assessment Division, Argonne

National Laboratory Dr Johnson holds a master’s degree in environmental systemsfrom Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, and a Ph.D in soil and water resourcesfrom Cornell University, Ithaca, NY Dr Johnson’s areas of expertise include adaptivesampling program design and environmental data management

Sebastian C Tindall is a senior environmental scientist with Bechtel Hanford,

Inc., Richland, WA Mr Tindall works at the U.S Department of Energy HanfordNuclear Reservation, supporting environmental remediation and building decontam-ination and decommissioning activities performed by Bechtel Hanford, Inc., underthe U.S Department of Energy Environmental Restoration Program Mr Tindallreceived his bachelor of arts degree in chemistry and biology and his master ofscience degree in chemistry from the University of California at Santa Cruz Mr.Tindall has taught chemistry and hazardous materials courses for over 15 years atthe college and university level He is now on the faculty at Washington StateUniversity Mr Tindall is a registered environmental assessor in the State of Cali-fornia and a certified hazardous materials manager (master level) Mr Tindall isnationally recognized as an expert in systematic planning for environmental decisionmaking based on the EPA Data Quality Objectives (DQO) process and has developedand delivered DQO training courses for the U.S Department of Energy

Walter E Remsen, Jr., is a senior environmental scientist working for Bechtel

Hanford, Inc., at the U.S Department of Energy Hanford Nuclear Reservation Mr.Remsen provides technical support for environmental and engineering activities

performed by Bechtel Hanford, Inc., and CH2MHill under the U.S Department ofEnergy Environmental Restoration Program Mr Remsen received his bachelor ofscience degree in oceanography from the University of California—Humboldt andmaster of science degree in geology from the University of California—Northridge.

Samuel E Stinnette is a senior data analyst working for the SAIC office in Oak

Ridge, TN He has more than 15 years of experience in the field of statistical dataanalysis and statistical consulting, with more than 10 years of experience workingwith environmental data analysis He has provided statistical and programmingsupport to projects associated with the Comprehensive Environmental Response,Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) and Resource Conservation and Recov-ery Act (RCRA) at sites across the United States, with a focus on human health riskassessment He has provided varying levels of support to Remedial Investigation(RI) and RCRA Facility Investigation (RFI) site characterizations, removal actions,corrective measures studies, feasibility studies, and risk-based prioritization

Mr Stinnette has a bachelor of science degree in mathematics and history fromJames Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, and a master of science degree instatistics from Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA

Nile A Luedtke is a senior chemist and analytical laboratory coordinator,

SAIC–Oak Ridge, TN Mr Luedtke’s expertise encompasses analytical chemistryand quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC), spanning a variety of environmentalareas He has worked in oceanographic research, commercial laboratory operations,the nuclear power industry, laboratory oversight programs, and environmental projectmanagement His career has included development and implementation programs

in relation to analytical laboratory interfaces, project chemistry support, project dataquality development, and project data quality assessment Mr Luedtke holds abachelor’s degree in chemistry from Hartwick College, Oneonta, NY, and a master’sdegree in analytical chemistry from the University of Rhode Island, Kingston

Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1 Radiological Contaminant Sources 2

1.2 Impacted Media 3

1.3 Contaminant Migration Pathways and Routes of Exposure 4

1.4 Definitions of Common Radiological Terms 5

References 11

Chapter 2 Environmental Laws and Regulations 2.1 Environmental Laws 13

2.1.1 CERCLA Compliance 14

2.1.2 SARA Compliance 16

2.1.3 RCRA Compliance 17

2.1.4 TSCA Compliance 20

2.1.5 NEPA Compliance 22

2.1.6 CWA Compliance 23

2.1.7 SDWA Compliance 24

2.1.8 CAA Compliance 25

2.2 Federal Regulations 26

2.3 State Regulations 27

2.4 Other Regulations 27

References 39

Chapter 3 Radiation and Radioactivity 3.1 Types of Radiation 43

3.1.1 Alpha Particles 52

3.1.2 Beta Particles 52

3.1.3 X Rays 53

3.1.4 Gamma Rays 53

3.2 Sources of Radiation and Radioactivity 54

3.2.1 Primordial Sources 54

3.2.2 Cosmic Radiation 54

3.2.3 Anthropogenic Sources 55

3.3 Radiation Detection Instrumentation 56

3.3.1 Radiation Detectors 56

3.3.1.1 Gas-Filled Detectors 56

3.3.1.2 Scintillation Detectors 57

3.3.1.3 Solid-State Detectors 57

3.3.1.4 Passive Integrating Detectors 58

3.3.2 Instrument Inspection and Calibration 59

References 60

Chapter 4 Sampling and Surveying Radiological Environments

4.1 Designing a Defensible Sampling Program 62

4.1.1 DQO Implementation Process 62

4.1.1.1 Planning Meeting 63

4.1.1.2 Scoping 63

4.1.1.3 Regulator Interviews 65

4.1.1.4 Global Issues Meeting 66

4.1.1.5 Seven-Step DQO Process 66

4.1.1.6 Preparing a DQO Summary Report 121

4.1.1.7 Sampling and Analysis Plan 121

4.2 Scanning and Direct Measurement Methods 127

4.2.1 Typical Radiation Instrumentation Used in Radiological Investigations 128

4.2.2 Radiological Detection Systems 132

4.2.2.1 Soil Characterization and Remediation 132

4.2.2.2 Building Decontamination and Decommissioning 144

4.2.2.3 Tank, Drum, Canister, Crate, and Remote Surveying 163

4.2.2.4 Exposure Monitoring 178

4.3 Media Sampling 180

4.3.1 Sample Types 180

4.3.1.1 Grab Samples 181

4.3.1.2 Composite Samples 181

4.3.1.3 Swipe Samples 181

4.3.1.4 Integrated Samples 182

4.3.2 Sampling Designs 182

4.3.3 Media Sampling Methods 182

4.3.3.1 Swipe Sampling 182

4.3.3.2 Concrete Sampling 184

4.3.3.3 Paint Sampling 187

4.3.3.4 Soil Sampling 188

4.3.3.5 Sediment Sampling 204

4.3.3.6 Surface Water and Liquid Waste Sampling 215

4.3.3.7 Groundwater Sampling 234

4.3.3.8 Drum and Waste Container Sampling 263

4.4 Air Sampling 265

4.5 Defining Background Conditions 265

4.6 Regulatory Interface 266

References 267

Bibliography 268

Chapter 5 Sample Preparation, Documentation, and Shipment 5.1 Sample Preparation 271

5.2.4 Identification and Shipping Documentation 275

5.2.5 Sample Labels 278

5.2.6 Chain-of-Custody Forms and Seals 283

5.2.7 Other Important Documentation 285

References 285

Chapter 6 Data Verification and Validation References 290

Chapter 7 Radiological Data Management 7.1 Data Management Objectives 291

7.1.1 Decision Support 292

7.1.2 Preserving Information 293

7.2 Radiological Data Management Systems 293

7.2.1 Relational Databases 293

7.2.2 Radiological Data Analysis and Visualization Software 294

7.3 Data Management Planning 295

7.3.1 Identify Decisions 295

7.3.2 Identify Sources of Information 295

7.3.3 Identify How Data Sets Will Be Integrated 297

7.3.4 Data Organization, Storage, Access, and Key Software Components 298

7.3.5 Data Flowcharts 299

7.4 The Painesville Example 299

Reference 301

Chapter 8 Data Quality Assessment 8.1 DQA Step 1: Review DQOs and Sampling Design 304

8.2 DQA Step 2: Conduct Preliminary Data Review 304

8.3 DQA Step 3: Select the Statistical Hypothesis Test 304

8.4 DQA Step 4: Verify the Assumptions of the Statistical Hypothesis Test 307

8.5 DQA Step 5: Drawing Conclusions from Data 308

References 309

Chapter 9 Equipment Decontamination 9.1 Radiological Decontamination Procedure 312

9.1.1 Tape Method 312

9.1.2 Manual Cleaning Method 312

9.1.3 HEPA Vacuum Method 313

9.1.4 High-Pressure Wash Method 313

9.2 Chemical Decontamination Procedure 314

9.2.1 Large Equipment 314

9.2.2 Sampling Equipment 314

References 316

Appendix A Data Quality Objectives Summary Report Template A-1

Appendix B Sampling and Analysis Plan Template B-1

(Accompanying CD-ROM Electronic Templates for Data Quality

Objectives Summary Report [Appendix A] and Sampling and Analysis

Plan [Appendix B])

Appendix C Statistical Tables C-1

Appendix D Metric Conversion Chart D-1

Appendix E Radiological Decay Chains E-1

Appendix F Sample Containers, Preservation, and Holding Times F-1

Acronyms and Abbreviations

Liability Act

DISPIM Decommissioning In Situ Plutonium Inventory Monitor