Iec Tr 62757-2015.Pdf

Edit ion 1.0 2 15-0Fire prevent ion mea ures on convert ers for high- volt age direct cur ent HV DC sy t ems, st at ic var compensat ors SV C a d fle ible ac t ransmis ion s st ems FACTS

Edition 1.0 2 15-0

Fire prevent ion me s res on convert ers for high-volt age dire t cur e t (HV DC)

sy t ems, st at ic var compe s t ors (SV C) and flex ible a t ra smission sy t ems

(FACTS) and t heir valve hal s

Co yr ig t © 2 15 IEC, Geneva, Switz r lan

Al rig ts r eser ve Unles oth rwise sp cifie , n p rt of this p blc tio ma b r epr od c d or uti ze in a y form

or b a y me ns, ele tr onic or me h nic l in lu in p oto o yin a d microfim, with ut p rmis io in wr itin from

eith r IEC or IEC's memb r Natio al Commite in th c u tr y of th re u ste If y u h v a y q estio s a o t IEC

c p r i ht or h v a e q ir y a o t o tainin a ditio al ri hts to thisp blc tio , ple se c nta t th a dr es b low or

y ur lo al IEC memb r Natio al Commite for ur th r informatio

Ab ut t he IEC

Th Intern tio al Ele trote h ic l Commis io (IEC) is th le din glo al org nizatio th t pr ep res a d p blsh s

Internatio al Sta d r ds for al ele tri al ele tr onic a d relate te h olo ies

About IEC publc tion

Th te h ic l c nte t of IEC p blc tio s is k pt u d r c nsta t r eview b th IEC Ple se ma e sure th t y u h v th

latest e itio ,a c rr ig n a or a ame dme t mig t h v b e p blsh d

IEC Cat alog e - webst ore.e ch/ cat alog e

Th st an -alo e a plc t io for c nsultin th e tire

biblo ra hic l informat io o IEC Intern tio al Sta d rds,

Te h ic l Sp cific tio s, Te h ic l R ep rts a d oth r

d c me ts A v aia le for PC, Ma OS, A ndroid Ta let s a d

iPa

IEC publc t ion s arc - www ie c / se rc pub

Th a v an e se rc e a les t o fin IEC p blc t io s b a

variety of crit eria (refere c n mb r, t ext, t ec nic l

c m itt e,…) It also gives informatio o projec t s, re la e

a d wit hdrawn p blc tio s

St ay u to d te o al n w IEC p blc tio s Just Pu lsh d

d t ais al n w p blc t io s rele se A v aia le o ln a d

also o c a mo t h b emai

Th world's le din o ln dic t io ary of elec t ro ic a d

ele t ric l t erms c ntainin more t ha 3 0 0 terms a d

d finitio s in En lsh a d Fre c , wit h e uiv ale t t erms in 15

a ditio al la g a es Also k nown as t he Int ern t io al

Elec t rot ec nic l Vo a ulary (IEV ) o ln

IEC Glos ar y - st d.e c / glos ary

More t ha 6 0 0 ele t rot ec nic l termin lo y e t ries in

En lsh a d Fre c e tra t ed fom t he Terms a d Definitio s

cla se of IEC p blc t io s is u d sin e 2 0 Some e t ries

h v e b e c le t ed fom e rler p blc tio s of IEC TC 3 ,

7 , 8 a d CIS R

IEC Cu t omer Servic Ce t re - webst ore.ec c / cs

If y ou wish to giv e us your fe d a k o t his p blc tio or

n e furt her as ista c , ple se c nta t t he Customer Serv ic

Ce t re:csc@ie c

Edit ion 1.0 2 15-0

Fire prevent ion mea ures on convert ers for high- volt age direct cur ent (HV DC)

sy t ems, st at ic var compensat ors (SV C) a d fle ible ac t ransmis ion s st ems

(FACTS) a d t heir valve hals

2

Normativ ref ere c s 7

3 Terms a d d f i itio s 7

4 Fire h z rd in v lv s a d v lv h ls 13 4.1 Ge eral 13 4.2 Po sible c u e 13 4.2.1 Valv in ulatio f aiure 13 4.2.2 L o e c n e tio s or hig re ista c joints in th p wer circ it 13 4.2.3 Valv c mp n nt faiure 14 4.2.4 Semic n u tor d vic le el c n e tio s 15 4.2.5 Co la t s stem pro lems 16 4.2.6 Faiure of v lv h l b s in s 17 4.2.7 Faiure of s rg ar e ters 17 4.2.8 Fals o eratio of d lu e s stem 17 4.2.9 Oth r v lv h l e uipme t 17 4.2.10 Work in a d aro n v lv h l 17 4.3 As e sme t of p s ible c n e u n e 18 5 Valv h l la o t a d a c s 18 5.1 Ph sic l ar a g me ts 18 5.1.1 Ge eral 18 5.1.2 Pre e t pra tic s 19 5.1.3 Sp cific pro isio s 19 5.2 HVDC v lv h l c n tru tio 19 5.2.1 Ge eral 19 5.2.2 Valv h l c n tru tio 2

5.3 Me n of e re s 2

6 Su ervisio of v lv c mp n nts a d oth r v lv h l e uipme t 2

6.1 Ge eral 2

6.2 Su ervisio of v lv c mp n nts 21

6.2.1 Ge eral 21

6.2.2 On-ln mo itorin 21

6.2.3 Off -l n c e k a d in p ctio 2

6.3 Su ervisio of oth r v lv h l e uipme t 2

7 Fire d te tio s stems 2

7.1 Ge eral 2

7.2 Dete tio a d o eratin prin iple 2

7.2.1 Ge eral 2

7.2.2 Air s mpl n s stems 2

7.2.3 Infra-re b am smo e d te tors 2

7.2.4 Arc d te tor s stems 2

7.2.5 Infra-re flame d te tors 2

7.2.6 Ultra iolet (UV) f l me d te tors 2

7.2.7 Ima in vid o c mera s stems 2

7.3 Guid ln s f or v lv h l fire d te tio 2

8 Fire s p re sio s stems 2

8.3.3 In rt g s s 2

8.3.4 Hy ro flu ro arb n 2

8.3.5 Oth r g s s 2

8.4 In tal atio re uireme ts 2

8.5 Guid ln s f or fire e tin uis in a e ts 2

9 Ve t ma a eme t 2

9.1 Ge eral 2

9.2 De ig c n id ratio s 2

9.2.1 Ge eral 2

9.2.2 Natural v ntiatio 2

9.2.3 Forc d v ntiatio 3

9.2.4 De ig 3

10 Co trol a d inte ratio of f ire d te tio , fire prote tio a d c n erter c ntrol s stems 3

10.1 Ge eral 3

10.2 Fire alarm cla sific tio 31

10.2.1 Ge eral 31

10.2.2 Cla sific tio b d te tio prin iple 3

10.2.3 Cla sific tio b d te tio o je tiv 3

10.2.4 Dete tio s stem rel a i ty 3

10.3 Fire c ntrol s stem 3

10.3.1 Ge eral 3

10.3.2 Ba ic s stem fu ctio s 3

10.3.3 Oth r s stem c mp n nts 3

10.3.4 Outln of s stem d sig 3

10.4 Guid ln s f or inte rate fire c ntrol s stems 3

1 Fire fig tin a d mainte a c 3

1 1 Ge eral 3

1 2 Role of statio a d fire fig tin p rs n el 3

1 2.1 Ge eral 3

1 2.2 Actio s in c s of a fire 3

1 2.3 Fire fig tin 3

12 Guid n e f or p rc a er s e ific tio s 3

12.1 Ge eral 3

12.2 Purc a er s e ific tio 3

12.2.1 Ge eral 3

12.2.2 Semic n u tor v lv s 3

12.2.3 Oth r v lv h l e uipme t 3

12.2.4 Valv h l c n tru tio 3

12.2.5 Fire d te tio s stems 3

12.2.6 Fire s p re sio s stems 3

12.2.7 Ve t ma a eme t s stem 3

12.2.8 Fire alarm a d c ntrol s stems 3

An e e A (informativ ) Valv h l fire h z rd a d s rv y of f ire in id nts 4

A.1 Ge eral 4

A.2 Ha ard c te orie 4

A.3 Re orts from HVDC u ers 41

A.4 Re orte in id nts 4

A.4.1 Ov rh atin of v lv c mp n nts d e to re u e c oln 4

A.4.2 Valv c mp n nt faiure 4

A.4.3 L o e or hig re ista c c n e tio s in th lo d c r e t c r yin circ it 5

A.4.4 Faiure of a xi ary circ it ele tric l c n e tio s 5

A.4.5 In ulatio faiure 5

A.4.6 Faiure of e uipme t a s ciate with th v lv h l 61

A.4.7 Fals alarms 6

A.4.8 Un n wn c u e 6

A.5 Co clu io a d re omme d tio s 6

Bibl o ra h 6

Fig re 1 – Ty e of v ntiatio 2

Fig re 2 – Po sible ar a g me ts a d interc n e tio s of a inte rate f ire d te tio a d c ntrol s stem 3

Ta le 1 – Fire e tin uis in a e ts 2

Ta le A.1 – HVDC c n erters own rs/s p lers ref ere c lst (Ma 2 12) 41

FOREWORD

1) Th Intern tio al Ele trote h ic l Commis io (IEC) is a worldwid org nizatio for sta d rdizatio c mprisin

al n tio al ele trote h ic l c mmite s (IEC Natio al Commite s) Th o je t of IEC is to promote

intern tio al c -o eratio o al q estio s c n ernin sta d rdizatio in th ele tric l a d ele tro ic f i lds To

this e d a d in a ditio to oth r a tivities, IEC p blsh s Intern tio al Sta d rds, Te h ic l Sp cific tio s,

Te h ic l Re orts, Pu lcly Av ia le Sp cif i atio s (PAS) a d Guid s (h re f ter refere to as “IEC

Pu lc tio (s) Th ir pre aratio is e truste to te h ic l c mmite s; a y IEC Natio al Commite intereste

in th su je t d alt with ma p rticip te in this pre aratory work Intern tio al g v rnme tal a d n

n-g v rnme tal org nizatio s laisin with th IEC also p rticip te in this pre aratio IEC c la orates closely

with th Intern tio al Org nizatio f or Sta d rdizatio (ISO) in a c rd n e with c n itio s d termin d b

a re me t b twe n th two org nizatio s

2) Th f ormal d cisio s or a re me ts of IEC o te h ic l maters e pres , as n arly as p s ible, a intern tio al

c nse sus of o inio o th rele a t su je ts sin e e c te h ic l c mmite h s re rese tatio fom al

intereste IEC Natio al Commite s

3) IEC Pu lc tio s h v th form of e omme d tio s f or intern tio al use a d are a c pte b IEC Natio al

Commite s in th t se se Whie al re so a le ef forts are ma e to e sure th t th te h ic l c nte t of IEC

Pu lc tio s is a c rate, IEC c n ot b h ld resp nsible for th wa in whic th y are use or f or a y

misinterpretatio b a y e d user

4) In ord r to promote intern tio al u if ormity, IEC Natio al Commite s u d rta e to a ply IEC Pu lc tio s

tra sp re tly to th ma imum e te t p s ible in th ir n tio al a d re io al p blc tio s An div rg n e

b twe n a y IEC Pu lc tio a d th c resp n in n tio al or re io al p blc tio sh l b cle rly in ic te in

th later

5) IEC itself d es n t pro id a y atestatio of c nf ormity In e e d nt c rtific tio b dies pro id c nf ormity

as es me t servic s a d, in some are s, a c s to IEC marks of c nf ormity IEC is n t resp nsible f or a y

servic s c rie o t b in e e d nt c rtif i atio b dies

6) Al users sh uld e sure th t th y h v th latest e itio of this p blc tio

7) No la i ty sh l ata h to IEC or its dire tors, emplo e s, serv nts or a e ts in lu in in ivid al e p rts a d

memb rs of its te h ic l c mmite s a d IEC Natio al Commite s f or a y p rso al injury, pro erty d ma e or

oth r d ma e of a y n ture wh tso v r, wh th r dire t or in ire t, or for c sts (in lu in le al f ees) a d

e p nses arisin o t of th p blc tio , use of, or rela c u o , this IEC Pu lc tio or a y oth r IEC

Pu lc tio s

8) Ate tio is drawn to th Normativ refere c s cite in this p blc tio Use of th refere c d p blc tio s is

in isp nsa le for th c re t a plc tio of this p blc tio

9) Ate tio is drawn to th p s ibi ty th t some of th eleme ts of this IEC Pu lc tio ma b th su je t of

p te t rig ts IEC sh l n t b h ld resp nsible f or id ntif yin a y or al su h p te t rig ts

Th main ta k of IEC te h ic l c mmite s is to pre are Intern tio al Sta d rd Howe er, a

te h ic l c mmite ma pro o e th p blc tio of a te h ic l re ort wh n it h s c l e te

d ta of a diff ere t kin f rom th t whic is n rmaly p bl s e a a Intern tio al Sta d rd, for

e ample "state of th art

IEC/TR 6 7 7, whic is a te h ic l re ort, h s b e pre are b s b ommite 2 F: Power

ele tro ic f or ele tric l tra smis io a d distrib tio s stems, of IEC te h ic l c mmite 2 :

Power ele tro ic s stems a d e uipme t

IEC TR 6 7 7, whic is a te h ic l re ort, d als with f ire pre e tio me s re o c n erters

a d th ir v lv h ls f or hig v lta e dire t c re t (HVDC) s stems, static VAR c mp n ators

(SVC) a d f l xible AC tra smis io s stems (FACTS) It is inte d d to b primari y for th u e

of th uti tie a d c n ulta ts wh are re p n ible f or is uin te h ic l s e ific tio s for n w

c n erter v lv s a d v lv h l s It c n ern fire in id nts in HVDC proje ts u in l n

c mmutate c n erters (LCC) or v lta e s urc d c n erter (VSC) te h olo y a d it is from

th s proje ts th t mo t e ample of fire a d f ire in id nts are ta e This te h ic l re ort

als a dre s s c n erter v lv s a d v lv h ls for SVC a d FACTS

This te h ic l re ort pro id s g n ral re omme d tio s to b c n id re whi e pre arin

s e ific tio s for th s s stems Sp cific re uireme ts for a p rtic lar proje t n e to b

cle rly s e if i d a d mutu l y a re d u o b twe n th s p l er a d th p rc a er

Th f olowin d c me ts, in wh le or in p rt, are n rmativ ly ref ere c d in this d c me t a d

are in is e s ble f or its a plc tio For d te ref ere c s, o ly th e itio cite a ple For

ame dme ts) a pl e

Void

3 Terms and def initions

For th p rp s of this d c me t th f ol owin terms a d d f i itio s a ply

d vic th t d te ts a n rmaly hig temp rature, rate of temp rature ris , visible or in isible

p rticle , infra-re or visible ra iatio , or g s s pro u e b a fire

ig ite, tra sitiv v rb

initiate c mb stio

[SOURCE: ISO 13 4 :2 0 , 4.18 ]

3.8

c ar, n u

c rb n c o s re id e re ultin from p roly is or in omplete c mb stio

[SOURCE: ISO 13 4 :2 0 , 4.3 ]

e oth rmic re ctio of a s b ta c with a o idizin a e t

Note 1 to e try: Comb stio g n raly emits f ire eff lu nt (4.10 ) a c mp nie b f lames (4.13 ) a d/or glowin

d c mp sitio re ctio or oth r me n , with or with ut a in re s in temp rature

[SOURCE: ISO 13 4 :2 0 , 4.8 ]

3.13

exting ishin medium¨

exting ishin agent

s ld, lq id or g s o s s b ta c e p cial y s ite to th e tin tio of fire

f ire c ntrol system

s stem whic pro id s inte rate c ntrol of f ire d te tio , fire alarm, fire s p re sio , smo e

ma a eme t a d oth r s rvic s a p rt of a total fire prote tio s h me

f ire department c nnectio

c n e tio thro g whic th f ire d p rtme t c n p mp s p leme tal water into th s rin ler

s stem, sta d ip , or oth r s stem furnis in water for fire e tin uis me t to s p leme t

e istin water s p le

3.21

fire d or

d or of at le st 3 min f ire re ista c whic is pre crib d for fire s fety re s n a d whic

h s to b k pt clo e in a c rd n e with th a th ritie in tru tio s

rate of b rnin (d pre ate )

rate of th rmal e erg pro u tio g n rate b c mb stio

Note 1 to e try: Th ty ic l u its are wats (W)

[SOURCE: ISO 13 4 :2 0 , 4.17 ]

3.34

ig itio

s stain d ig itio (d pre ate )

g n ral: initiatio of c mb stio

[SOURCE: ISO 13 4 :2 0 , 4.18 ]

3.3

ig itabi ty, e s of ignitio

me s re of th e s with whic a te t s e ime c n b ig ite , u d r s e ifie c n itio s;

ig itio time, c n itio s; ig itio time

[SOURCE: ISO 13 4 :2 0 , 4.18 ]

3.3

ig itio so rce

s urc of e erg th t initiate c mb stio

[SOURCE: ISO 13 4 :2 0 , 4.18 ]

c ntin o s a d u o stru te wa of e it tra el from a y p int in a b idin or stru ture to a

p blc wa a d c n ists of thre s p rate a d distin t p rts: a) th e it a c s , b) th e it a d

c) th e it dis h rg

Note 1 to e try: A me ns of e res c mprises th v rtic l a d h rizo tal tra el a d sh uld in lu e interv nin

ro m sp c s, d orwa s, h lwa s, c rid rs, p s a ewa s, b lc nies, ramps, stairs, e closures, lo bies,

esc lators, h rizo tal e its, c urts, a d y rds

3.3

n n-c mb stible

n t c p ble of u d rg in c mb stio (u d r s e ifie c n itio s)

Note 1 to e try: In some re ulatio s a material is clas ifie as b in n n-c mb stible e e if it is c p ble of

c mb stio ,pro id d th t itsh at of c mb stio (4.17 ) is les th n d fin d amo nt

[SOURCE: ISO 13 4 :2 0 , 4.2 9]

3.43

f lame spre d

pro a atio of a flame fro t

[SOURCE: ISO 13 4 :2 0 , 4.14 ]

Note 1 to e try: Alth u h in c mmo usa e (in lu in this re ort, this term is d pre ate in intern tio al

sta d rds b c use it ma c n e a false se se of se urity a d le d to misu d rsta din Th pro erties of

materials after remo al of a ig itio so rc are b ter d scrib d b th af terf lame time, th af terglow time, th

e te t of c mb stio a d th d ma e are (le gth) u d r sp cifie test c n itio s (c mpie fom v rio s

smo e d v lo me t ratin me n a in e or cla sif i atio in ic tin th smo e d v lo me t

c ara teristic of a material or a a s mbly of a material a d termin d in a sta d rd fire te t

3.5

smoke management system

a y s stem d sig e a d in tale to c ntrol th a c mulatio a d s re d of smo e in a

b i din

3.51

water spray delu e system

s e ial fix d pip s stem c n e te to a rel a le s urc of f ire prote tio water s p ly a d

e uip e with water s ra n z le f or s e ific water dis h rg a d distrib tio o er th

s rf ac or are to b prote te

Note 1 to e try: Th pipin system is c n e te to th water su ply thro g a a tomatic ly or ma u ly

a tu te v lv th t initiates th f low of water An a tomatic v lv is a tu te b o eratio of a tomatic d te tio

e uipme t instale in th same are s as th water spra n z les (in sp cial c ses th a tomatic d te tio

e uipme t ma also b lo ate in a oth r are )

4 Fire ha ards in valves and valve hal s

4.1 General

Co v rter v lv h ls h u e th c n erter v lv s, wal b s in s or c n erter tra sf ormer

b s in s, v lv a d gro p ar e ters a wel a , in c rtain d sig s, oth r hig v lta e

c mp n nts s c a hig v lta e c p citors or v lta e divid rs

Th v lv e uipme t is s bje te to v rio s me h nic l a d ele tric l stre s s d rin

c mp n nts s c a th ristors, dio e , IGBTs (a d simiar p c a e ), c p citors, re istors

a d s tura le re ctors

To minimiz th s a e re uireme t in th v lv h l, th v lv s are of te v rtic l y sta k d to

cle ra c s b twe n a d within th v lv s are a hie e b th u e of p rc lain in ulators

a d/or c mp site in ulators Exte siv u e of c mp site materials is ma e in th stru tural

s urc s of fire in a v lv h l are dis u s d in d tai in th f ol owin cla s s, a d c v r HVDC

a d FACTS e uipme t ( h ristor v lv s, SVCs, STATCOMs, VSC, etc.)

4.2 Pos ible caus s

4.2.1 Valve insulatio fai ure

Bre k own of ele tric l in ulatio within or b twe n p rts of th v lv whic are c mmo to

more th n o e s mic n u tor d vic le el c n le d to arcin whic c uld ig ite f l mma le

materials

In ulatio fai ure c uld b intern l, f or e ample d e to p rtial dis h rg s in a diele tric

material, or e tern l d e to c ro a or c ntamin tio of in ulatin s rf ac s (e.g a a re ult of

a c ola t le k) Smo e or oth r io is d b -pro u ts arisin f rom, f or e ample, a o erh ate

ele tric l c mp n nt c n re u e th with ta d v lta e of th air in ulatio within th v lv

Th c n e u n e of in ulatio f ai ure wi stro gly d p n o th lo atio , materials a d

e erg a s ciate with th e e t It s o ld b n te th t it is n t n c s ary for total

bre k own of a in ulatio s stem to o c r b fore h z rd u c n itio s c n aris Hig

s rf ac le k g c r e ts, for e ample o a c ntamin te in ulatin s rf ac c n, d p n in

o th materials, pre e t a dire t ris of c mb stio

4.2.2 Lo s c n ectio s or hig re istan e joints in the p wer circ it

An o erh ate c n e tio or s rie arc c n aris f rom impro er c n e tio of b s b rs u e

f or c ryin th lo d c r e t Th s c uld b c n e tio s b twe n diff ere t s ctio s of th

v lv , with th s rie re ctor, with th s mic n u tor d vic or a y oth r c n e tor whic

f orms th p th of th lo d c r e t An lo s c n e tio or hig re ista c joint wi o erh at

In th c s of a o e circ ite c n e tio , a s rie arc wi d v lo In eith r c s th h at

c mp n nts, e p cialy in ulatin material If th temp rature re c e are hig e o g th n

it ma le d to a fire

Wh n o erstre s d, th ristors a d dio e fai to a a pro imate s ort circ it Pro id d th t

th y remain pro erly clamp d a d c ole , s ort circ ite th ristors c n s f ely c n u t n rmal

le d to ru ture, or e e a more e plo iv eff ect To prote t a ain t this u c rtainty, a

c mp n nt s c a a f asta tin switc in p ral el with th s mic n u tor d vic n e s to b

To o tain lo g lfe a d hig rel a i ty at th o eratin v lta e of o e s mic n u tor d vic

le el, c p citors whic e p rie c this v lta e s o ld emplo a impre n te diele tric

c n tru tio

No - lamma le impre n tin fluid b s d o p ly hlorin te bi-p e yls (PCB) e ist, b t are

pro ibite o e viro me tal gro n s

To a , ma y c p citors c ntain (u u ly smal) q a titie of a impre n tin me ium in th

In al c s s, ru ture of th c p citor c n is a e s ntial pre-re uisite f or e p sin th

diele tric material a d impre n tin me ium to air This c uld aris f rom me h nic l d ma e

c u e b a u e or re ultin from a pro u tio d fe t, or from a ele tric l fa lt in id th

c p citor Intern l f aults for e ample s ort circ it of o e or more c p citor eleme ts, s arkin

at a bro e intern l c n e tio , etc c n c u e d c mp sitio of th diele tric material a d/or

of th impre n tin me ium, le din to a b id-u of pre s re in id th c p citor Unle s th

pro e s c n b ar e te (e.g th c p citor is re d re o e circ it b o eratio of a o

er-pre s re prote tio d vic ) or th pre s re is rel e e in a c ntrol e a d s fe ma n r, th n

th o er-pre s re ma le d to ru ture of th c n Ele tric l arcin /o erh atin of th n w

disru te c p citor pro id s a lk ly s urc of ig itio Re e t e p rie c s d mo strate th t

th ris for f ire of c ntain d p ly ro yle e c p citors is low

Ca a itors th t are dry ty e, n rmal y c ntain p ly reth n or si c n g l, a fi in material

d e n t b rn its lf e e th u h it is e p s d to air

4.2.3.5 Re ctors

Th re ctors within a v lv e uipme t ma b lq id c ole A mo e of f ai ure of v lv

re ctors is o erh atin d e to total or p rtial blo k g of th c ol n pip s within th re ctors

If s c a c n itio g e u d te te , f ai ure of th re ctor is p s ible a d this ma c u e a

Th re istors u e in d mpin circ its are g n raly wire wo n , alth u h thic -f ilm d vic s

are fre u ntly u e Th fai ure of re istors c uld b d e to o erh atin of th eleme t

c u e b in d q ate c ol n or c r o io of re istor eleme ts whic are in dire t c nta t

with th c ola t If th re istors are in ire tly c ole , i.e h atsin mo nte , th bre k own of

th re istor to th h atsin c uld re ult in lo als d arcin This ma re ult in o e circ it,

in ulatio or h u in fai ure If th in ulatio pro id d is flamma le, th n it ma ig ite

An th r s e ario wo ld b th t th arcin in id th re istor p rsists a d th re istor ma f ai

e plo iv ly, d ma in oth r a ja e t c mp n nts This c n le d to arcin a d f l s o er

4.2.3.7 Electro ic circ its

Th ele tro ic circ its f or th c ntrol, prote tio a d mo itorin of th th ristors are n rmal y

of low p wer Th fai ure of in ivid al c mp n nts ma , h we er, p s a fire h z rd Two

situ tio s c uld b :

a) Th s mic n u tor d vic f irin ele tro ic pro id s g te trig er p ls s to more th n o e

s rie -c n e te s mic n u tor d vic via in ulate o tp t p ls tra sf ormers Faiure of

th in ulatio of a p ls tra sformer c uld re ult in lo d c re t f l win in low c r e t

wirin

b) Th ele tro ic circ its re uire a s urc of p wer whic , f or HVDC v lv s, is n rmal y

d vic le el Th p wer s p ly mu t pro id s f ficie t e erg to me t p rf orma c

re uireme ts u d r th worst o eratin c n itio s, th refore, u d r oth r c n itio s,

more e erg th n is n e e is a aia le Th te h iq e a o te to c ntrol this s rplu

e erg c uld influ n e th c n e u n e of a c mp n nt f ai ure in this p rt of th circ it

4.2.3.8 Light g ide

Lig t g id s, eith r in ivid aly or in b n le in olv a ris of f ire ig itio , if e p s d to

c n u tiv s rf ac c ntamin tio Certain ty e of lg t g id ja k t material ma s stain

c mb stio a d tra sfer f ire within th v lv stru ture

4.2.4 Semic n uctor device level c n ections

Wh n th s mic n u tor d vic s are ele tric l y c n e te to d mpin circ its, gra in

re istors a d/or oth r circ itry, this re uire a xi ary wirin of low c r e t c r yin c p city

Th s mic n u tor d vic c ntrol a d prote tio circ itry, in lu in n twork gra in a d

d te tio c mp n nts, in olv s a larg n mb r of low c re t c n e tio s If a c n e tio

in d erte tly b c me o e -circ ite , arcin c n re ult whic c uld ig ite flamma le

material

4.2.5 Coolant system pro lems

4.2.5.1 Water ba ed systems

In l q id c ole v lv s th h at is remo e from th s mic n u tor d vic , re istors a d

re ctors b d io iz d water or a mixture of d io iz d water a d gly ol Th flow, temp rature

a d c n u tivity of th c ola t d lv re to th v lv are c ntin u ly mo itore e tern l y to

p s ibi ty of ero io a d d p sitio of material in s me p rts of c oln water circ it This

pro e s, if c ntin e for a p rio of time, c n re ult in le kin or clo gin at s me critic l

in ulatio le din to a intern l fa lt or to rele sin d bris o to oth r ele tric l y l v p rts

c u in smo e or io iz d air whic ma d v lo into a p rtial fla h v r If th temp rature of

th re ctor is in re s d furth r, ig itio of th re ctor in ulatio materials ma o c r

Co ln water le k c n o c r at a y of th joints d e to th faiure of g s ets or O-rin s u e

in th joints Th cra kin of pla tic pip s c u e b premature a in c uld als le d to

le k g In a ditio , me h nic l vibratio s, for e ample, from re ctors ma c u e lo s nin

Th siz a d d n ity of d st p rticle in id th v lv h l d p n s u o th eff i ie c of th

v ntiatio a d fi terin s stem Als , if th in id of th b i din (wal s, ro f, f l or, stru ture,

etc.) is n t pro erly tre te with a mainte a c -f re c atin , it c n le d to g n ratio of d st

Co d n atio in id th v lv h l is p s ible o a y c ole s rfa e s c a water pip s

a d c n e tio s if th ir temp rature is alowe to fal b low th d w p int in th v lv h l

c n itio s or water le k furth r in re s th ris of a major fla h v r

For e ample, c ntamin nts c l e te b ele tro tatic ef fe ts in th pre e c of moisture or

ele tric l stre s, smal le k g c re ts ma form a d cre te tra kin p th In time, th s

c s wh re tra sformer b s in s or oi in ulate smo thin re ctor b s in s proje t into th

v lv h l th p s ibi ty e ists for s me q a tity of oi to e ter th v lv h l Du to

p rc a er re uireme ts to a , a d for ma y y ars n w, in HVDC pla ts th re are n oi

in ulate or oi- i e e uipme t in th v lv h l , th p s ibi ty s o ld n t e ist for a y

q a tity of oi to e ter th v lv h l

A s v re intern l fa lt in a p rc lain b s in ma c u e a e plo io , re ultin in th

Comp site b s in s ma ru ture b t n t c u e d bris b in thrown a art

4.2.7 Fai ure of surge ar e ters

Be a s of th a s n e of flamma le material in id are ters th ir fai ure s o ld n t dire tly

le d to a fire, h we er, io iz d pla ma f rom th arc c ute d e to o eratio of th s rg

ar e ter, h s th p s ibi ty to initiate a f l s o er (alth u h g o d sig s o ld minimiz this),

b t th c mplete f ai ure a d d stru tio of th s rg ar e ter c uld initiate a f l s o er or

c u e c n e u ntial d ma e le din to a fla h v r

4.2.8 Fals operatio of delu e system

Th u h n t c mmo , if a d lu e s stem is u e in th v lv h l th n, in th e e t of

o eratio , th wh le prote te are wi b f l o e with water Fals o eratio of th water

d lu e s stem c uld re ult in a f l s o er in th v lv h l Ev n if water of hig re istiv

q al ty is u e th s rf ac s alre d c ntamin te with p l uta ts c n e p rie c a fla h v r

4.2.9 Other valve hal eq ipment

Oth r v lv h l e uipme t s c a v lta e divid rs, c r e t tra sformers or oth r e uipme t

ma c u e fire d e to fla h v r or c n e u ntial d ma e if th y fai Cur e t HVDC pra tic

is to o ly u e oi fre e uipme t in id th v lv h l

4.2.10 Work in an aro n valve hal

Du to th larg n mb r of ele tric l a d me h nic l c n e tio s in a v lv th re is p te tial

f or h ma er or d rin eith r c mmis io in or mainte a c If c n e tio s are lef t lo s or

f oreig o je ts lef b hin it c uld le d to a fa lt th t ma c u e a fire

4.3 As e sment of p s ible c ns q ence

For a fire to start, thre c mp n nts are in olv d: h at (i.e a s urc of ig itio ), a s p ly of

o y e a d a q a tity of c mb stible material

In th simple t a aly is, th s v rity of a worst c s fire c n b a s s e from th " ire lo d"

Th c n e t of fire lo d is, h we er, a c n erv tiv wa of a s s in th worst c n eiv ble

f ire sin e it pre ume total c n umptio of al c mb stible materials within a d fin d are No

a c u t is ta e of th a aia i ty of th v rio s materials for c mb stio , th ir ig ita i ty or

th rate at whic th y ma b rn Fire retardin or s lf e tin uis in c ara teristic , if

pro id d, are ig ore As a re ult, th c n e t of f ire lo d is of lmite u ef uln s in

d terminin th l k ly c n e u n e of a re l f ire

Alth u h a v lv h l c ntain a id ntifia le q a tity of c mb stible material, th

a s s me t of th c n e u n e arisin from a y of th p s ible c u e of fire id ntifie in

4.2 a d th c mp ris n of o e d sig with a oth r, c n ot b d p n a ly ma e o th b sis

of th fire lo d th t this q a tity of material re re e ts For e ample, th intro u tio of

b r iers of fire retard nt material in v lv s wi a tu l y in re s th v lv h l fire lo d, whi e

it s o ld d cre s th ris f or a f ire to pro a ate Th a s s me t of p s ible c n e u n e

mu t th refore c n id r th totalty of me s re ta e to l mit th eff ects of a y fire in id nt

It is n t f ore e n th t v lv h l e uipme t wi e er b c n tru te e tirely from n

n-c mb stible materials Th ref ore, sin e c mb stible materials wi b emplo e , it s o ld b

d termin d wh t th lk ly c n e u n e of a y of th p s ible c u e , giv n in 4.2, mig t

b Co sid ratio s o ld b giv n to:

a) Th pro a i ty of th initiatin e e t o c rin ;

b) Th q a tity of c mb stible material dire tly in olv d in a y initiatin in id nt;

c) Th flamma i ty c ara teristic of th materials in olv d;

d) Th meth d of d te tin th pre e c of a f ire a d th a tio ta e th re n;

(e.g v lv ty e, b i din c sts, s ismic c n itio s, etc.) whic ma n t relate to f ire

prote tio a d s fety If a f aci ty la o t wa re iewe o ly from th f ire prote tio

p rs e tiv , th v lv h l wo ld b p y ic ly s p rate f rom oth r s rvic fa i tie s c a :

c ntrol ro ms, a xi ary p wer ro ms, c n erter tra sf ormers, oi - i e smo thin re ctors

a d mainte a c are s Whie th p y ic l s p ratio of v lv h ls a d s rvic fa i tie ma

b d sira le from th f ire prote tio p rs e tiv , it ma cre te o eratio al a d e o omic

c n ern th t o erid th fire prote tio c n id ratio s If th v lv h l a d s rvic fa i tie

mu t b c n tru te within a sin le f aci ty, fire c mp rtme ts a le to c n n a fire to its are

of origin, s o ld b c n id re

Wals in f ire c mp rtme ts o ly re ist th s re d of f ire for th ir s e if i d ratin if th ir

c n tru tio al inte rity is n t c mpromis d b u prote te o e in s, s c a d ors, d cts,

o e in s to e s re th inte rity of th fire wals Prote tio of th s o e in s c n b in th

f orm of f ire d ors, fire a d smo e d mp rs, f ire-rate win ow a s mbl e a d fire sto p d

c ble p n tratio s

5.1.2 Pre ent practice

In th majority of fa i tie , th v lv h l s a d s rvic s a e are lo ate in a sin le fa i ty

f or lo istic a d o eratio al re s n On oth r pra tic is to h v th v lv h l lo ate in a

s p rate b i din f rom th s rvic s a e Wh n th v lv h ls a d s rvic s a e are in th

s me b idin , th u u l pra tic is to u e f ire wals to s p rate th v lv h ls from th main

b idin Th fire s p ratio n e s to b ta e into c n id ratio wh n d sig in th v lv

h l in talatio s a d wh t me s re are to b ta e to mitig te th c a c of fire s re din

5.1.3 Specific pro isio s

5.1.3.1 Faci tie in ph sical y s parate b i dings

In terms of p y ic l s p ratio , th re are fo r major are s of a HVDC s b tatio th t s o ld

b c n id re : th v lv h ls, s rvic a d mainte a c are s, c ntrol/rela a d a xi ary

are s, c ntrol/rela ro m a d a xi ary p wer fa i tie s o ld b s p rate f rom e c oth r

b f ire wal s of a s ita le ratin (e.g 2 h) Ap rture in fire wals s o ld h v th s me ratin

c ntrole e viro me t for th o eratio of th v lv s c n istin of s mic n u tor d vic s

c mp n nts of v lv h l c n tru tio wo ld b th flo r, wal s, ro f a d interior finis e

From th fire p rs e tiv , th v lv h l e clo ure wi c ntain th h at a d to ic c ro iv

material b lo k d at, b t als th f ire re ista c c ara teristic of th materials of

c n tru tio are imp rta t;

c) Th in orp ratio of d sig me s re in th c n tru tio of th b idin to le s n oth r

fire a d o eratio al pro lems s c a ro f le k , oi s i c ntainme t a d water drain g

5.2.2 Valve hal c nstru tion

5.2.2.1 General

Th folowin is a re iew of h z rd , pra tic s a d re omme d tio s f or th c n tru tio of

ro fs, wals, f l ors a d f i is e in a v lv h l

5.2.2.2 Floors

Th flo rs of a v lv h l s o ld b of n n-c mb stible c n tru tio a d pro id a cle n,

sta le s rfa e o whic to c r y o t mainte a c o th v lv a d v lv h l e uipme t

5.2.2.3 Wal s

Th wals of v lv h l n t o ly fu ctio a a e clo ure, b t als g n ral y s p ort th ro f

a d, in s me c s s, th a tu l v lv stru ture

Wals s o ld b n n-c mb stible, f ire re ista t, a d form a fire s p ratio f rom oth r are s of

th b idin Th ratin of th wals d p n s o th c n g ratio a d material u e in th

stru ture, a d th fire lo d of th v lv a d oth r e uipme t within th v lv h l Wh re ste l

c n tru tio is u e for th wal or ro f s p ort memb rs, s e ial c re s o ld b ta e to

th ro f stru ture a d s b e u nt major d ma e to th v lv stru ture Th u e of e p s d

ste l a d c mb stible materials f or a ro f s o ld b a oid d

Th c n tru tio of th ro f is p rtic larly critic l in th s a plc tio s wh re th ro f

stru ture is a tu ly th s p ortin a s mbly for th v lv Th ty e of ro f c n tru tio

s o ld b b s d o a a aly is of th ar a g me t a d c n g ratio of th v lv , a d th

c n tru tio a d flamma i ty of th v lv stru ture a d its c mp n nts Th ef fe t of fire

Th mo itorin or th s p rvisio of th v lv h l e uipme t is inte d d to d te t faiure ,

s me of whic ma le d to major d ma e Two ty e of mo itorin are a aia le:

a) On-ln mo itorin ;

f olowin p rts (d p n in o th c n erter te h olo y):

a) Th ristors, IGBTs, fre -wh eln dio e or oth r s mic n u tors;

b) Gate ele tro ic or mo itorin ele tro ic ;

th ristors fai s ort circ it a d s f ely prote t th aff ecte le el a ain t d ma e, d f ectiv

IGBTs ma fai o e circ it To a oid th ris of arcin , whic mig t c u e ig itio , s c

le els s o ld b s orte b oth r me n Th pro er fu ctio in of th s me n s o ld als

Oth r v lv c mp n nts, lk re istors, c p citors or (s tura le) re ctors, are u u ly n t

dire tly mo itore Faiure of s c c mp n nts ma cre te a hig er ris of ig itio th n faiure

of s mic n u tors, e p cial y wh n th f ai ure of th s c mp n nts d e n t dire tly le d to

a s ortcirc it faiure of th s mic n u tor

Interc n e tio s within a v lv le el (wirin ) a wel a b s ar c n e tio s in id th v lv

are dif fic lt to mo itor ele tric l y d rin o eratio Perio ic inf rare h at s a s or

o s rv tio of th v lv s u in a vid o c mera s stem ma b a g o me n , h we er, b th

te h iq e re uire a dire t ln -of -sig t to th joints to b mo itore a d th refore pro id

o ly re tricte a plc bi ty A vid o s stem c uld b u e for p rma e t mo itorin if

a tomatic ima e e alu tio is a aia le

Air s mpl n s stems c uld als b ef fe tiv in d te tin o er-h ate joints or c mp n nts

Wh n a water-c oln s stem is u e it is u u l y mo itore for le k g s within a d/or

uti z d to mo itor water le k g within th v lv stru ture In th majority of c s s a alarm

6.2.3 Off -l ne c ec s and inspection

e) Ch c in for inte rity of th wirin b twe n c mp n nts at in ivid al v lv le els;

f ) Vis al in p ctio of c ola t pip s a d c ol n water c n e tio s f or a y d terioratio ;

g) Te tin of c mp n nts in in ivid al v lv le els u in s e ial te t s ts if re omme d d;

h) Pre s re te tin of th water v lv c oln circ it if re omme d d

6.3 Su ervision of other valve hal eq ipment

Th oth r e uipme t within th v lv h l wi , d p n in o th d sig , in lu e wal b s in s

or tra sformer b s in s, are ters, v lv c p citors a d v lta e divid rs a d e rthin

switc e

pre s riz d g s fi in is u e to pro id th n c s ary ele tric l in ulatio Ar e ters c ntain

n n-c mb stible metal-o id c ramic blo k mo tly e clo e in c mp site h u in s

Bu hin s or v lta e divid rs fi e with pre s riz d g s are u u l y e uip e with pre s re

g u e Th s d vic s ma in lu e ele tric l c nta ts whic alow o ln mo itorin f or low

g s pre s re Warnin s a d trip sig als c n b d riv d b e alu tin dif fere t pre s re

le els Durin mainte a c b s in s a d divid rs are c e k d f or c re t g s pre s re

In re e t y ars f oam a d g s in ulate b s in s are in re sin ly u e wh re th g s/air is

k pt u d r atmo p eric pre s re No mo itorin is a pl e f or th s kin s of b s in s

o lo d

In th c s of ar e ters, o -ln mo itorin is eith r thro g s rg c u ters or thro g th

mo itorin of th ar e ter c r e t or e erg This inf ormatio c n b tra smite to e rth

p te tial via lg t g id s Of f-ln mo itorin is eith r b re ordin c u ter re din s or

p rio ic of ln te tin It s o ld b n te th t are ter f aiure , in th majority of situ tio s,

wi n t le d to a v lv h l fire

No mo itorin is p rf orme for v lv h l gro n in switc e , h we er, th y d n t imp s

a y fire ris

7 Fire dete tion systems

7.1 General

Sin e th c n e u n e of a major f ire in a v lv h l c n b sig ific nt, s p re sio of

in ipie t f ire is critic l For this p rp s , fire d te tio at a v ry e rly sta e is imp rta t to

alert th o eratin p rs n el a d to ta e a pro riate a tio s to lmit th c n e u n e Sin e

th mo t imp rta t a tio is d -e ergiz tio of th e uipme t to sto th ele tric l e erg

infe d, th f ire d te tio s h me mu t b c p ble of a c rate a d rela le d te tio of th

f ire to al ow for prompt interv ntio a d to a oid fals alarms

A pra tic l a pro c for e istin HVDC s stems is to c mbin th mo t u - o-d te pro e

te h olo y in th f ire d te tio a d s c rity s rv i a c in u trie to rela ly d te t a fire at

th e rle t p s ible sta e Th re are s v ral hig ly s n itiv f ire d te tio meth d th t are

s ita le

7.2 Detectio and o erating principle

7.2.1 General

Ge eraly, th meth d of d te tio ma e u e of o e or more of th folowin prin iple :

– smo e: d te t smo e, g s s, a d p rtic late b fore fire s re d ;

– h at: d te t o erh atin b fore ig itio ;

– lg t: d te t lg t s e trum a s ciate with arc , s ark , c ro a a d flame ;

– vis al: d te t a tu l fire via s rv i a c c mera/vid o s stem in id th v lv h l or via

a d v lv h ls It mu t b n te th t lo atio s o ld n t c mpromis th re uire ele tric l

cle ra c For UHVDC, s me of a o e ma b impra tic l

7.2.2 Air s mpl n systems

s mpln h a s c ntin o sly to d te t s b-micro p rticle g n rate d rin th in ipie t

sta e of a fire To d te t th pre e c of s c p rticle , th s s stems u e eith r th clo d

c amb r meth d or th lg t s at erin meth d

7.2.3 Infra-red be m smo e detectors

Th s are o tic l d vic s whic uti z inf ra-re b ams proje te b twe n a tra smiter a d a

re eiv r Th p wer o tp t of th tra smiter u its are a ju ta le d p n in o th b am

ra g Th d te tio of th smo e is b s d o th prin iple of b am o s uratio c u e b

h at or smo e An alarm is giv n if th l g t b am d te tio le el fals b low a pre et le el

f rom a f ire Th d te tor re cts ra idly to al f l min fire in whic c rb n c o s materials are

b rn d Th u it c n b e uip e a sin le wa ele gth o eratio or multiple o eratin b s d

o sl g tly dif fere t wa ele gth a d th sig als f rom th d te tors are c r elate to e a le a

cle r dif fere tiatio b twe n flame ra iatio a d oth r s urc s of ra iatio

7.2.7 Imagin video camera systems

Sta d rd hig re olutio c mera c n b in tal e at diff ere t pla e o th v lv h l wals to

pro id c v ra e of th prote te are s

7.3 Guidel ne f or valve hal fire detectio

Th air s mpln s stems are th mo t ef fe tiv s stems f or smo e a d in ipie t fire

d te tio a aia le to a Te t a d o eratin e p rie c s ow th t th air s mpl n s stems

c n pro id a c rate a d rel a le d te tio of in ipie t fire Ty ic l re p n e time of a few

min te a p ar to b a e u te for mo t situ tio s Howe er, it s o ld b n te th t a major

arcin f ault ma pro u e a larg amo nt of e erg in a v ry s ort time Power arc

a s ciate with major in ulatio f aiure are u u l y d te te v ry ra idly with c n e tio al

ele tro ic prote tio Howe er, s rie arc ma n t b d te te a d th ref ore th s c n b

s stain d u ti a more s b ta tial fa lt d v lo s An arc d te tio s stem th t c n d te t

s c a e e t q ic ly, f or e ample a ultra iolet d te tor, ma b u e

8.1 General

Du to p st e p rie c s with fire in HVDC v lv h ls CIGRÉ Te h ic l Bro h re 13 wa

pro u e From this e p rie c th HVDC in u try to k ef forts to mitig te th ris s of fire in

th v lv h l This wa a hie e b two me s re , remo in c mb stible materials from th

v lv h l, a d intro u in s lf e tin uis in materials into th v lv d sig its lf This

c mbin d with th intro u tio of s n itiv fire d te tio s stems th t alows a in ipie t fire

In altern tiv a), n v lv h l f ire s p re sio s stem is re omme d d.

In altern tiv b) a f uly inte rate , p rma e tly in tal e v lv h l fire s p re sio s stem is

Th d sig g al s o ld alwa s b f ire pre e tio a c rdin to altern tiv a) In c s s of

u c rtainty a o t whic altern tiv th in tal atio c mple with, it is re omme d d to

prote t th v lv h l b me s re d s rib d in altern tiv b)

8.2 De ig c nsideratio s for an instal ed f ire su pre sio system

When con idered f easible, in tal e f ire s p re sio s stems s o ld b d sig e to c mpletely

De ig of fire s p re sio s stem, in tal atio , te tin , trainin , mainte a c , refi in a d

re etin work afer trig ere s stem aff ect th o eratio of th f aci ty a d s o ld b

d te tio of fire o s lf e tin uis in materials fol owe b d -e ergiz tio v ry lk ly ma e

it u n c s ary to a tiv te a ditio al s p re sio Th pro e ure s o ld al ow a a pro riate

d la af ter d -e ergiz tio to d termin wh th r th fire s lf e tin uis e

8.3 Ty e of f ire extin uishin agents

8.3.1 List of agents

Ta le 1 giv s e ample of f ire e tin uis in a e ts

Table 1 – Fire exting ishin agents

rele s d, it af fe ts fire b cry tal zin water in th air a d dis la e o y e Carb n dio id

c n c u e th rmal s o k a d larg pre s re c a g s in a e clo e v lume, whic c n

p te tial y d ma e th b idin stru ture Pre s re d mp rs u u ly are n e e CO

2

is

a cid ntal o eratio of th s stem d rin mainte a c

8.3.3 Inert ga e

In rt g s s are a ble d of in rt atmo p eric g s s whic af fe ts f ire b lowerin th

c n e tratio of o y e to a p int th t c n ot s p ort c mb stio , b t sti s fe for h ma s

In rt g s s are store in hig pre s re v s els a d, simiarly to c rb n dio id , c n c u e

FM2 0® is a e ample of a suita le pro u t a aia le c mmercialy This inf ormatio is giv n for th

c n e ie c of users of this d c me t a d d es n t c nstitute a e d rseme t b IEC of this pro u t

8.4 Instal atio req irements

Th ele tric l e viro me t in a v lv h l mu t b c n id re Th ele tric l cle ra c s are

u u l y larg a d s o ld n t b diminis e Fire e tin uis in s stems mu t b a le to

proje t th e tin uis in a e ts a ro s th s cle ra c s

Ele tric l interlo k a d ma u l initiatio of o eratio afer v rific tio of a f ire b re u d nt

s p ratio b twe n th o erator a d p s ible h at a d smo e of th f ire

Th fire s p re sio in talatio s o ld b ar a g d to b c mp tible with th f ire d te tio

s stem

s rvic or s lf c ntain d die el p mp a d g n rators Sp cif i s f ety c n id ratio s o ld

b giv n to th p s ible n e to d -e ergiz c rtain are s a d e uipme t d rin fire (s e

On-site stora e of c emic ls, water s p ly a d fire p mp fu ls is d sira le

Re-s p ly of materials re uire for e tin uis in a fire in a v lv h l s o ld b ma e via

sta d rd ty e fit in s lo ate at a s f e dista c f rom th v lv h l

On-site drain g , stora e a d c ntainme t e uipme t s o ld b c n id re to c le t f ire

re id e a d to prote t th e viro me t f rom c ntamin tio Wh re p s ible, oi -water

s p rators s o ld b furnis e to c ntain th s materials

Ele tric l a d me h nic l interlo k a d sig al n d vic s s o ld b pro id d to a oid

in d erte t o eratio in id e ergiz d v lv h l s or mis p ratio in id th wro g z n if

z n l o eratio is pro id d Me s re s o ld als b ta e to pre e t u inte d d dis h rg

of e tin uis in s stems into th v lv h l whie mainte a c is ta in pla e, b c u e of th

ris of a p y iatio of th mainte a c p rs n el

Sin e it is n t pra tic l to te t fire s p re sio s stem in tal atio s in a a tu l v lv h l, it is

d sira le to pro id me n to te t th s stem p rio ic ly with ut o eratio Au i ary c ntrol

v lv s a d pipin f or l mite te tin or temp rary c n e tio s s o ld b re tore to th

pro er ar a g me t a d c refuly c e k d af er te tin Mo itorin or mimic p n ls or b th

ma b f urnis e to a s re a pro er ar a g me t

8.5 Guidel ne for f ire extin uishin agents

Water or p wd r b s d f ire s p re sio s stems s o ld n t b u e a fix d in talatio s in

c mp n nts For th s me re s n it s o ld b a oid d, if f ea ible, d rin ma u l fire fig tin

—————————

2

No e ™ 12 0 is a e ample of a suita le pro u t a aia le c mmercialy This inf ormatio is giv n f or th

c n e ie c of users of this d c me t a d d es n t c nstitute a e d rseme t b IEC of this pro u t

s stem for v lv h ls th t sti me ts ele tric l, e viro me tal a d h ma s fety d ma d

Howe er, d e to th larg v lume of v lv h ls, larg q a titie of g s s o ld b u e This

me n n mb rs of c nisters a d c mple pipin whic c n ris le k g s a d oth r pro lem

s p ortin ar a g me ts from h at in th e e t of a fire, u le s th v lv a d v lv h l

d sig lmits th ma imum e p cte f ire temp rature to a c pta le lmits

c) Pro id me n to e tin uis a oi f ire re ultin f rom a ru ture or le k of a wal or

temp rature a d re u in th c ntamin tio It als k e s smo e/g s s o t of oth r are s

a d ma e it p s ible f or fire fig ters (e uip e with bre thin a p ratu ) to s p re s th

f ire This wi re u e th o ta e time folowin a f ire

A f urth r a v nta e of v nt ma a eme t is th re u tio of pre s re in id th v lv h l

Natural v ntiatio of th v lv h l wi lower th pre s re whic le d to le s stru tural

stre s a d re u e th ris of tra sfer of smo e to oth r p rts of th b idin Forc d

v ntiatio s stems ma b u e to impro e this ef fe t b drawin n g tiv pre s re in th

v lv h l to k e smo e a d to ic f ume from oth r p rts of th b idin

An HVDC v lv h l is c n id re a "simple b idin " from th sta d oint of d sig in a

v ntin ma a eme t s stem Durin a fire, h t smo e/g s s wi ris from th b rnin o je t

a d draw in c oler ambie t air a th y ris toward th c i n Wh n th plume of smo e/g s

re c e th c i n a d s re d a ro s it, it forms a distin t la er of smo e/g s s n ar th

temp rature in re s s If ro f or wal mo nte f ire d mp rs are pro id d to giv n tural

v ntiatio , th smo e/g s la er wi d v lo a pre s re to driv th smo e/g s o t a d at

s me sta e a e ui brium wi b re c e wh n th ma s of smo e a d h t g s s le vin th

e clo ure is e u l to th ma s of air s c e into th e clo ure a d drawn in th f ire-plume

This is th b sis for th d sig of ro f a d/or wal mo nte v ntin s stems, whic re uire

a e u te air to b drawn into th b idin thro g o e in s at th lower le els of th

e clo ure to re la e th h t g s s flowin o t Forc d me h nic l v ntiatio c n a hie e th

s me ef fe t a s own in Fig re 1

Pro er v nti atio wi d cre s th temp rature n ar th c i n a d c n pro id a la er of

cle r air n ar th flo r Th d gre of cro s-c ntamin tio wi b re u e th hig er th

smo e la er c n b maintain d This als alows th f ire f i hters to e ter th v lv h l to fig t

th f ire at its s urc Ve tin ma a eme t work a a pre s re relef s stem to re u e

o erpre s re in th b i din a d th c n e tratio of v p riz d h dro arb n

9.2.2 Natural venti ation

Natural v nti atio d p n s o th b sic p y ic l pro erty of h t g s s to b more b o a t

th n th s r o n in air This ma e it a tomatic ly s lf c mp n atin a c rdin to th

inte sity of th fire; th more inte s th fire th more ef ficie t th v nti atio pro e s Th

n g tiv sid of this is th t a low inte sity, b t v ry smo y fire ma n t b eff ectiv ly v nte

Natural v ntiatio c n o ly re u e th o erpre s re in th v lv h l This is u u ly

a e u te from th p rs e tiv of re u in th stre s s o th b i din stru ture b t c n sti

le v a p sitiv intern l pre s re whic c uld f orc smo e pro u ts thro g o e in s into

a ja e t are s This ma n t b a pro lem if th b s of th smo e/g s la er is a o e th

le el of a ja e t ro ms (e.g a in hig v lta e a plc tio s) b t this c n b more pro lematic

for low v lta e a pl c tio s wh re v lv h l a d s rvic b idin h ig ts c n b simi ar

Eff i ie t o eratio re uire th t th fire d mp rs b f it e in th ro f or hig o th wals

9.2.3 F rced venti atio

Forc d v ntiatio d p n s o a tiv a piratio of th v lv h l b larg c p city fa s Th

dime sio in of th f an s o ld b c ref uly a dre s d sin e th c p city is in ers ly

pro ortio al to th inte sity of th f ire: th more inte s th fire th lower th ma s f l w rate

of th f an Th refore, th d sig re uire a d gre of c n erv tism

Forc d v ntiatio c n a tiv ly pro u e n g tiv pre s re in th v lv h l , whic re u e th

ris for smo e migratio into oth r are s of th b i din

Eff i ie t o eratio c n b a hie e b lo atin fa s o th o tsid wal of th v lv h l , at

hig le el, th re y pre ervin th waterpro f inte rity of th ro f d c a d pro idin a hig

le el of s c rity a ain t e tern l e viro me tal c n itio s

Activ tio of th d mp rs a d th f an are d p n e t o th a aia i ty of a xi ary s p le

whic s o ld th refore b s c re Th ro tin a d s p rvisio of th a xi ary s p le s o ld

b prote te f rom th c n e u n e of a d v lo in f ire L c l fire c d s s o ld b ta e

into a c u t wh n d sig in a xi ary s p le Th fa motors s o ld b rate for o eratio

Th a tu l d sig of a v ntin ma a eme t s stem s o ld b u d rta e with th a sista c

of e p rie c d f ire prof es io als a d a ai a le s f ware f or simulatin th smo e/g s fi in

pro e s Gre t c re is n e e to e s re th t th s stem wi o erate pro erly a d n t o ly

FACTS s b tatio s are a ai a le Th s s stems c mbin a n mb r of n w d te tio a d fire

e tin uis in te h olo ie , with a g al of pro idin c mpre e siv fire prote tio Th s

prote tio s stem of th HVDC a d FACTS c n erter Th inte ratio of th s s stems into

a o eral fire c ntrol s stem is re omme d d to e s re a pro er c ordin tio of a tio s to

ef fe tiv ly d te t th fire, lo ate th are , trip th HVDC a d FACTS c n erter, ma a e th

h atin , v nti atio a d air c n itio in (HVAC) s stem, a d ma a e th remo al of smo e

Howe er, it is a c pte th t s me cle ts ma n t wis to in orp rate th fire d te tio sig al

into a trip s q e c for th c n erter

Ma y fa tors n e to b c n id re in th s le tio of major items of e c of th f ire c ntrol

s stem Th s fa tors in lu e:

– Sp e of d te tio , with cro s z nin or b c u of diff ere t d te tio meth d ;

– Vis al v rific tio s stem in lu in vid o c mera , viewin win ows/p rts, v lv h l

a c s ara g me ts a d a n n iatio s stems;

le k d te tio , HVDC a d FACTS c n erter prote tio ar a g me ts;

– L c l a d remote (e.g f ire brig d ) alarm a n n iatio re uireme ts;

– Grid c ntrol s stem re uireme ts, in lu in SCADA;

– Fire ma a eme t a d emerg n y c ntrol me s re ;

– Av i a i ty of train d p rs n el

10.2 Fire alarm cla sif icatio

10.2.1 General

Th f un tio s a d pro ertie to b pro id d b th f ire c ntrol s stem s o ld in lu e th

f olowin with re p ct to fire alarm cla sif i atio :

Fig re 2 – Pos ible ar an ements an interc n ections

of an integrated f ire detectio an c ntrol system

10.2.2 Cla sif icatio b detection principle

Th d te tio s stems c n b cla sifie into th s whic d te t h at, smo e a d ele tric l

p e ome a s c a ele tric arc a d are c p ble of s n in c mb stio pro u ts, th s th t

d te t fire vis al y b me n of mo itorin tele isio s stems, a d th s emplo in

c mbin tio s of th a o e me n (s e Cla s 7)

ma imum s n itivity of d te tio a s rin th re u tio of fals alarms In ma n d HVDC a d

FACTS s b tatio s vis al in p ctio c uld c ntrib te to f ire d te tio

Giv n th a ai a i ty of n twork b s d c ntrols a d o erator dis la e uipme t,

c n id ratio s o ld b giv n to e uip in th o erator's c ntrol d s with a n n iatio ,

mo itorin a d vis al mo itors This wi e s re th t a q ic re p n e a d c ordin te a tio

c n b ta e to s f ely ma a e b th fire s p re sio a d HVDC a d FACTS tra smis io

o eratio s

10.2.3 Cla sif icatio b detection o jective

Fire alarm s stems c n b cla sif i d a c rdin to th o je tiv of d te tio into:

– Th s d sig e to a tomatic l y trip th c n erter;

IE C

To con erter an A s stem

main circ it comp nents

– Th s for whic th o je tiv is to alert th o erator

If th c n itio s le din to fire c n b d te te at a v ry e rly sta e, it ma b p s ible to

a oid f ire b trip in th c n erter a d th re y c t in of f th e erg s urc An e ample of

a alarm s stem f or e rly d te tio b f ore a f ire d v lo s is o e whic is d sig e to d te t

th e iste c of a arc b me n of ele troma n tic ra iatio , s e 7.2.4 to 7.2.6

10.2.4 Detectio system rel abi ty

If d sire , re u d n y f or v lv h l a plc tio s c n b a hie e b pro idin multiple

d te tors for e c v lv h l

Fals f ire sig als, le din to trip in of th c n erter or a tiv tio of a tomatic f ire

s p re sio s stems, wi s rio sly a gra ate th rela i ty of HVDC a d FACTS s stems

Th folowin pro isio s c uld pre e t s c situ tio s:

– Set in th s n ors with a pro riate s n itivity;

– Pro idin s p rvisio of th fire alarm s stem;

– Pro idin re u d nt fire d te tio s stems u in th s me s n in prin iple ;

– Pro idin multiple d te tio alarm s stems h vin dif ere t f ire s n in prin iple

On a pro c to th rela i ty is u is to u e th s stem o ly to alert th o erators wh wi

ta e a tio o ly afer th y h v c nfirme th situ tio vis aly For s stems in tal e to

d te t major arcin f aults, a tomatic blo kin of th c n erter wi b e s ntial Rel a i ty is

th n d p n e t o th oth r pro isio s lste a o e

Serio s c n e u n e c n aris from f als a tiv tio of a f ire s p re sio s stem In mo t

c s s, fire a tio s o ld o ly b ta e ma u l y af ter vis al c nfirmatio th t a fire e ists,

th t th aff ecte z n h s b e pro erly id ntifie a d th t, fol owin d -e ergiz tio , th fire

h s n t s lf e tin uis e or remain d c ntain d within lmits alowe for in th d sig

10.3 Fire c ntrol system

10.3.1 General

Th f ire c ntrol s stem ma c n ist of s me or al of fol owin , whic are s own in Fig re 2:

– Fire d te tio , arc d te tio , a d mo itorin s stem;

– Fire alarm a n n iatio s stem (lo al a d remote);

It is imp rta t to n te th t th a n n iatio a d interf ac s with lo al f ire brig d s are u u l y

s bje t to c u try c d s a d s me s e if i c stomisin ma b n c s ary De ig of dis la s

f or th HVDC a d FACTS s stem o erator n e to b straig t orward a d u c mplc te s