Induction de champ électrique provenant de circuits voisins
There are two common types of induction problems caused by nearby energized alternating current (AC) lines: electric field and magnetic field Each type has implications for both voltage and current.
If the nearby line in operation is a direct current (DC) transmission line, the induced voltage results from ion movement, potentially leading to higher voltages compared to an alternating current (AC) line Magnetic induction is solely associated with the ripple effect, making it significantly less impactful than if the nearby line were an AC transmission line.
Le champ électrique autour d'un conducteur sous tension produit une tension sur un objet conducteur proche isolé et non mis à la terre (voir Figure 1).
The generated tension is influenced by the amplitude of the voltage source and the geometry of the network, but it is not affected by the length of the parallel connection between the live line and the new conductor being installed.
If the circuit is not grounded, the induced voltage can reach approximately 30% of the operating line voltage While it is possible to calculate this induced voltage, it is usually unnecessary Grounding the new conductor at any point significantly reduces the steady-state load, depending on the resistance of the grounding circuit.
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Electrical charges or voltage can unexpectedly appear on conductors during installation due to several factors The most common cause is accidental contact with live conductors nearby, especially in crowded urban areas where existing circuits remain active Other potential hazards include switching errors that inadvertently energize the new conductor, electromagnetic induction from adjacent energized lines, lightning strikes affecting the installation site or equipment, and electrostatic charging from atmospheric conditions or nearby high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission lines.
Lightning strikes, accidental contact with live conductors, electrostatic charging, and switching errors are well-known hazards However, the dangers posed by induced voltages and currents are often less recognized Unlike the instantaneous or transient hazards from lightning or fault currents, induced hazards persist continuously as long as the source line remains energized Understanding this distinction is crucial for safety awareness.
Induction can occur not only on a conductor but also on other components involved in the conductor stringing process, including metallic pulling or pilot ropes, leading to similar results and hazards.
4.1 Electric field induction from nearby circuits
There are two common types of induction problems caused by nearby energized a.c lines: electric field and magnetic field Each has both voltage and current implications.
When a nearby energized d.c transmission line is present, the induced voltage can be significantly higher due to ion drift compared to an a.c line In contrast, magnetic induction associated with a.c lines primarily causes a ripple effect, resulting in lower induced voltages.
The electric field around an energized conductor produces a voltage on an isolated and unearthed nearby conducting object (see Figure 1).
The voltage generated is influenced by the magnitude of the source voltage and the system's geometry, while the length of the parallel connection between the energized line and the new conductor does not affect it.
In unearthed circuits, the induced voltage can reach up to 30% of the energized line voltage While it is possible to calculate this induced voltage, it is often unnecessary However, if the newly installed conductor is earthed at any point, the charge significantly decreases to a lower steady-state value, which is influenced by the resistance of the earth path.
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In an alternating current network, the energized lines and the grounded conductor during installation function like the plates of a capacitor, leading to the appearance and circulation of a charging current through the space between them.
It is essential to consider two key aspects First, a current flows through the temporary grounding from the conductor to the ground, which is proportional to the length of the parallel connection between the live conductor and the new conductor being installed, potentially reaching several amperes Second, if the temporary ground becomes faulty, displaced, or removed, the capacitive voltage is immediately restored Consequently, if a worker is in firm contact with the system and the single ground fails, they may be exposed to dangerous voltage and current Attempting to contact the conductor or connected parts can result in a hazardous discharge current followed by a continuous current Therefore, workers must avoid close proximity to the conductor or connected parts, as the induced voltage can be high enough to cause arcing Additionally, it is important to note that the permanent capacitive current occurring after contact can reach dangerous levels.
Induction de champ magnétique provenant de circuits voisins
En plus du champ électrique provoqué par la tension de la ligne sous tension adjacente, un autre effet est causé par le courant circulant dans la ligne sous tension.
Le conducteur sous tension transportant du courant et le conducteur voisin en cours d'installation peuvent être considérés comme les enroulements primaire et secondaire d'un transformateur à noyau d'air.
When a new conductor is grounded at two points, it acts like the secondary winding of an air-core transformer, short-circuited through the ground A circulating current will flow in the new conductor, originating from one grounding point, traveling through the ground, and returning via the other grounding point to complete the circuit This electromagnetic current is proportional to the line current and is influenced by the system's geometry and impedance.
Si une série de terres est appliquée, une série de boucles est formée, chacune transportant du courant (voir Figure 3b).
Il apparaợt que les courants peuvent s'annuler dans les mises à la terre intermộdiaires.
If there is a significant difference in the impedance of grounding systems in adjacent loops, such as a lake in one loop's grounding return and a rock in another, the intermediate ground can carry nearly all of the circulating current.
If there are transpositions in the energized circuit, the phase angle of the induced current will vary along the line, potentially leading to high circulating currents in the grounding system.
When working near a heavily loaded overhead power line or in the event of a fault on an adjacent live line, the induced current on the new conductor being installed can be significantly high, impacting the selection of grounding devices.
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In an alternating current (a.c.) system, the energized lines and the grounded conductor function similarly to the plates of a capacitor, allowing a charging current to flow through the air gap between them.
When installing a new conductor, it is crucial to consider that a current flows through the temporary earth, proportional to the length of the parallel connection with the energized conductor, potentially reaching several amperes Additionally, if the temporary earth becomes defective or is removed, the capacitive voltage is quickly re-established, posing a significant risk to workers in contact with the system, as they may be exposed to hazardous voltage and current.
Workers must avoid close proximity to conductors or connected parts to prevent dangerous discharge currents and steady-state currents Contact with these components can lead to high induced voltages, risking arc-over Additionally, the steady-state capacitive current that follows contact can reach hazardous levels.
4.2 Magnetic field induction from nearby circuits 4.2.1 Induced current
In addition to the electric field caused by the voltage of the adjacent energized line, another effect is caused by the current flowing in the energized line.
The energized, current-carrying conductor and the nearby conductor being installed may be looked upon as the primary and secondary windings of an air-core transformer.
When a new conductor is earthed at two points, it functions similarly to the secondary winding of an air-core transformer, creating a short circuit through the earth This setup allows a circulating current to flow along the conductor, entering through one earth connection and returning via the other, thus completing the circuit The magnitude of this electromagnetic current is directly proportional to the current in the energized line and is influenced by the system's geometry and impedance.
If a series of earths is applied, a series of loops is formed, each carrying current (see Figure 3b).
It would appear that the currents would cancel in the intermediate earths.
Significant impedance differences between adjacent loops, such as a lake in one loop's earth return and rock in another, can lead to the intermediate earth conducting nearly the entire circulating current.
Transpositions in an energized circuit can lead to variations in the phase angle of the induced current along the line, potentially resulting in significant circulating currents within the earthing system.
When working near a heavily loaded energized line or during a fault on an adjacent line, the induced current in the newly installed conductor can be significant, impacting the selection of earthing assemblies.
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Continuing with the analogy of the air-core transformer, if the new conductor being installed is grounded at only one point, such as by removing the second-to-last temporary ground, a secondary open-circuit voltage appears relative to the ground This voltage is essentially zero at the location of the remaining ground and increases proportionally with the length of the parallel conductor.
At the moment of removing the penultimate earth, the electromagnetic current flow is interrupted, leading to a voltage appearing across the interval This voltage can become dangerously high, especially when there is a long parallel between the live line and the new conductor being installed To mitigate this risk, a sequential earthing technique may be necessary, where the new conductor is divided by intermediate earths This approach ensures that the sections are short enough to limit the open-circuit voltage, as the earths are removed sequentially.
Charge électrostatique
It is important to recognize the potential danger when working on a distribution line that is isolated but has been disconnected, as it may still carry voltage due to electrostatic charge from atmospheric conditions or residual charge from a nearby de-energized line Therefore, before any work is conducted on the distribution line, it must be grounded at least at one point to ensure the discharge of electrostatic energy.
Réalimentation
Accidental contact with a live conductor or a maneuvering error can cause current to flow through the grounding loop of the conductor being worked on This current may combine with existing induced currents When working on long sections of the distribution line, a dangerous potential difference can arise at the worksite due to loop impedance.
Appropriate grounding systems, such as equipotential grounding systems, must be implemented at every workplace Relying solely on remote grounds is insufficient, especially when the line has been disconnected at certain points and grounded.
5 Méthodes et équipements de déroulage du conducteur
Les méthodes de déroulage utilisées pour installer les conducteurs de distribution couramment employées dans l'industrie de l’énergie électrique sont nombreuses et variées.
The methods outlined below are currently in use, but they are continually updated to align with the available equipment These methods also vary based on the type and section of the distribution line being constructed, the terrain where the line will be built, and the population density of the area, whether it is a densely populated urban zone or a relatively sparse rural area.
L'installation des conducteurs de distribution est généralement faite un conducteur à la fois.
Some distributors opt to install the three phases and neutral simultaneously using a multi-conductor brake and a pay-off trolley The insulated conductors may consist of three or four wires, along with a twisted communication cable bundled together This bundle is typically installed on supports in the same manner as a single conductor.
Il y a quelques caractéristiques mécaniques et électriques qui sont importantes dans le choix de l'équipement de déroulage Elles sont détaillées dans cet article.
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In the context of an air-core transformer, if a newly installed conductor is earthed at just one point—such as when the second-to-last temporary earth is removed—an open circuit secondary voltage to earth is generated on the line This voltage remains nearly zero at the site of the remaining earth and rises proportionally with the length of the parallel conductor.
When the second-to-last earth is removed, the circulating electromagnetic current is disrupted, leading to the emergence of a potentially hazardous voltage across the gap This voltage can reach dangerously high levels, especially when there is a long parallel connection between the energized line and the newly installed conductor.
Sequential earthing may be necessary, where the new conductor is divided by intermediate earths This technique ensures that the sections are short enough to limit the open circuit voltage as the earths are removed in sequence.
When working on an insulated distribution line that has been isolated, there is a risk of voltage due to electrostatic charging from atmospheric conditions or residual charge from nearby de-energized lines To ensure safety, it is essential to earth the distribution line at least at one point before commencing any work to discharge any electrostatic charge present.
Accidental contact with an energized conductor or a switching error can lead to a circulating current in the earth loop of the conductor being serviced This situation may occur alongside steady-state induction currents When extensive sections of the distribution line are under maintenance, a hazardous potential difference can arise at the work site due to loop impedance.
To ensure safety and effectiveness, it is essential to implement suitable earth systems, like equipotential earth systems, at each site Relying solely on remote earths used during regional isolation is inadequate.
5 Conductor stringing methods and equipment
The electric power industry utilizes a variety of stringing methods for installing distribution conductors While the basic methods are outlined, they are often adapted based on the available equipment Additionally, the choice of method is influenced by factors such as the type and size of the distribution line, the terrain, and whether the installation occurs in a congested urban area or a more open rural setting.
The installation of distribution conductors typically occurs one at a time, but some utilities opt to install all three phases along with the neutral simultaneously using a multi-conductor tensioner and a running board Insulated conductors can consist of three or four wires bundled with a messenger wire, and this bundle is generally installed on structures in a manner similar to that of a single conductor.
There are some mechanical and electrical characteristics which are important in the choice of stringing equipment They are detailed in this clause.
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Méthode de déroulage détendu
La méthode de déroulage détendu est illustrée par les Figures 5a et 5b.
Il existe deux méthodes usuelles de déroulage détendu. a) Méthode du touret stationnaire
The process involves positioning the conductor reels at one end of the pulling section A towing vehicle pulls the conductor along the line's path (see Figure 5a) Additionally, the rolling reel method is utilized.
It involves towing the spools along the route using a trailer attached to the back of a towing vehicle or truck, with the driver positioned along the line's path (see Figure 5b).
Cable reels are mounted on reel stands, which can either be placed on the ground or loaded onto a trailer These stands are designed to support the reel on an axis, allowing it to rotate as the cable is unwound Typically, a braking mechanism is employed to prevent the unintended unwinding of the reel when the pulling is halted.
When the driver reaches each support structure or pylon, the towing vehicle is halted, and the driver is positioned on the unwinding pulleys attached to the structure before moving on to the next one.
Cette méthode est essentiellement applicable à la construction des lignes rurales de distri- bution lorsque le tracé de la ligne est facilement accessible à un véhicule de remorquage.
The method is impractical for use in congested urban areas due to risks from road and rail traffic, as well as potential contact with live electrical circuits Additionally, it is not suitable for mountainous regions where towing vehicles cannot navigate the terrain.
Méthode de déroulage sous tension mécanique
Un exemple typique de cette méthode est donné dans les Figures 6a, 6b, 6c et 6d.
By employing this method, the conductor is kept under mechanical tension during the unrolling process to prevent any contact with existing live electrical circuits that may be located above or below the conductor being installed Additionally, the installed conductor is elevated to ensure normal traffic flow on railways or roads.
In the typical method of mechanical tension unwinding, a lightweight synthetic pilot cable is first pulled through the unwinding pulleys, one for each phase and the neutral if applicable This process is usually carried out using the stationary reel method with relaxed unwinding, either by manually pulling the pilot cable into position on each support or with a towing vehicle.
Le câble pilote est utilisé pour tirer un câble de tirage plus lourd (voir Figure 6b) Ce dernier est ensuite utilisé pour tirer le ou les conducteurs (voir Figure 6c).
For installations with a single conductor per phase, where the pulling cable can be relatively small, it can be directly installed using a towing vehicle, completely eliminating the need for a pilot cable.
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The slack stringing method is illustrated in Figures 5a and 5b.
There are two commonly used methods for slack stringing. a) Stationary reel method
The rolling reel method involves positioning the conductor reels at one end of the pull section, allowing the conductor to be dragged along the ground of the right of way using a towing vehicle.
An alternative approach to the slack stringing method involves towing reels on a trailer or truck along the right of way, while the conductor is dispensed along the same path.
Conductor reels are supported by reel stands, which can be positioned on the ground or mounted on a trailer These stands allow the reel to rotate on a shaft as the conductor is extracted Typically, a braking mechanism is included to prevent the reel from overrunning when the pulling process is halted.
When towing the conductor past each supporting structure or tower, the towing vehicle must stop to place the conductor in stringing blocks attached to the structure before moving on to the next one.
This method is primarily suited for constructing rural distribution lines due to the easy accessibility of the right of way for towing vehicles However, it is impractical in congested urban areas where road or rail traffic poses hazards and there is a risk of contact with energized circuits Additionally, the slack stringing method is not feasible in mountainous regions where towing vehicles cannot navigate the right of way.
A typical example of this method is illustrated in Figures 6a, 6b, 6c and 6d.
This method maintains tension on the conductor during installation, preventing it from touching existing energized electrical circuits that may intersect Additionally, the elevated position of the conductor ensures that normal traffic can continue on railway or road crossings.
The typical tension stringing method involves initially pulling a light synthetic pilot rope into the stringing blocks, which includes one for each phase and a neutral if applicable This process is usually executed using the slack stringing stationary reel method, where the pilot ropes are manually pulled into position on each support structure or with the assistance of a towing vehicle.
The pilot rope is used to pull in a heavier pulling rope (see Figure 6b) The pulling rope is then used to pull in the conductor(s) (see Figure 6c).
In single conductor per phase installations, a small pulling rope can be directly attached to a towing vehicle, thereby eliminating the need for a pilot rope.
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When replacing a conductor in a distribution line, the old conductor is often used as a pulling cable for the new one This process requires extra precautions due to the questionable mechanical strength of the old conductor, particularly the crimped sleeves Using worn crimped sleeves around the winch drums, where they are bent and straightened as they pass through the grooves, can lead to sudden sleeve failure This may result in the conductor falling to the ground, potentially causing electrical contact with nearby live conductors or damaging the new conductor being installed.
A more suitable procedure involves removing the sleeve when it reaches the winch and installing a sock at each end of the damaged cable This sock is threaded through the pulleys and can be removed before the operator is wound into the winding device.
Equipement de déroulage
This paragraph discusses the equipment used for conductor installation through the mechanical tensioning method, highlighting general criteria for selecting these machines while considering safety measures to protect personnel from electrical hazards The same fundamental criteria also apply to the equipment used with the relaxed tensioning method.
For distribution line operators, the mechanical tension used to unwind the conductor is typically below 5 kN, necessitating the use of a drum or reel-type brake The conductor reel is integrated into the machine, and the reel is slowed or braked according to the unwinding tension.
For distribution drivers requiring a mechanical unrolling tension greater than 5 kN to achieve the necessary clearance distance, a capstan brake and a reel holder are typically employed.
There are two types of reel brakes: a) multiple groove brakes with two reels, each having four or more grooves; b) V-groove brakes with a single reel featuring one V-groove Additionally, V-groove machines have been designed with two or more reels, each equipped with a single V-groove.
Caution is advised when using a V-groove brake, especially for multi-layer conductors The risk of conductor swelling is higher because the mechanical tension is applied over a shorter length compared to multi-groove reels.
The general and desirable characteristics of machines used as brake systems include the careful installation of new conductors, especially when working near live conductors, to prevent electrical contact Therefore, fully hydraulic brake systems are recommended Additionally, the braking system should provide excellent control of mechanical tension in the conductor at all unwinding speeds and maintain this tension even when unwinding is halted.
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When reconductoring a distribution line, the old conductor is often utilized as a pulling rope for the new conductor However, due to the questionable mechanical strength of the old conductor and its joints, this process necessitates extra caution Passing old joints around the bullwheels of the puller can lead to bending and straightening, which may result in sudden joint failure This failure poses risks such as electrical contact with nearby energized conductors or damage to the newly installed conductor.
To optimize the procedure, it is recommended to cut the joint when it reaches the puller and attach a woven wire grip to both ends of the severed conductor This grip is then threaded through the bullwheels and can be detached prior to winding the conductor onto the reel winder.
This section addresses the equipment utilized in the tension stringing method for conductor installation, outlining essential criteria for selecting these machines It emphasizes the importance of safety measures to protect personnel from electrical hazards, which are also applicable to equipment used in the slack stringing method.
For distribution conductors, where the tension used to string conductors is usually less than
A drum type tensioner, typically rated at 5 kN, is commonly employed for stringing operations The conductor reel is securely placed within the machine, where it is then retarded or braked to achieve the desired stringing tension.
For distribution conductors where the tension needed to string the conductor is more than 5 kN to give the desired clearance, a bullwheel type tensioner and reel stand are normally used.
There are two main types of bullwheel tensioners: multigroove tensioners, which feature two bullwheels with four or more grooves each, and V-groove tensioners, which consist of a single bullwheel with one V-groove Additionally, some machines are designed with multiple bullwheels, each equipped with a single V-groove.
When using a V-groove tensioner for multilayer conductors, caution is essential due to the increased risk of birdcaging This phenomenon occurs because the tensioning process exerts stress on the conductor over a shorter length compared to multigroove bullwheels, making it more susceptible to damage.
When selecting machines for tensioning conductors, it is crucial to ensure smooth installation to prevent contact with energized conductors Fully hydraulic braked tensioners are recommended for their ability to maintain consistent tension at various stringing speeds and to hold tension even when the pull is halted.
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The mechanical braking system is utilized in rural areas where contact with live conductors is not feasible Generally, mechanical braking provides less consistent control of mechanical tension compared to fully hydraulic braking systems.
5.3.1.2 Choisir la capacité correcte de la freineuse