Iec 62657 1 2017

INDUSTRIA L COMMUNICA TION NETWORKS – Part 1: Wireless communication requirements and spectrum considerations This p rt of IEC 6 6 7 provides the wireles commu ication req irements dicta

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FOREWORD 4

INTRODUCTION 6

1 Sco e 7

2 Normative ref eren es 7

3 Terms, def i ition a breviated terms an acron ms 8

3.1 Terms an def i ition 8

3.2 Ab reviated terms an acron ms 1

4 Wireles commu ication req irements of in u trial automation – con ideration for reg lators 12 4.1 Worldwide harmonized feq en y u e 12 4.2 Co xisten e management proces (se IEC 6 6 7-2) 12 4.3 Con e ts f or u in sp ctrum in wireles in u trial a pl cation 13 4.3.1 General 13 4.3.2 Suita le avai a le sp ctrum for wireles in u trial a pl cation 1

4 4.3.3 Dedicated sp ctrum 15 4.3.4 Other con e ts 16 4.4 Market relevan e an req irements 18 4.4.1 General 18 4.4.2 Ena l n p sition of in u try eq ipment 19 4.4.3 Cost-b nefit asp cts an b nefits in the a plcation 2

4.5 Social, he lth an en ironmental asp cts 21

4.5.1 General 21

4.5.2 Social, health an en ironmental con ideration 21

4.5.3 He lth con ern 2

4.5.4 Other con ern 2

5 Wireles commu ication req irements of in u trial automation – con ideration for automation exp rts 2

5.1 Use of wireles commu ication network in in u trial automation 2

5.1.1 General 2

5.1.2 Es ential diff eren es b twe n wireles an wired commu ication network 2

5.1.3 Commu ication network in ind strial automation 2

5.1.4 Ap l cation field 3

5.2 In u trial automation a pl cation req irements (u e cases) 31

5.2.1 General 31

5.2.2 Use case 1 – Safety of workers arou d tran p rtin mac ines 31

5.2.3 Use case 2 – L vel monitorin an alarmin in a tan f arm 3

5.2.4 Use case 3 – Field worker s p ort with mo ie wireles eq ipment 3

5.2.5 Use case 4 – Vibration monitorin an analy is of rotatin mac ines 3

5.2.6 Use case 5 – Oi wel he d monitorin an control 3

5.2.7 Use case 6 – Some a pl cation f or factory automation, with a large n mb r of nodes 3

5.3 Wireles commu ication network req irements 3

5.3.1 Timin an re l-time 3

5.3.2 Ban width an bit rate 4

5.3.3 Radio pro agation con ition , ge gra hic coverage an s ale of the

5.3.4 Power con umption 4

5.3.5 Electromag etic comp tibi ty (EMC) 4

5.3.6 Fu ctional saf ety 5

5.3.7 Intrin ic saf ety 5

5.3.8 Sec rity 5

5.3.9 Avai a i ty, rel a i ty 5

5.4 Lif e-c cle req irements 5

5.5 Integration of wireles commu ication s stems into automation a plcation 5

5.6 Network information an statistic 5

Biblogra h 5

Fig re 1 – En prod cer reven e 19 Fig re 2 – Typical ris red ction method fou d in proces plants 2

Fig re 3 – Wireles commu ication s stem inter elated with the automation pyramid 2

Fig re 4 – Example of gra hical re resentation of con istent in icators 3

Fig re 5 – General s stem model for definin a pl cation commu ication per orman e req irements 3

Fig re 6 – Wireles automation device model f or definin a plcation commu ication p rorman e req irements 3

Fig re 7 – Commu ication l n with wireles automation devices with f ieldbu interaces 3

Fig re 8 – Commu ication l n with a wireles automation device with I/O proces interace an a wireles automation device with f ieldbu inter aces 3

Fig re 9 – Time fagments of tran mis ion time 4

Fig re 10 – Example of the den ity fu ction of tran mis ion time 41

Fig re 1 – Time f ragments of update time 4

Fig re 12 – Example of the den ity fu ction of update time 4

Ta le 1 – Example of a clas ification of a plcation commu ication req irements 19 Ta le 2 – Stru ture of the commu ication network u ed in the a pl cation field 2

Ta le 3 – Benefits of u in wireles s stems 2

Ta le 4 – Examples of a pl cation grace time 5

INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION

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a re me t b twe n th two org niz tio s

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c n e s s of o inio o th rele a t s bje ts sin e e c te h ic l c mmite h s re re e tatio fom al

intere te IEC Natio al Commite s

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misinterpretatio b a y e d u er

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th later

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p te t rig ts IEC s al n t b h ld re p n ible for id ntif yin a y or al s c p te t rig ts

International Stan ard IEC 6 6 7-1 has b en pre ared by s bcommite 6 C: In u trial

network , of IEC tec nical commit e 6 : In u trial-proces me s rement, control an

automation

This f irst edition can els an re laces the f irst edition of IEC TS 6 6 7-1 publ s ed in 2 14

This edition con titutes a tec nical revision

This edition in lu es the fol owin sig ificant tec nical c an es with resp ct to

IEC TS 6 6 7-1:2 14:

a) update of req irements for wireles in u trial a plcation ;

b) ad ition of p rf orman e in icators an their me s rement

The text of this International Stan ard is b sed on the fol owin doc ments:

Ful inf ormation on the votin for the a proval of this International Stan ard can b f ou d in

the re ort on votin in icated in the a ove ta le

This doc ment has b en draf ted in ac ordan e with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2

A l st of al p rts of the IEC 6 6 7 series, u der the general title I nd ustrial c mmu ic t ion

n tworks – Wirel es c mmu ic t ion n tworks, can b fou d on the IEC we site

The commite has decided that the contents of this doc ment wi remain u c an ed u ti the

sta i ty date in icated on the IEC we site u der "htp:/ we store.iec.c " in the data related to

the sp cific doc ment At this date, the doc ment wi b

• with rawn,

• re laced by a revised edition, or

• amen ed

IMPORTANT – The 'colour inside' logo on the cov r pa e of this publ c tion indic te

th t it contains colours whic are considere to be us f ul f or the cor e t

und rsta ding of its conte ts Us rs s ould theref ore print this doc me t usin a

colour printer

This doc ment provides general req irements of in u trial automation an sp ctrum

con ideration that are the b sis f or in u trial commu ication solution This doc ment is

inten ed to f aci tate harmonization of future adju tments to international, national, regional

an local reg lation

IEC 6 6 7-2 provides the co xisten e management con e t an proces Based on the

co xisten e management proces , a predicta le as ured es of co xisten e can b ac ieved

f or a given sp ctrum with certain a pl cation req irements

INDUSTRIA L COMMUNICA TION NETWORKS –

Part 1: Wireless communication requirements

and spectrum considerations

This p rt of IEC 6 6 7 provides the wireles commu ication req irements dictated by the

a pl cation of wireles commu ication s stems in in u trial automation, an req irements of

related context The req irements are sp cif ied in a way that is in e en ent of the wireles

tec nolog employed The req irements are des rib d in detai an in s c a way as to b

u dersto d by a large au ien e, in lu in re ders who are not fami ar with the in u try

a pl cation

Social asp cts, en ironmental asp cts, he lth asp cts an market req irements for wireles

commu ication s stems in in u trial automation are des rib d to ju tify the wireles

commu ication req irements

This doc ment also provides a rationale to s c es ful y artic late the solution of the wireles

commu ication req irements pro osed for the s ort-term an lon -term Co xisten e

management ac ordin to IEC 6 6 7-2 is alre d a pl ed in the s ort-term

This doc ment des rib s req irements of the in u trial automation a pl cation that can b

u ed to as f or ad itional dedicated, worldwide u iq e sp ctrum This ad itional sp ctrum is

inten ed to b u ed for ad itional wireles a pl cation whi e contin in u in the c r ent

in u trial, s ientific an medical (ISM) b n s

This doc ment provides u eful inf ormation f or the automation field prof es ionals who are not

fami ar with the sp ctrum an wireles tec nologies

Bui din automation is ex lu ed f om the s o e b cau e of the diff erent u age con traints (for

most non-in u trial bui din s it is normal y dif fic lt f or the owner/o erator to imp se control

over the presen e an o eration of radio eq ipment

The fol owin doc ments are ref er ed to in the text in s c a way that some or al of their

content con titutes req irements of this doc ment For dated referen es, only the edition

cited a ples For u dated ref eren es, the latest edition of the ref eren ed doc ment (in lu in

IEC 6151 (al p rts), Fu ction l safety – Safety instrume ted systems for the pro es

ind ustry se tor

IEC 617 4-2, Ind ustrial c mmu ic tion n t works – P rofil es – P art 2: Add ition l field bus

IEC 617 4-3, Industrial c mmu ic tion n t works – P rofil es – P art 3: F un tion l safety

fiel db ses – Ge eral rul es a d profil definitions

IEC 6 6 7-2:—

1

, Ind ustrial c mmu ic t io n tworks – Wireles c mmu ication n tworks –

Part 2: Co xiste c ma a eme t

ETSI TR 10 8 9-2 V.1.1.1 (2 1 ), El ectroma n t ic c mp t ibi lity a d Rad io sp ctrum Mat ters

c ara teristics for SRD e uipme t for wirel es ind ustrial a p c tions usin tec n logies

d ifere t fom U ltra-Wid e Ba d (U WB)

ETSI EN 3 0 3 8 V2.1.1 (2 16), Wide a d tra smis ion syst ems; Data t ra smis ion

e uipme t o erating in the 2,4 GHz ISM b nd a d using wid e b nd mod ulatio tec niq es;

H armo ised Stand ard c v ring t he es e tial re uireme ts of articl e 3.2 of Dire tiv

a ai abi ty, < erf orman e

a i ty of an item to b in a state to p rf orm a req ired f un tion u der given con ition at a

given in tant of time or over a given time interval, as umin that the req ired external

resources are provided

Note 1 to e try This a i ty d p n s o th c mbin d a p cts of th rela i ty p rorma c , th maintain bi ty

p rorma c , a d th mainte a c s p ort p rorma c

Note 2 to e try Re uire e tern l re o rc s, oth r th n mainte a c re o rc s, d n t aff ect th a aia i ty

p rorma c of th item

[SOURCE: IEC 6 05 -191:19 0, 191-0 -0 ]

3.1.3

wireles commu ication co xisten e

state in whic al wireles commu ication solution of a plant u in s ared medium fulfi al

their a pl cation commu ication req irements

proces to esta l s an to maintain co xisten e that in lu es tec nical an organizational

[SOURCE: IEC 6 6 7-2: —, 3.1.15]

3.1.5

cog itiv ra io sy tem

radio s stem employin tec nolog that alows the s stem to o tain k owled e of its

o erational an ge gra hical en ironment, esta l s ed p l cies an its internal state; to

d namical y an autonomou ly adju t its op rational p rameters an protocols ac ordin to

its o tained k owled e in order to ac ieve predefined o jectives; an to le rn f rom the res lts

o tained

[SOURCE: ITU-R SM.215 :2 0 ] [8]

3.1.6

con uit

logical groupin of commu ication as ets that protects the sec rity of the c an els it contain

Note 1 to e try This is a alo o s to th wa th t a p y ic l c n uit prote ts c ble fom p y ic l d ma e [s e

f actory a tomation

automation a pl cation in in u trial automation bran hes typical y with dis rete c aracteristic

of the a plcation to b automated with sp cific req irements f or determinism, low laten y,

rela i ty, red n an y, c b r sec rity, an f un tional safety

proc s a tomation

automation a pl cation in in u trial automation bran hes typical y with contin ou

c aracteristic of the a pl cation to b automated with sp cif i req irements for determinism,

rela i ty, red n an y, c b r sec rity, an f un tional safety

3.1.1

re onf igurable ra io s stem

RRS

radio s stem en omp s in sof tware defined radio an /or cog itive radio s stem

[SOURCE: ETSI TR 10 9 5 V1.1.1 (2 13-0 )]

IEC 6 0 0- 91:19 0, 191 12-01

[SOURCE: IEC 6 05 -191:19 0, 191-0 -0 , modified – Note 2 to entry has b en modified

3.1.13

s are me ium

resource of f eq en y b n in p rtic lar are s ared by several wireles a pl cation

Note 1 to e try In th in u trial s ie tif i a d me ic l (ISM)b n s ma y wirele s a plc tio s are u e Du to

this joint u e, th term s are me iumis u e in this d c me t Th f re u n y b n s are u e b div rs ISM a d

wirele s a plc tio s

[SOURCE: IEC 6 65 -2:—, 3.1.7 ]

3.1.14

sof tware def ine ra io

radio tran mit er an /or receiver employin a tec nolog that al ows the RF o eratin

p rameters in lu in , but not l mited to, f req en y ran e, mod lation typ , or output power to

b set or altered by sof tware, ex lu in c an es to o eratin p rameters whic oc ur d rin

the normal pre-in tal ed an predetermined o eration of a radio ac ordin to a s stem

sp cification or stan ard

[SOURCE: ITU-R SM.215 :2 0 ] [8]

3.1.15

tele ommu ic tion

an tran mis ion, emis ion or rece tion of sig s, sig als, writin s, images an sou d or

intel gen e of any nature by wire, radio, o tical or other electromag etic s stems

[SOURCE: Radio Reg lation (2 12) – Art 1 § 1.3]

wirele s communic tion solution

sp cific implementation or in tan e of a wireles commu ication s stem

Note 1 to e try A wirele s s lutio ma b c mp s d of pro u ts of o e or more pro u ers

wirele s s stem

wirele s communic tion s stem

set of inter elated elements providin wireles commu ication

Note 1 to e try A wirele s s stem is a hig le el re re e tatio of a s stem, whie a wirele s s lutio is a

pra tic l in ta c of a s stem.A wirele s s stem c n c mpris o e or more wirele s n twork

[SOURCE: IEC 6 65 -2:—, 3.1.101]

3.2 Abbre iate terms a d a ronyms

AGV Automated g ided vehicle

CCP Central co rdination p int

CO

2

Carb n dioxide

DECT Digital en an ed cordles telecommu ication

DSL Digital s bs rib r l ne

EDGE En an ed data GSM en ironment

EIRP Eq ivalent isotro ic radiated p wer

EMC Electromag etic comp tibi ty

EMI Electromag etic interf eren e

OLOS Obstru ted lne of sig t

PPE Personal protective eq ipment

SDR Software defined radio

SIS Saf ety in trumented s stem

TDMA Time division multiple ac es

UMT Universal mo i e telecommu ication s stem

WIA-PA Wireles network for in u trial automation – proces automation

4 Wireless communication re uirements of industrial automation –

considerations f or regulators

4.1 Worldwide harmonize f re ue c u e

One of the re son to ena le worldwide harmonized feq en y u e of wireles devices is that

they wi go throu h several ste s of s c es ive integration b fore b in actual y u ed (into a

prod ct, then a mac ine, then a f actory), so the f i al ge gra hical location of the wireles

device is not neces ari y k own Reg lation of the uti zation of f eq en y b n s is a mater of

national sovereig ty an has not yet b en harmonized worldwide Even when u in the

2,4 GHz ISM b n , national device a provals or l cen es could b req ired Furthermore, it

could b neces ary in some cou tries to gain a proval f or the o eration of a wireles network,

or to publs detais of s c a network in ad an e Oc asional y there are local u age

restriction related to the maximum tran mis ion p wer that ex e d international or regional

norms, or a lmitation of o eration for in o r or outdo r are s It is therefore imp rtant when

exp rtin wireles s stems to clarify in ad an e whether an u der what circ mstan es the

devices in q estion are p rmit ed to b o erated in the resp ctive cou try

NOT Normaly, ma ufa turers in lu e s c inf ormatio in th ir d c me tatio

4.2 Coe iste c man geme t proc s (s e IEC 6 6 7-2)

Stan ard network solution with sp cific p rf orman e c aracteristic (s c as time criticalty,

safety an sec rity) are u ed in in u trial automation a pl cation The sp cific p rf orman e

c aracteristic needed for in u trial automation are identified an provided in Clau e 5

The overal market f or wireles network solution sp n a ran e of diverse a pl cation , with

diff erin p rorman e an fu ctional req irements Within this overal market, the in u trial

automation domain could in lu e:

• proces automation, coverin for example the fol owin in u try bran hes:

– oi & gas, refinin ,

• electric p wer l ke:

– p wer generation (f or example win turbine),

– p wer tran mis ion an distribution (grid);

– f ood & b verage,

– automotive,

– mac inery,

– semicon u tor

In in u trial automation nowaday there are b th wired network an wireles network

Examples of these wireles network are IEC 6 5 1 (Wirel es HART®

3

), IEC 6 6 1 (WIA-PA)

an IEC 6 7 4 (ISA10 1 a); al these network u e IEEE 8 2.15.4 f or the proces

a pl cation Other examples of wireles network are sp cified in IEC 617 4-1 an

IEC 617 4-2 commu ication prof iles that u e IEEE 8 2.1 an IEEE 8 2.15.1 for f actory

automation a plcation Unl ke se arately wired network , wireles network s are the same

medium an th s may interf ere with e c other Therefore, u les predica le co xisten e is

as ured, o eration of multiple wireles network within the same f aci ty could b pro lematic,

res ltin in u ac e ta le intereren e an con eq ently in the fai ure to me t time critical,

saf ety an sec rity req irements

Typical y, an in u trial plant is in a fen ed are an al the plant eq ipment is u der the

s p rvision of the plant management who can f ul y implement a co xisten e management

proces f or al the wireles network of the plant

Automation a pl cation can also reside in in u trial faci ties with hig er ambient

electromag etic inter eren e (EMI) levels than those of non-in u trial domain One more

influen e is radiated EMI Regional reg lation can al ow sig if i ant radiated p wer for

sp cific radio a pl cation in u l cen ed sp ctrum, p tential y generatin a hig field stren th

in the proximity of a wireles s stem

In some cases the owner/o erator may not b a le to control, or may not c o se to control,

the eq ipment present IEC 6 6 7-2 can also b u ed to as ist in the identification of the

res ltin p rorman e l mitation

The co xisten e management proces re resents the activities of the co xisten e

management s stem The co xisten e management proces in lu es tec nical an

organizational activities in order to esta ls an to maintain the co xisten e state of al

wireles solution in a plant The co xisten e p rameters sp cified in IEC 6 6 7-2:—,

Clau e 5, an provided as des rib d in IEC 6 6 7-2:—, Clau e 6, are u ed in dif ferent

phases of the co xisten e management proces The co xisten e management proces

con ists of the f ol owin phases:

• in estigation phase (se IEC 6 6 7-2:—, 7.4.1);

• plan in phase (se IEC 6 6 7-2:—, 7.4.2);

• implementation phase (se IEC 6 6 7-2:—, 7.4.3);

• o eration phase (se IEC 6 6 7-2:—, 7.4.4)

4.3 Conc pts for usin spe trum in wirele s in ustrial appl c tions

4.3.1 Ge eral

This doc ment dis u ses the f ol owin con e ts an the res ltin req irements for u in

sp ctrum in wireles in u trial a pl cation :

• u e of s ita le avai a le sp ctrum f or wireles in u trial a pl cation , se 4.3.2;

• dedicated sp ctrum f or wireles in u trial a pl cation , se 4.3.3;

_ _ _ _ _ _

3

Wirel es H RT® is th tra emark of a pro u t s p le b th FieldComm Gro p™ This informatio is giv n f or

th c n e ie c of u ers of this d c me t a d d e n t c n titute a e d rs me t b IEC of th pro u t

• other con e ts, se 4.3.4.

NOT Th ord r of th c n e ts d e n t me n a y ra kin or priority

In ad ition to the co xisten e management, combination of the other con e ts can b fou d

in practical a plcation

4.3.2 Suitable a ai able spe trum f or wirele s industrial appl c tions

Several f eq en y ban s are neces ary to ad res al the diff erent o erational req irements

f or wireles in u trial a pl cation Op ratin simultane u ly in p ral el feq en y b n s

improves the avai a i ty of the wireles commu ication The coverage de en s on the

selected f req en y b n

NOT L w fe u n ie h v a hig er c v ra e th n hig er f re u n ie

Whi e the non-critical wireles l n s could u e existin sp ctrum an comply with existin

rules and stan ard , new f req en ies (outside the 2,4 GHz an other l cen e-exempt b n s)

ne d to b identif ied f or the most deman in /critical wireles l n s in in u trial a pl cation

The preferen e is to have this new sp ctrum close to or adjacent to b n s whic are glo al y

alre dy avai a le an for whic in u trial wireles tec nolog has alre d b en develo ed

To ad res the sp cific ne d for wireles in u trial a pl cation , the f olowin req irements

an recommen ation are identified

• Sp cific wireles tec nologies that are ro u t in a dy amic an multi-p th en ironment

s al b u ed

• Freq en y b n s s al b either glo al y avaia le, or adjacent to s c b n s, to f aci tate

the u e of simiar tec nolog with minimal y diff erent o eratin f req en ies

• Freq en y b n s s ould b a ove 1,4 GHz if interf eren e f rom weldin mac ines ne d

to b avoided, an b low 6 GHz d e to b th the q asi o tical pro agation b havior a ove

this value, the req irement for non-lne-of -sig t wireles commu ication and p wer

eff i ien y as ne ded f or b t ery p wered devices

Existin solution for in u trial wireles commu ication u e feq en ies s c as 9 0 MHz

(EU, US, Ja an, Kore , etc.), 1 8 0 MHz to 1 9 0 MHz (DECT), the 2,4 GHz ISM-b n or the

5 GHz WLAN b n s

Cur ently, the in u trial automation a pl cation u e the existin sp ctrum al ocated for

generic SRDs The 2,4 GHz b n is a commonly u ed b n an its u e is reg lated by e c

cou try

For example in Euro e, devices with an EIRP of les than 10 mW can b u ed with no

restriction f or mitigation tec niq es These devices s al comply with ETSI EN 3 0 4 0-1 [12]

an ETSI EN 3 0 4 0-2 [13] whi e devices with an EIRP of 10 mW to 10 mW can only b

u ed with restriction These devices s al comply with ETSI EN 3 0 3 8 an

ERC/REC 7 -0 [10] The restriction in ETSI EN 3 0 3 8 req ire

– an automatic s arin mec anism, whic req ires the u e of lsten b fore talk (LBT) or

– a medium uti zation factor or

– a detect an avoid (DAA) mec anism, also caled “lsten af ter talk”

These restriction are in omp tible with the ne d of in u trial wireles l n s

Sec rity mec anisms s al alway b p rt of the commu ication arc itecture of in u trial

wireles a plcation to def en the in u trial u er again t at ac s Pervasive action plan

(so-cal ed "safe-modes") also exist to take into ac ou t inten ed an u inten ed interf eren e

cre ted by others s c as jammin This may in lu e movin to diff erent f eq en ies Cyb r

Typical y the u e of a sin le common wireles stan ard by multiple u co rdinated u ers wi

not res lt in intereren e b twe n them For example, se arate u er groups may e c

esta ls IEEE 8 2.1 [15] radio network in the same sp ce, an conforman e to

IEEE 8 2.1 wi al ow them to co xist to a b sic extent Provision in some other stan ard ,

e.g Blueto th®

4

, may also provide some me s res to faci tate b sic co xisten e amon

certain dif ferin stan ard However, the b sic level of co xisten e provided by these

me s res wi not me t in u trial requirements, sin e they do not g arante deterministic an

managed s arin of the common radio resource In an in u trial context, where man diverse

radio network have to simultane u ly me t p r orman e req irements an diff erent levels of

priorities have to b satis ed, a co xisten e management ac ordin to IEC 6 5 7-2 en ures

predetermined an eq ita le s arin

EX MPLE An e ample s lutio is th c mbin d u e of a clo k s n hro iz d slot a sig me t te h olo y, c le

time divisio multiple a c s (TDMA), a d a n twork ma a er to l in a a c s p int (g tewa ) th t a sig s th

alowe slots to tra smit d ta This c n alow s v ral th u a d d vic s to o erate in a me h d n twork o er

s v ral y ars with ut a y c l sio amo g th ms lv s

Non-critical wireles l n s can u e the existin non-l cen ed b n s s c as ISM an have to

comply with national or regional reg lation Op ration in some of the l cen e-exempt b n s

is s bject to u in sp cific mitigation tec niq es as man ated by the a plcable

reg lation/stan ard These mitigation tec niq es would a ply to an SRD, in lu in those

u ed f or in u trial a pl cation , as it is o viou that a variety of SRD a pl cation mig t

alre dy b present in the in u trial en ironment

In f req en y b n s where the in u trial automation devices are not the primary u ers or the

u ers on the same priority, then they s al s p ort mitigation tec niq es Those can b :

• Power control:

– red ce p wer to a l mit so that the interf eren e level is b low the req ired thres old

(protection zone);

– do not u e more p wer than that your inten ed receiver ne d (Tran mitPowerControl)

• Time s n hronization b sed s arin

• Freq en y selection

• Central co rdination p int (CCP)

• Used mitigation/s arin tec niq e in the ran e that others are u in to detect the

in umb nt

4.3.3 De ic te spe trum

4.3.3.1 Critic l wirele s l nk in ind strial appl c tions

Some in u trial a pl cation req ire a strictly deterministic b havior of the wireles

commu ication l n s The avai a i ty, rel a i ty, predicta i ty, de en a i ty, immu ity an

q al ty of in u trial wireles eq ipment are q ite dif ferent f rom man other s ort ran e

a pl cation Therefore the s ort term solution that is b sed on co xisten e management an

the sp ctrum typical y u ed f or the mas market generic typ of SRD a pl cation may not b

adeq ate for these in u trial a pl cation Co xisten e management s ould b

complemented in the lon term by an ad itional dedicated, worldwide u iq e sp ctrum

The can idate f req en y b n s are not s p osed to b come generic lcen e-exempt b n s

but s ould b lmited to certain sp cific a pl cation

_ _ _ _ _ _

4

Blu to th® is th tra emark of a pro u t s p le b th Blu to th Sp cial Intere t Gro p This informatio is

giv n for th c n e ie c of u ers of this sta d rd a d d e n t c n titute a e d rs me t b IEC of th

This doc ment hig l g ts the ne d f or a new sp ctrum to b desig ated that cor esp n s to

the fol owin ne d

• The critical wireles ln s ne ded f or in u trial a pl cation s ould have a certain priority

in sp ctrum desig ation

• The req ested b n s ould b sp cif i f or these in u trial a pl cation an not b

overla pin with the existin l cen e-exempt b n s

• The new b n would b most u ef ul if it were a pled f or worldwide u e

On e the new sp ctrum has b en desig ated, the develo ment of a harmonized stan ard f or

these critical wireles l n s in in u trial a plcation is ne ded

4.3.3.2 Prop s d c ndidate fre u nc ba ds

The req irement to u e radio s stems in an are where electromag etic emis ion oc ur

res lts in a req est of sp ctrum a ove 1,4 GHz The req irements of non-l ne-of -sig t

commu ication an p wer ef ficien y res lt in a req est of sp ctrum b low 6 GHz (se also

4.3.2 an 5.3.2)

There exists no sp cific reg lation for in u trial a pl cation at the publ cation time of this

doc ment Wireles in u trial a plcation that c r ently exist on the market u e the existin

sp ctrum desig ated for generic devices or some sp cific s ort ran e devices an theref ore

f al within the s o e of existin reg lation

EX MPLE Th e istin a n x s of ERC/REC 7 -0 [10]

Unfortu ately, the req irements of critical wireles l n s in in u trial a plcation can ot b

f ulf il ed when these l n s o erate in these l cen e-exempt b n s; this is wh an ex lu ive

(sp cific l cen e-exempt b n ) sp ctrum is req ired for wireles in u trial a pl cation as

so n as p s ible

4.3.4 Other conc pts

4.3.4.1 Geoloc tion l c nsin

The den e de loyment of wireles solution can b f orese n to b restricted to wel def i ed

are s (bui din , site, u er premises, etc.), so that it makes sen e to take into ac ou t

ge location inf ormation as an ad itional p rameter in the s ared medium ac es rules of a

wireles device The aim is to avoid commu ication overhe d an to simultane u ly protect

p s ible victim devices The victim devices s al b protected in a way that they do not

exp rien e an u f air degradation of service f om other devices

The in lu ion of ge location information is also in l ne with the ITU definition of the sp ctrum

uti zation factor in ITU-R SM.10 6-2 [9] whic is the prod ct of f req en y b n width,

ge metric (ge gra hic) sp ce, an time

Inter eren e with a victim device wi only oc ur if thre con ition are f ulfi ed simultane u ly:

u in same location (as umin a con tant, l mited EIRP), same time an same f eq en y

The pro osal is to con ider the ge location of the device to control its tran mis ion

c aracteristic In a non-crowded are or in owned premises (where radio en ironment can b

managed), a lcen e for a sp cific b n s ould b o taina le fom the relevant national

regulator

A device can o tain information a out its c r ent ge location by several tec niq es, ran in

f rom simple to so histicated solution Cur ently this domain is exp rien in further progres

A first an simple a pro c is to ln the device to a f i ed mou ted control er, f ol owin a

master–slave con e t If a slave device is in ran e an u der management of s c a

control er (master), it is al owed to o erate with up to 10 mW an employin relaxed timin

con traints for its tran mis ion Slave devices losin the l n to the master s al sto their

relaxed o eration immediately The ge location information is given impl citly, owin to the

prop sed master–slave con e t, th s avoidin the ne d for expl cit ge location information by

p sitionin s stems s c as GPS, Gal e or GLONASS In ad ition, it is pro osed that slave

devices employ an as es ment metric of their slave-to-slave an slave-to-master con ection

(e.g ln q al ty in ication) that can b re orted b c to the control er an whic ena les the

slave device itself to ada t re ctively to inter eren e exp rien ed by victim devices The

control er can ad itionaly b in c arge of maintainin pro er co xisten e an interf eren e

management within the u er’s premises Other con e ts can also b a pl ed

By l mitin the ran e of o eration, for example to a typical in o r en ironment, the ris of

interf eren e with devices outside the u er’s premises is el minated by the aten ation of

s r ou din wal s Typical values of at en ation by wals an flo rs are 10 dB an a ove,

whic lmits the field stren th b low the lmits of a device o eratin with les than or eq al to

10 mW, whic can b o erated without timin con traints

Even without a wal , pro agation los es can l mit the interf eren e outside of the u er’s

premises to a certain level, whic can b b low the l mits of a device o eratin with 10 mW

(EIRP) at the b rder of the u er’s premises At 2,4 GHz, the sig al wi b at en ated by

4 ,6 dB (ac ou tin for f re sp ce at en ation only) at a distan e of 3 m

4.3.4.2 Re onfigurable ra io s stems (RRS)

Reconfig ra le radio s stems (RRS) are exp cted to b come imp rtant drivers for the

evolution of wireles commu ication an to brin s bstantial b nef its fom reconfig rable

f lexible an cost-eff ective arc itectures for wireles devices to a b t er uti zation of the radio

f req en y sp ctrum, there y helpin to mitigate the “sp ctrum s arcity” pro lem

RRS, in p rtic lar sof tware defined radio (SDR) an cog itive radio tec nologies, have b en

in estigated in the commercial, publ c safety an mi tary are s

If RRS con e ts are a pl ed then in ad ition the typical in u trial automation req irements

s al a ply:

• deterministic commu ication in ad ition to b st eff ort commu ication;

• u e of the pref er ed sp ctrum in the ran e of 1,4 GHz to 6 GHz (se also 4.3.2 an 5.3.2);

• RRS s al not in re se sig ificantly the p wer con umption (maximum s al not b more

than two times the p wer ne ded in a non-RRS device);

• joinin /registration proced re to a network

4.3.4.3 Ce tral coordination point (CCP) approa h

A solution f or reconfiguration of a radio s stem could b b sed on an CCP of multiple devices

The term central me n that one co rdination p int wi co rdinate multiple devices that do

not have the burden to detect an avoid p s ible col sion This CCP can also b combined

with a decentralzed a pro c havin more than one CCP

There are thre p s ible clas es of CCPs:

a) CCP for s arin with other in umb nt services/a plcation ;

b) CCP for intra-s stem co xisten e;

c) CCP in publ c are

• Bui d low cost devices:

– anten a, receiver, etc o timized f or the o eration an not for sen in the primary

u er;

– no piot c an el, CCP s ould sp ak the lan uage of the control ed devices

• Bat ery p wered devices can ot s p ort the ne ded computin p wer for the mitigation

method

CCP con e t req irements are the folowin

a) CCP s al have minimal imp ct on interf eren e to the outside world Use as l t le p wer as

ne ded for example by u in :

1) a le k -wave anten a;

2) a directional anten a;

3) an anten a ne r to the control ed devices

b) Per device mitigation is al owed

c) CCP may have a wired interf ace to get config red; esp cial y for sec rity set up

d) CCP s al talk the lan uage of the control ed devices

e) Provide a pi ot c an el b twe n CCP an the control ed devices to make the l f e of CCP

e s This is in contradiction with the req irements for low cost devices an b tery

p wered devices

The CCP to ologies could b :

• a centralzed a proac u in one CCP an havin one or more anten as;

• multiple CCPs that co rdinate themselves where e c CCP may have one or more

anten as

The CCP protocol, algorithm, arbitration, etc have to b sp cified to g arante a multi-ven or

implementation with the same s stem re ction on given situation

The in tal ation s ould b g ided, for example f or:

• sen in where the in umb nt can b st b identified; e.g on the ro f;

• the anten a for the commu ication to the control ed device ne r the control ed device;

• req irement f or a co xisten e management ac ordin to IEC 6 6 7-2

4.4 Mark t rele a c a d re uireme ts

Wireles tec nolog is now mature an is in re sin ly u ed to tran fer data in automation

a pl cation (b th proces automation an factory automation) Wireles tec nology is goin

to play an imp rtant role in the a plcation of the in u trial Internet of thin s Most wireles

commu ication s stems u e the lcen e- re ISM f req en y b n s to tran fer proces an

diag ostic data Due to variou req irements s c as tran mis ion sp ed an the distan es

to b brid ed, several wireles tec nologies have esta l s ed themselves on the market

In u trial prod ction (s c as automotive, c emical, pharmaceutical, mac inery, f ood an

b verage) is hig ly automated The glo al prod ctivity of ind strial prod ction can b nefit

f rom u in wireles devices

Cou tin the n mb r of nodes is not the rig t a pro c to comp re the in u trial wireles

market vers s the telecommu ication an commercial market

The market relevan e of wireles devices for the in u trial automation market can b

wireles devices an mac ines are in taled (se Figure 1) In the telecommu ication an

commercial market, the sel n of the device is mostly the en of the reven e, whi e in

in u trial automation the wireles devices are the ena ler of the reven e of the en prod cer

Added value ampl fication

A wireles prod ct is typical y cal ed wireles f ield device or wireles device for in u trial

automation a pl cation The at ribute wireles expres es the presen e of a wireles

commu ication inter ace Wireles prod cts can b clas ified in variou way , for example

ac ordin to the s heme des rib d in Ta le 1 where they are clas if ied ac ordin to the

degre of a plcation criticalty Eff orts for co xisten e management can vary ac ordin to the

clas ification des rib d in Ta le 1

Table 1 – Ex mple of a cla sif ic tion of ap l c tion commu ic tion re uireme ts

Fu ctio al s f ety Impleme tatio of a s

ord r to fulfi al re uireme ts of IEC 6 6 7-2

Co trol Clo e or o e lo p c ntrol Th c mmu ic tio proto ol s o ld s p ort a

hig er a aia i ty, rela i ty, a d time-critic lty

proto ol th n th o e u e f or oth r a plc tio

NOT 1 This ta le is c pie fom IEC 6 6 7-2:—, Ta le 1

NOT 2 Th relativ terms “mo t a d “minimum” are b s d o th gra hic l d s riptio in IEC 6 6 7-2:—,

Fig re 3

The clas ification of automation a plcation primari y ref ers to the f un tional req irements of

However, it is p s ible that an automation a pl cation, al ocated by default to a les critical

a pl cation clas b sed on its fu ctionalty, is nevertheles vital y imp rtant for bu ines

proces es In this case, it is recommen ed to al ocate it to a more critical a pl cation clas , to

re resent its me nin for the comp n pro erly an to in icate a hig er eff ort to en ure

co xisten e

Further a pl cation ran in fom radio b r code readers to voice an vide over IP

a pl cation can b clas if ied l kewise

4.4.2.2 Wirele s ma hine

A wireles mac ine is a mac ine that f or the commu ication f un tion u es a prod ct l ke a

wireles field device (se 4.4.2.1) The man facturer of a mac ine can u e the wireles

prod cts to buid a mac ine in a more eff i ient man er

4.4.2.3 Improve production

A plant of a man f acturer of prod cts in lu es the a p ratu , mac ines, in truments, devices,

me n of tran p rtation, control eq ipment an other o eratin eq ipment in order to have an

ef ficient man facturin of the inten ed prod cts Man facturers of prod cts u e the wireles

mac ines (se 4.4.2.2) an the wireles prod cts (se 4.4.2.1) to improve prod ction by

ac ievin an ef ficient prod ction comp red to a ca le b sed commu ication network interf ace

4.4.3 Cost be ef it a pe ts a d be efits in the ap l c tion

4.4.3.1 Ge eral

When con iderin whether or not to u e an in u trial wireles s stem, it s ould b con idered

whether s c u e is economical y via le ( akin into ac ou t the tec nical criteria, se

IEC 6 6 7-2:—, Clau e 6) an whic con rete ad antages could b o tained, se 5.1.2.2

4.4.3.2 Cost be ef it f actors

4.4.3.2.1 Ge eral

There are n merou p s ibi ties of u in in u trial wireles s stems, an these o en up a

wide ran e of b nef its To b a le to determine s c b nefits as a u er or o erator, it is

neces ary to lo k at the variou l f e-c cle phases of a plant an the commu ication s stems

that are p s ibly u ed It is u ef ul here to lo k more closely at the f ol owin f actors an to u e

these when comp rin wireles s stems within an a pl cation f ield, or to comp re them with

wire-con ected alternatives:

• q antitative factors;

• q al tative factors

Al of these f actors can b "ad ed up" an comp red in a con rete case by the u er to

determine whether or not the u e of a wireles s stem is practical in the resp ctive case an

whic s stem s ould b u ed

4.4.3.2.2 Qua titative fa tors

The fol owin q antitative factors s ould b con idered

• En ine rin costs, e.g for plan in , device con g ration an device programmin

NOT 1 This c st f actor gre tly d p n s o th re p ctiv wirele s s stems, b c u e more simple s stems

of te o ly n e to b switc e o On th oth r h n , oth r – more c mple – s stems of te re uire e te siv

d vic c nfig ratio to pro id rela le a d ef fe tiv c mmu ic tio

• Costs of material an devices, e.g for wire con u tors an contact f or sen ors as

s stems (wirele s-b s d a d wire-c n e te ).

• In tal ation costs, e.g for as embly (layin of ca les as o p sed to in tal n an anten a)

NOT 3 Wirele s s stems ofte c st le s to in tal wh n c mp re to c ble-c n e te s stems

• Op ration an maintenan e costs, e.g costs of cle nin , re airs an re lacement cau ed

by we r, but also the con omitant costs f or downtimes

NOT 4 This item pro id s th gre te t s urc of s vin s wh n u in wirele s s stems

4.4.3.2.3 Qual tativ fa tors

The f ol owin q al tative f actors s ould b con idered

• Sy tem avai a i ty: the same s stem avai a i ty that can b ac ieved with a wired

commu ication network may b also ac ieved with a wireles commu ication network if

the wireles co xisten e management is a pl ed

• Prod ctproces q al ty: by u in ad itional sen ors that would not b economical when

wire-con ected, ad itional me s red values can b gained an , for example, the rejection

rate in prod ction can b red ced an proces es can b o timized

• Perf orman e of the commu ication inf astru ture: it is ac ieved by con ectin the req ired

n mb r of p rticip nts an by u in an adeq ate data rate

• Exp n a i ty/flexibi ty of the commu ication inf astru ture: i.e how wel can the s stem

b exp n ed or con erted for ad itional p rticip nts

4.5 Social he lth a d e vironme tal a pe ts

A s ita le wireles commu ication p rorman e in in u trial automation a pl cation ena les

the in u try to solve the req irements regardin social an en ironmental asp cts an o tain

the b nefits des rib d in 4.5

There are man p tential social an en ironmental benefits of wireles a plcation for the

in u try These b nefits in lu e improvement of safety, improvement of the la or en ironment

an he lth care, resource con ervation an red ction of CO

2

emis ion

Most in u trial a pl cation de loy mec anisms of control an saf ety a pl cation , whic

typical y req ire predicta le, deterministic, an re e ta le p rf orman e, so that their

commu ication services are not inter upted by other les critical a plcation Control s stems

are groups of devices that monitor sen ors an other inputs, make control decision an is ue

outputs that interact with the re l world, e.g pumps, valves, he ters, traf fic lg ts In or ect

outputs b sed on cor upted control can cau e harm to p o le, en ironment an eq ipment

The u e of wireles commu ication helps get more information fom the plant an th s

ac ieve an improved control For example, a prod ction l ne of plastic b t les can u e les

material if the precision of the contin ou material thic nes is sta le This can b ac ieved

by implementin more me s rement p ints in the prod ction l ne to control the temp rature,

pres ure, f l idity, etc of the material when tran p rted to the extru er

4.5.2 Social he lth a d e vironme tal consideration

4.5.2.1 Avoiding s riou a cid nts

Ac idents whic sometimes ha p n in man f acturin plants brin very seriou con eq en es

when the plant han les dan erou material an hig energy These ac idents could b

prevented by a multi-layer protection s stem IEC 6151 sp cifies the fol owin f i e layers for

the protection of the proces in u try (se Fig re 2): control and monitorin , prevention,

mitigation, plant emergen y resp n e, an commu ity emergen y resp n e In every layer,

Ac ordin to IEC 6151 , the b sic proces control s stem (BPCS) is a key layer of protection

“… whic resp n s to input sig als f om the proces , its as ociated eq ipment, other

programma le s stems an /or o erator, an generates output sig als cau in the proces

an its as ociated eq ipment to o erate in the desired man er ….” A wireles commu ication

s stem could b u ed b twe n the control s stem an the proces , u in wireles sen ors

an wireles actuators It could b u ed also f or commu ication with other as ociated

eq ipment an o erators who ne d alarms to take the req ired action

The saf ety in trumented s stem (SIS) p rorms sp cified f un tion to ac ieve or maintain a

saf e state of the proces when u ac e ta le or dan erou proces con ition are detected It

is u ed for b th purp ses of prevention an mitigation Safety in trumented s stems are

se arate an in e en ent of reg lar control s stems but are comp sed of simi ar elements,

in lu in sen ors, logic solvers, actuators an s p ort s stems A wireles commu ication

s stem could be u ed for SIS as wel as f or BPCS

The f i al layers are plant an commu ity emergen y resp n e If a large saf ety event oc urs

this layer resp n s in a way that minimizes on oin damage, injury or los of l f e It in lu es

evac ation plan , f iref i htin , etc Wireles commu ication s stems help fu ction s c as

warnin of the evac ation directive an monitorin of the disaster are

Figure 2 – Typic l ris re uction methods f ound in proc s pla ts

4.5.2.2 Improving h ma safety

In a man facturin en ironment there are man mac ines an eq ipment whic can injure

IEC

Commu ity emergency re p ns

Plant emergency re p ns

Mitigatio

Me h nic l mitig tio s stem

Saf ety in trume te c ntrols stem

Safety in trume te mitig tio s stem

Preventio

Me h nic l prote tio s stem

Pro e s alarms o erator s p rvisio

Saf ety in trume te c ntrols stem

Saf ety in trume te pre e tio s stem

en ironments, wireles commu ication al ows to have saf ety s stems whic could b

de loyed to en ure h man safety

In some plants where flamma le or toxic gases are de lt with, me s res u in wireles

tec nology s c as monitorin le kage of s c dan erou gases, an ou cin the evac ation

directives to field o erators an confirmin the safety of the p rson el mig t b neces ary

4.5.2.3 Improving e ergy ef f icie c

Energ eff i ien y has received an ever growin atention worldwide sin e it is con idered a

major lever to help sec re a s staina le society in view of cl mate c an e, growin p pulation

an sec rity of s p ly Growing p pulation and in u trial zin cou tries cre te h ge ne d

f or electrical energ

Wireles commu ication s stems contribute to the esta ls ment of so histicated energ

management s stems, whic in lu e fu ction to meas re energ con umption an to

o timize energ ef ficien y

Energ management s stems are a f un amental p rt of the overal solution, sin e they al ow

o timized u e of energy, general rel a i ty an s staina i ty of p rf orman e L

w-con umption prod cts that f un tion when not ne ded sti con ume energ (lamps, motors an

electronic on stan by, etc.) A 2 °C variation in temp rature setin on he tin or co ln can

con ume up to 10 % ad itional energ , hen e smal drifts can have sig if i ant con eq en es

Automation an control are es ential for the o timization of energ u age

• They al ow con umin only what is neces ary, when an where neces ary

• They al ow cor ectin “b d ha its” and improvin b havior

• They can e si y b in tal ed in existin sites an improve existin p rf orman e

• They complement energ -ef ficient en -u e prod cts to improve overal u age p r orman e

Examples of solution are oc up n y detectors an l g t detectors, timers, varia le-sp ed

drives, electric motor s stems automation an control, programma le logic control ers (PLCs)

Wireles commu ication s stems make these solution more ef ficient an more s ita le for

the inten ed s o e

4.5.2.4 Improving labor e vironme t

Automation s stems can prevent p rson f rom workin in dan erou en ironments, can

minimize ph sical he v work an can al ow the re lacement of workers in monotonou

activities However, the neces ity for wired con ectivity makes tas s dif fic lt in some cases

The wire con ection mig t b impractical becau e of the cost res ltin fom the distan e to b

covered by the wired con ection or b cau e of its feq en y of u age In other cases, the

wired con ection mig t b not f easible d e to the movement of the commu icatin p ints

Wireles commu ication s stems can b u ed to provide re l-time information on the u e of

p rsonal protective eq ipment (PPE); f or in tan e, these s stems can determine whether

e c worker is we rin the req ired PPE, monitor the workers’ presen e an warn the worker

if PPE is not pro erly u ed They can also b very u eful to detect whether a worker enters an

are where the worker can b injured (ph sical protection) For example, they can detect if

the worker is on the trajectory of a movin ro ot arm or of other movin eq ipment

Wireles commu ication s stems can solve these pro lems an improve the la or

4.5.2.5 Re ucing CO

2emis ion

From a p l tical an s ientific viewp int the glo al dis u sion is con entratin on l mitin the

glo al warmin to a 2 °C in re se by the en of the century In order to re c an ac e ta le

level of lkelho d f or s c a l mitation the IEA has develo ed the 4 0 µl/l ( arget CO

2

eq ivalent con entration) s enario This s enario would res lt in a red ction of ne rly 19 Gt

of an ual CO

2

emis ion comp red to a bu ines as u ual s enario in 2 3 Ne rly 4 % of

the neces ary red ction is se n to b ac ieved throu h energy ef ficien y me s res These

can b f urther broken down to 10 % contribution by in u try, 18 % by bui din s an 17 % by

the tran p rt sector Ad itional y the s staina i ty an con ervation of resources ne d to b

con idered Automation itself is a neces ary ena ler of energy eff i ien y me s res, solution

an s stems

Renewa le energies (REs) are those method of o tainin energ whic can o erate

in ef i itely without emitin gre n ou e gases, an they are imp rtant not only for energ

eff i ien y but also for decarb nization REs in lu e h dro ower generation, win p wer, solar

thermal p wer generation, solar photovoltaic electricity, ge thermal p wer generation, he t

pump s stems an n cle r generation

CO

2

(carb n dioxide) ca ture an storage (CCS) is one of the method with a large p tential

to ac ieve con idera le red ction in CO

2

emis ion There are two main p tential o tion to

store CO

2

: the oce n an ge logical reservoirs

In al these solution , wireles commu ication s stems are very u eful

4.5.2.6 Cons rving l mite natural re ourc s

Some in u trial prod cts contain l mited natural resources (for example water, energ , an

gold) or ne d them f or the man f acturin of the prod cts themselves Sin e these resources

are l mited, they s ould b u ed in an o timal way to ac ieve a s staina le society

Automation s stems are in isp n a le for this o timization, an wireles commu ication

s stems could help ac ieve a b t er o timization

Examples for ac ievin the con ervation of l mited natural resources by u in wireles

commu ication s stems in lu e the fol owin :

• waste water tre tment s stems, where ad itional information f om movin valves is u ed

to improve the cle nin proces an red ce the amou t of fes water in c emical plants;

• smart grid , where the implementation of man me s rement devices in a widely

distributed control s stem can red ce the energ con umption, an th s save fos i f uels;

• c emical prod ction proces es, where many temp rary mou ted wireles devices provide

data that is only imp rtant d rin start-up an help red ce the amou t of aw material

4.5.3 He lth conc rns

The tran mis ion p wer of Blueto th, WLAN an other wireles s stems is at le st 10 times

to 2 times lower than the tran mis ion p wer of mo ie tele hones, whic can o erate up to

2 W In u trial wireles mod les are also not worn directly on the b d an the radiated

p wer a sorb d by the b d is u ual y les than one thou an th of the tran mited energ In

comp rison to a mo i e tele hone, the radiation exp s re f rom an in u trial wireles mod le

is therefore mu h les , an can b con idered to b almost in ig if i ant The medical ris s

are cor esp n in ly low

NOT Ad itio al informatio is a aia le fom intern tio al sta d rd s c a IEC 6 4 9:2 10, An e A [3], or

IC IRP [21] or n tio al b die lk th Fe eral Of fic f or Ra iatio Prote tio in Germa y (Bu d s mt für

Stra le s h tz), th Safety Co e 6 in Ca a a, th OE Buletin 6 in th Unite State , IE E C9 1 2 0 [19]

4.5.4 Other conc rns

Wireles tec nolog comp red to wired commu ication could b se n as not rel a le

There is a con ern a out b t ery-p wered wireles devices This is not a pro lem if b t eries

are u ed in ac ordan e with the Directive 2 0 /6 /EC [1 ] of the Europ an Parl ament on

b teries an ac umulators an waste b t eries an ac umulators (also k own as the Bat ery

Directive) or a simi ar proced re in other cou tries

Wireles commu ication is not a pro lem Wireles tec nolog is wel esta ls ed, it has b en

the s bject of rese rc f or decades an is widely u ed in publ c are s Bat ery p werin is

today wel esta l s ed an evolvin u in e-mo i ty

5 Wireless communication re uirements of industrial automation –

considerations f or a tomation e perts

5.1 Us of wirele s communic tion network in ind strial a tomation

5.1.1 Ge eral

Subclau e 5.1 sp cifies wireles commu ication req irements dictated by a pl cation of

wireles commu ication s stems in in u trial automation

Wired commu ication s stems have b en widely de loyed in in u trial automation f or a lon

time Althou h wireles commu ication s stems wi not re lace al existin wired

commu ication s stems, they have sp cial c aracteristic that wired s stems do not have

These c aracteristic can provide tremen ou b nefit for in u trial automation s stems, but

they brin new con ern as wel, to b set led b fore practical de loyments Therefore the

es ential diff eren es b twe n wireles commu ication s stems an wired commu ication

s stems s ould b wel recog ized fom the p int of view of b th ad antages an con ern

These es ential dif feren es are dis u sed in 5.1.2

There are man kin s of a pl cation are s where wireles commu ication s stems can b

uti zed in in u trial automation These a pl cation are s can b categorized by two asp cts

One asp ct is the plant level where the wireles commu ication s stem is de loyed an the

other asp ct is the in u try typ in whic the s stem is de loyed These categorization are

dis u sed in 5.1.3 an 5.1.4, resp ctively

The phase of a plant lf e c cle (commis ionin , maintenan e, o eration, etc.) in whic the

wireles a plcation is u ed s ould also b con idered as it p s ibly has sp cif i

requirements

Wireles commu ication req irements are b st s bstantiated with practical u e cases Some

typical u e cases are des rib d in 5.2 Eac u e case emphasizes multiple es ential

requirements an provides the b c grou d an context for the p rtinent req irements

In order to cover al es ential req irements of wireles commu ication s stems with

con isten y, a categorization of the req irements is u eful Categorized wireles

commu ication req irements are sp cified in 5.3.3 to 5.3.8

Ta le 2 s ows the stru ture of the plant network u ed in the a pl cation f ield

Table 2 – Stru ture of th communic tion network us d in the appl c tion fields

Commu ic tio networks in in ustrial

Se s r/a tu tor wirele s n twork (5.1.3.4)

5.1.2 Es e tial dif fere c s betwe n wirele s a d wire commu ic tion n twork

5.1.2.1 Ge eral

Wireles commu ication has b en further develo ed in a variety of way within the last few

ye rs an has fou d its way into complex a pl cation of in u trial automation There are

p rson who have some reservation regardin the u e of wireles tec nologies, b cau e of

in uf ficient or in or ect information Subclau e 5.1.2 is aimed at an werin the most

sig if i ant reservation

5.1.2.2 Adv nta e in using wirele s communic tion network

The most es ential pro erty of wireles commu ication s stems is of course that they do not

require wires to con ect commu ication nodes to e c other This c aracteristic not only

saves wire material cost but it can also red ce the commu ication s stem in tal ation cost

an in tal ation time This pro erty alone ena les new a pl cation s c as a temp rary

me s rement s stem f or the purp se of proces analy is an troubles o tin Simi arly, there

are wired commu ication a pl cation whic are tec nical y f easible but not practical on

economic grou d , f or in tan e lon distan e wirin for only a few me s rin p ints

Sin e wireles commu ication s stems can b de loyed in moving or rotatin eq ipment, they

can b u ed for new a pl cation whic could not b con eived with wired commu ication

s stems Mo i e wireles eq ipment car ied by field workers is another ef fective a pl cation

Wireles s stems s ould not b viewed as a general re lacement for ca le, but when u ed in

a targeted man er they provide sig if i ant ad antages in a multitu e of ind strial a plcation

when comp red to ca le-con ected s stems They provide b th q al tative b nefits s c as

in re sed e se of u e or in re sed flexibi ty d rin in tal ation, as wel as q antifia le

b nefits s c as lower in tal ation an maintenan e costs (se Ta le 3)

Table 3 – Be efits of using wirele s s stems

5.1.2.3 Conc rns in the deployme t of wirele s s stems

Althou h wireles s stems provide the ad antage of not req irin in tal ation of wires, their

implementation p ses new c al en es

Wireles medium has neither wel defined confinement nor visible confinement Therefore the

radio pro agation p th an c aracteristic stron ly de en on the en ironment con ition an

radio interf eren e can come fom an direction

Multiple wireles commu ication s stems ne d to s are a common sp ce as commu ication

medium A p rtic lar feq en y b n can ot b u ed in the same sp ce at the same time by

multiple commu ication s stems This is ue ne d to b solved whi e maintainin the

requirements f or in u trial automation

More ver, the col sion oc ur at receiver, whi e the tran mit er is typical y u a le to detect

that the cor esp n ing receiver has col sion

5.1.3 Communic tion network in industrial a tomation

5.1.3.1 Ge eral

In in ivid al cases, the req irements, advantages an b nefits of wireles s stems are hig ly

de en ent on the a pl cation u der con ideration It is ad isa le for this re son to divide

them into field of a pl cation This al ows s ita le comp rison amon dif ferent wireles

s stems, an also with wire solution

Commu ication network f or in u trial automation can b lo sely organized arou d the

clas ical “automation pyramid” (se Fig re 3)

The dif ferent commu ication network are:

• enterprise network;

• plant network;

• fieldbu

The wireles tec nolog is u ed to exten these thre kin s of network

a) Cros -plant wireles network : network with a low n mb r of comp nents, with large to

very large sp tial spre d an smal or medium volumes of data, for remote maintenan e

an remote control

b) Plant-wide wireles network : network with a medium n mb r of comp nents, with

l mited sp tial spre d an smal to very large volumes of data, de en in on the

req irements of the a pl cation

c) Sen or/actuator wireles network : network b sed on sen or an actuator nodes

o eratin at the field level with very smal p c ets of data an a very hig n mb r of

comp nents

Figure 3 – Wirele s communic tion s stem inter elate with th a tomation pyramid

5.1.3.2 Cros -pla t wirele s network

Primari y, a cros -plant wireles network is con erned with brid in large distan es Remote

ac es can there y b made to stationary mac ines an s stems as wel as to mo i e

p rticip nts, e.g vehicles The u a le data rate initial y play a s b rdinate role, where y

eff orts are also made even here to ac ieve bit rates that are as hig as p s ible A diff eren e

can also b made b twe n oc asional data ex han e, whic is of ten s f ficient f or remote

control a plcation (e.g sp radic tran f er of me s red values), an contin ou data

ex han e whic is of ten req ired for remote maintenan e, even if only f or a l mited p riod of

time

In ad ition to pro rietary wireles solution with ran es of ju t a few ki ometers or satel

te-s p orted commu ication, GSM, GPRS, UMTS, LTE, EDGE an other wireles solution are

u ed The ad antages of these s stems are worldwide avai a i ty, in re sin b n width an

decre sin costs

5.1.3.3 Pla t wide wirele s network

Ap lcation in this field can b divided into four s b-are s

a) Wireles commu ication b twe n stationary particip nts (e.g two mac ines or s stem

p rts where ca l n is at le st twice as exp n ive d e to local con ition )

b) Wireles commu ication to or b twe n mo i e p rticip nts (e.g automated g ided vehicle

s stems)

c) Wireles commu ication f or mo ie control an monitorin

d) Wireles commu ication f or local zation, i.e for detectin p rson an o jects u in

a pro riate tran pon ers

The req irements for data rate, re l-time p r orman e an the maximum n mb r of s p orted

p rticip nts can vary widely in these f our s b-are s, b cau e they are very closely con ected

to the a pl cation to b implemented If only a few sig als are to b tran f er ed by wireles

tec nolog then a decentral zed I/O mod le with an integrated radio interf ace is u ual y al

that is req ired If , on the other han , a bro db n wireles network rol out is req ired, e.g to

con ect several control s stems, PC or mo i e o erator p nels, then WLAN would b the

s ita le wireles s stem An ad itional b nefit of this s stem is the a i ty to u e the wireles

network for several a pl cation , e.g to f orward vide stre ms in p ral el to control an

If there is also an ad itional ne d to tran mit safety-critical sig als then it is es ential that the

wireles s stem can s p ort a saf ety protocol whic , e.g when combined with WLAN or

Blueto th, al ows the In u trial Ethernet stan ard ac ordin to IEC 617 4-2 an their

f un tional saf ety prof iles ac ordin to IEC 617 4-3 to b u ed

5.1.3.4 Se sor/a tu tor wirele s n twork

This wireles network is often l n ed via gateway (protocol con erters) to other network , e.g

Ethernet, b cau e it only ne d to tran fer low volumes of data

Variou wireles network have esta l s ed themselves in in u trial automation d e to the

dif ferent req irements for factory automation an proces automation

Whi st sen or/actuator network within factory automation u ualy u e a large n mb r of smal

p c ets of data within s ort distan es with a hig throu hput, the most imp rtant asp ct of

proces automation is u ual y sec red wireles tran mis ion over lon distan es

For a sen or/actuator wireles network, there have only b en a f ew protocol stan ard up to

now that p rmit intero era i ty b twe n devices f rom dif ferent man facturers

Proces automation a pl cation u e protocol stan ard that are b sed on IEEE 8 2.15.4

s c as IEC 6 5 1 (Wirel es HART

®

), IEC 6 6 1 (WIA-PA), IEC 6 7 4 (ISA10 1 a), or even

pro rietary protocols

Factory automation a plcation u e protocol stan ard that are b sed f or example on

IEEE 8 2.15.1 [16] IEEE 8 2.1 [15] IEEE 8 2.15.4 [18] or even pro rietary protocols

5.1.4 Appl c tion f ields

5.1.4.1 Ge eral

In u trial automation tec nologies are q ite dif ferent for factory automation an proces

automation, b cau e of the dif ferent req irements p sed by e c of these a pl cation

5.1.4.2 Proc s a tomation

Proces automation is mostly c aracterized by a pl cation within the field of the control,

monitorin an diag ostic of he tin , co l n , mixin , stir in an pumpin proced res

Of ten, analog sig als of fi in level, temp rature or pres ure monitorin are tran fer ed an

evaluated These evaluated me s rements have b en made avai a le to automate

extra rdinary start-up an s utdown o eration for contin ou proces an b tc proces

Furthermore, they are u eful f or control of prod ct q al ty an the switc in of prod cts for a

b tc proces cor esp n in to the man facturin of a wide variety of prod cts in smal

q antities In proces automation there are relatively slow c an es in me s red values; a

sampl n every 10 ms throu h several secon s is typical for these a pl cation This

c aracteristic directly determines the req irements f or the re ction sp ed of the wireles

tec nologies a pl ed in proces automation

The energ req ired by wireles an sen or comp nents is cor esp n in ly low an can of ten

b provided by decentral zed s p ly u its s c as b t eries or so-cal ed energ harvesters

(e.g energ is generated f rom temp rature variation , l g t, mac ine vibration or the flow of

media)

The size of a proces automation s stem is often many times larger than in typical f actory

automation plants A wide ran e is therefore an imp rtant req irement for wireles network

in this f ield

The plant stru ture only c an es moderately over time comp red to factory automation an

therefore the pro agation con ition c an e ac ordingly

5.1.4.3 Fa tory a tomation

A marked c aracteristic of factory automation mac ines an s stems is their f ast prod ction

proces es Often this me n that mac ine p rts are in motion within a l mited sp ce

Fast proces es req ire s ort o eration c cles an fai -saf e tran fer of sen or an actuator

sig als Cy le times of les than 10 ms are q ite normal This c aracteristic of f actory

automation directly determines the req irements for the wireles tec nologies

Fast prod ction proces es make the hig est deman s on wireles solution

Due to their l mited sp tial spre d, variou wireles network are of ten o erated within the

same smal are

Wireles tec nologies can cover the most varied ran e of a plcation within f actory

automation Uses have alre d b en implemented fom wireles con ection of sen ors within

an automation cel rig t up to commu ication on the field or control level Diversif ied wireles

solution there y provide tec nologies that are ge red toward the resp ctive req irements

f or ran e, c cle time an n mb r of p rticip nts

5.2 In ustrial a tomation ap l c tion re uireme ts (u e c s s)

5.2.1 Ge eral

Subclau e 5.2 des rib s some u e cases of wireles commu ication in in u trial a pl cation

One of the purp ses is to i u trate the b nefits of wireles a pl cation , an the other is to

mention tec nical req irements f rom an a pl cation viewp int Al major req irements are

in lu ed in the u e cases of 5.2

5.2.2 Us c s 1 – Safety of work rs aroun tra sporting ma hine

5.2.2.1 De cription

This u e case is related to tran p rtin mac ines u ed in in o r as embl n l nes, e.g in the

man f acturin of automobi es or hou ehold electric a pl an es These u man ed tran p rting

mac ines are also k own as AGV Some u man ed tran p rtin vehicles, whic are

control ed throu h wireles commu ication , car y p rts an comp nents an f eed them to

station in the as embly l ne The vehicles b sical y ru on dedicated trac s, but in some

places the trac s ne d to cros p o le’s p thway A saf ety interloc mec anism is req ired

in these cros in are s in order to as ure the safety of workers

Lig t c rtain , laser s an ers or radar s an ers ahe d of a vehicle on the p thway detect the

enterin of p rson in the cros in are This event is re orted to a saf ety logic solver, whic

recog izes the situation an decides to sto the vehicle whic is a pro c in the cros in

are Wired con ectivity to the vehicle is not practical b cau e it moves on the trac , so the

commu ication b twe n the logic solver an the vehicle is implemented u in wireles

commu ication

5.2.2.2 Cons q e c of losing th f unction

If the commu ication of a req est to sto a vehicle f ai s, the vehicle mig t enter the cros in

p rson el The vehicle itself may b damaged More ver, any kin of ac ident af fects the

contin ity of prod ction l ne o eration , with prod ction los es

5.2.2.3 Critic l re uireme ts

In cases where the commu ication s stem sto s workin , s c con ition s ould b detected

an the vehicle s al s d enly sto , even if it has not received an req est to sto f om the

logic solver

One seriou case of fai ure is the case where the er or detection mec anism can ot detect

the er or whic c an ed the content of a req est In this case, the vehicle mig t interpret the

mes age as if no req est to sto was received u der he lth commu ication con ition , an

this may cau e an ac ident

Mec anisms with a certain level of complexity an cor esp n in er or detection ca a i ty

s c as c cl c red n an y c ec are u ual y employed in the safety-commu ication s stem to

detect er ors, but they are not s ff i ient by themselves In order to me t the req ired saf ety

levels, s c as the SIL levels sp cif ied in IEC 615 8, the bit er or rate s ould b les than a

certain level de en in on the resid al er or rate of the er or detection mec anism Enou h

immu ity again t EMI is neces ary for the commu ication s stem to ke p the bit er or rate

b low the ac e ta le level

The commu ication delay is also imp rtant If the re ction time f rom detection of an event by

the l g t c rtain to the sto pin of the vehicle is s orter than the proces saf ety time, whic is

the ac e ta le maximum delay of re ction f or the target proces , then an ac ident can

ha p n

5.2.3 Us c s 2 – Le el monitoring a d alarming in a ta k farm

5.2.3.1 De cription

This u e case is for a tan f arm where several h ge tan s are in tal ed in an are of several

s uare ki ometers These tan s may contain dan erou material s c as combu tible material

an toxic material L vel monitorin an its related alarmin are very imp rtant to prevent

le kage of content

A tan farm oc upies a widespre d are , so wirin is very costly esp cial y when it is only for

level monitorin

Wireles commu ication circ mvents the pro lems cau ed by the large electro-p tential

dif feren es that can oc ur acros commu icatin eq ipment d rin l g tnin events ne r or

over a tan farm

A wirin in tan farms to lower the electro-p tential dif feren es is not ne ded an more if the

commu ication is provided by wireles devices that do not ne d external p wer

A wireles commu ication is very eff ective in s c cases

5.2.3.2 Cons q e c of losing th f un tion

In cases where the monitorin an alarm f un tion do not work cor ectly b cau e of

commu ication er ors, an over lowin of the tan content could ha p n

L akage of toxic content may af fect the workers’ he lth an it could also cau e seriou

en ironmental is ues Overlow of combu tible content could cau e explosion or f ire

disasters These ac idents cau e damage to man f acturin as ets an los of materials, with

Optimization of in entory is another imp rtant asp ct of level monitorin Sin e some

materials stored in tan s are very exp n ive, minimizin s c in entory saves prod ction

costs

5.2.3.3 Critic l re uireme ts

In order to pro erly cover the are of a tan f arm a lon ran e radio is req ired In some

cases there are several metal stru tures b twe n commu ication nodes, an this may cau e

at en ation an multi-p th distortion Therefore b ter pro agation p rf orman e is req ired

In ivid al tan s may have a very large stru ture that can b an o stacle to the radio

pro agation In these cases, where a lne of sig t to the location of the level sen ors may not

b fe sible, it is p s ible to circ mvent the o stacles u in a mes to olog

5.2.4 Us c s 3 – Field work r s pp rt with mobi e wirele s e uipme t

5.2.4.1 De cription

Field workers of the proces in u try cover wide are s of outdo r plant sites for the purp se

of p trol or maintenan e These field workers ne d to referen e stan ard o eratin

proced res (SOP) doc ments in order to exec te their tas s c as proces o eration an

eq ipment maintenan e If they do not have intel gent commu ication me n , they ne d to

car y he v bin ers of SOP A maintenan e p rson mig t ne d in tru tion man als of

eq ipment whic in lu e gra hical inf ormation Wireles commu ication s stems are u ef ul

f or these ap lcation , b cau e a wired con ection is not practical for mo i e field workers

A p rson c ec in proces con ition mig t ne d inf ormation a out a DCS s stem, s c as

lo p config ration an historical tren data, to recog ize proces con ition by me s red

values To provide s c inf ormation a wireles ac es to the DCS is u ed In this case

commu ication delay s ould b s ort enou h to provide f res data in icatin the c r ent

proces con ition

Sometimes voice commu ication b twe n f ield workers an en ine rs in the control ro m is

u eful The en ine r in the control ro m has e s ac es to a large amou t of information

an can ad ise f ield workers who have l mited inf ormation Even vide inf ormation could b

u ed to s p ort field activities Vide data, whic is ca tured by a f ield worker an is sent to

the control ro m, can help en ine rs grasp the situation an provide direction

In emergen y situation , a wireles commu ication s stem contributes to the saf ety of f ield

workers Besides providin voice commu ication, a re l time location s stem helps in

recog izin the worker’s location, movement an statu

5.2.4.2 Cons q e c of losing the f un tion

In the cases where the wireles commu ication s stem f ais, the ef ficien y of field work

decre ses tremen ou ly an the safety of field workers can b seriou ly compromised

5.2.4.3 Critic l re uireme ts

The wireles commu ication s stem s ould cover the whole are where the f ield workers may

travel In order to ac ieve the a pro riate radio ran e, a mes to olog may b req ired

The gra hic , pictures, an stre min of voice an vide deman s bstantial wireles

commu ication b n width

The wireles commu ication eq ipment whic is car ied by field workers s ould b l g t an

with s ff i ient autonomy, therefore p wer con umption s ould b minimized to red ce the

5.2.5 Us c s 4 – Vibration monitoring a d a aly is of rotatin ma hine

5.2.5.1 De cription

This u e case is related to con ition-b sed maintenan e Sin e the vibration p t ern of most

rotatin mac ines c an es with deterioration, the monitorin of vibration can b u ed to

determine the maintenan e time for rotatin mac ines In some cases a wired con ection to

the vibration sen or is not practical b cau e of its movement In other cases there are so

man p ints to b me s red that wirin is not ac epta le in terms of cost A wireles

commu ication s stem can b u ed to resolve these is ues

5.2.5.2 Cons q e c of losing the f un tion

If con ition monitorin throu h wireles commu ication is not avai a le, the maintenan e

work is comp l ed to b b sed on an estimated time s hed le This typical y me n that the

f eq en y of maintenan e is in re sed whi e the ris of u exp cted s utdown d e to

u detected eq ipment degradation is also in re sed

5.2.5.3 Critic l re uireme ts

The data size of vibration p t ern is u ual y relatively large In some cases re l-time

monitorin is ne ded to provide alarmin Theref ore, s bstantial b n width an re l-time

p rorman e are req ired

5.2.6 Us c s 5 – Oi wel he d monitoring a d control

5.2.6.1 De cription

This u e case is related to oi wel he d whic are s at ered in wide oi field The pres ure

an the flow rate of cru e oi sp utin c an e de en in on the con ition of the oi field In

order to control the total prod ction volume of oi f rom several wel he d , valves in tal ed at

e c wel he d s ould b adju ted ac ordin to the con ition in icated by flow rate, pres ure

an temp rature

Oi wel he d are u ual y s at ered an u man ed Visitin every wel he d to c ec its

con ition an to adju t it is time con umin an inef ficient The in tal ation of a wired

commu ication s stem is not practical b cau e welhe d are s at ered in a large are

Therefore, a wireles commu ication s stem can b an eff ective solution The con ition of

e c wel he d can b monitored remotely Even the adju tment of valves can b p r ormed

remotely Theref ore, the f eq en y of ph sical y visitin a wel he d can b gre tly red ced

5.2.6.2 Cons q e c of losing th f unction

If the wireles commu ication is not avaia le, the f req en y of wel he d visits in re ses an

the o timization of prod ction rates can ot b ac ieved

5.2.6.3 Critic l re uireme ts

Enou h radio ran e is req ired to con ect to distant wel he d Us al y a l ne of sig t is

p s ible but disruptin cl matic con ition s ould b taken into ac ou t

Sin e wel he d are located in far an u man ed places, the f req en y of visits to re lace

b teries for wireles eq ipment s al b ke t to a minimum Theref ore, the p wer

con umption of the wireles s stem s al b minimized

Ap ro riate sec rity me s res s al b in place b cau e the wireles network spre d into an

5.2.7 Us c s 6 – Some appl c tions f or f actory a tomation, with a large number of

nod s

5.2.7.1 De cription

This u e case is a generic a pl cation in in o r man f acturin s c as f or automo ies or for

hou ehold electric a pl an es Us al y the set-up of a man f acturin prod ction l ne c an es

more f req ently comp red to a set-up in the proces in u try The refurbis ment of the

commu ication s stem of a prod ction lne is mu h les when the commu ication s stem is

b sed on a wireles tec nolog in te d of a wire tec nolog

5.2.7.2 Cons q e c of losing the f un tion

If the fu ction of a wireles commu ication s stem is lost, critical p rts of the prod ction lne

(e.g ro ot work cel) can ot contin e to o erate

5.2.7.3 Critic l re uireme ts

The den ity of wireles comp nents in a man facturin s o flo r is u ualy very hig , with

man wireles a pl cation overcrowdin the same are In ad ition, the wireles traf fic is

mu h hig er in the man facturin than in the proces in u try Therefore, the co xisten e of

multiple wireles commu ication s stems is cru ial It is hig ly recommen ed to esta l s a

co xisten e management ac ordin to IEC 6 6 7-2, a CCP or adeq ate mec anism to

ac ieve an maintain co xisten e

5.3 Wirele s commu ic tion n twork re uireme ts

5.3.1 Timing a d re l- ime

5.3.1.1 Common re uireme ts

Al the s stems in olved in in u trial automation p se some con traints regardin the

resp n e time, i.e the time b tween the presentation of a set of inputs (stimulu ) an the

presentation of the req ired b havior (resp n e), in lu in the avaia i ty of al as ociated

outputs Obviou ly, how fast the resp n e time has to b de en s on the c aracteristic of

the controled plant

In reg lation tas s, delay a p ar as de d times, whic ad itional y may b af fected by j ter

(varia le delay) In seq ential tas s, delay slow down plant o eration, p s ibly b yon what

the plant may tolerate Cle rly, the delay an j t er d e to the wireles network s al b les

than the value that af fects the req ired s stem resp n e time In ad ition, time

s n hronization amon wireles devices is also req ired Time s n hronization prevents

mutual disturb n e of the commu ication an the u e of timestamps ad ed to the

tran mit ed data al ows the time b havior of a station to b decoupled f rom the

commu ication delay an j ter Time s n hronization can b ac ieved by al ocatin

tran mis ion slots to station an makin them al fol ow a time-driven mes age tran mis ion

s hed le Implemented this way, time s n hronization is b nef i ial to avoid col sion , to have

a cor ect resp n e time an a b ter b n width uti zation

If in u trial a plcation req ire res lts in a b u ded time then the in u trial automation

s stem s al b a deterministic or re l-time s stem Con eq ently, a commu ication s stem

u ed in this in u trial automation s stem s al provide the req ired data tran fer in b u ded

time in lu in re etition ne ded to cor ect tran mis ion er ors

5.3.1.2 Wirele s re l- ime re uireme ts

5.3.1.2.1 Ba ic principles of performa c indic tors

A wireles re l-time (WRT) commu ication network is a wireles commu ication network that

Users of WRT commu ication network have dif ferent req irements f or dif ferent a pl cation

In order to satisfy these req irements in an o timal way WRT commu ication network wi

ex ibit diff erent p rf orman e

Perorman e in icators (sp cified in 5.3.1.2.3) can b u ed to sp cify the ca a i ties of a

WRT en device an a WRT commu ication network as wel as to sp cify the req irements of

an a pl cation Per orman e in icators can b u ed as a set of interaction me n b twe n the

u er of the WRT device an the man facturer of the WRT device and network comp nents

Subclau e 5.3.1.2.2 sp cifies the a plcation req irements

Perf orman e in icators re resent

a) the ca a i ties of a WRT en device,

b) the ca a i ties of a WRT commu ication network, an

c) the req irements of an a pl cation

A con istent set of p rorman e in icators (sp cif ied in 5.3.1.2.3) is u ed to re resent the

WRT ca a i ties Some of the p rf orman e in icators are interde en ent; in this case some

in icator values de en on the value of others to provide a con istent set

NOT 1 Th interd p n e c is d e to p y ic l or lo ic l c n traints, whic c n ot b violate For e ample th

in ic tors "WRT-Thro g p t (whic wo ld u e 9 % of th total b n width) a d "Thro g p t n n-WRT” (9 %)

c n ot h p e at th s metime b c u e th t wo ld d s rib a tra smis io lo d of 8 %

No general b u dary values to sp cify WRT p r orman e are sp cif ied f or the in icators in

this doc ment, but device s p lers ne d to sp cify b u dary values f or a sp cific prod ct if

they claim to b compl ant to this doc ment

Tec nology sp cific devices s al sp cify

a) the selection of p r orman e in icators out of p s ible p r orman e in icators defined in

5.3.1.2.3 relevant to a given device, o tional y with their in ivid al l mits or ran es,

b) the interdep n en e b twe n p rf orman e in icators,

c) o tional y, lsts with con istent p rf orman e in icator values

Eac of the l sts has one or more le din p rf orman e in icators The le din

p r orman e in icators are preset to a f i ed value ( ypical y o timized to have the b st

overal p r orman e) The other p r orman e in icators in the lst are s own with their

related con isten y l mits,

d) o tionaly, a more comprehen ive re resentation of the relation b twe n p rf orman e

in icators (Fig re 4 s ows an example of a gra hical re resentation)

If WRT en devices an WRT commu ication network have at le st one con istent set of

p rorman e in icators then this set can b u ed for a pro er desig ac ordin to the

a pl cation req irements

NOT 2 A s t of lsts with c n iste t p rf orma c in ic tors is o ly giv n wh n interd p n e c b twe n

p rorma c in ic tors e ists

NOT 3 Ap lc tio s c n h v re uireme ts wh re o e p rtic lar in ic tor h s hig er imp rta c th n al th

oth rs Su h a plc tio s wi f i d u ef ul th o p rtu ity to s le t th c n iste t in ic tor lst with th rele a t

le din in ic tor Oth r a plc tio s c n h v re uireme ts wh re s v ral in ic tors are of e u ly hig

imp rta c For s c a plc tio s, a gra hic l or oth rwis more c mpre e siv re re e tatio of th relatio

b twe n c n iste t in ic tors is more a pro riate Fig re 4 is a e ample of a gra hic l re re e tatio of

c n iste t in ic tors giv n b a d vic

NOT 4 WRT e d d vic s are d sig e u d r th dis retio of th ma uf acturer of s c a d vic Th ref ore n

a s mptio c uld b ma e o h w ma y WRT e d-statio s (n twork interf ac s) are b it in o e d vic In ord r to

a hie e c mp ra le p rorma c in ic tors f rom th a plc tio p rs e tiv th p rf orma c in ic tors are b it

Fig re 4 – Ex mple of graphic l repre e tation of consiste t indic tors

5.3.1.2.2 Appl c tion re uireme ts

The ca a i ties of a WRT commu ication network are sp cified in 5.3.1.2.3 as in icators The

in icators are u ed to matc a pl cation req irements to the ca a i ties of comp nents

compl ant to one or more devices

The definition of p rorman e in icators is b sed on a general model of wireles in u trial

commu ication (se Fig re 5) It as umes that an automation a pl cation contain distributed

automation fu ction whic ex han e their data wireles ly This me n wireles

commu ication fu ction are u ed for data tran mis ion

In ust rial a t o at io a plc t io

Wireles

c om u ic ation

fu c tionWireles

c om u ic ation

fu c tion

Wireles trn mision medium

auto ation

fuc tionDistributed

Figure 5 – Ge eral s stem model for def ining appl c tion

commu ic tion performa c re uireme ts

The key prereq isite in this context is that the wireles commu ication s stem has to me t the

p rorman e req irements of the a pl cation Points of referen e f or a q antitative

as es ment of this deman are the interaces b twe n automation f un tion an

commu ication f un tion The req ired p r orman e in icator values with resp ct to s c so

cal ed referen e inter aces s al b met by the c aracteristic p rameter values of the wireles

commu ication s stem The variety of wireles commu ication s stems an device

implementation is the re son that no u iq e referen e interace can b sp cified However,

with the help of a wireles automation device model s own in Fig re 6 a virtual referen e

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Vald

Figure 6 – Wirele s a tomation de ic mod l for defining appl c tion

commu ic tion performa c re uireme ts

De en in on the automation a plcation the req est for u er data tran mis ion or the event

of s c es ful rece tion is tran fer ed via a wired commu ication inter ace (e.g fieldbu ), via

an a pl cation programmin interace (e.g a buff er or FIFO) or via a proces inter ace (e.g a

digital input That way the start event an the sto event of p rf orman e in icator

me s rements can b sp cif ied

Examples of wireles commu ication devices with dif ferent referen e interf aces are s own in

c mmu ic at io int erfa e

Wire c mmu ic tio

Applc t io pro rammin