Iec cispr 16 1 1 2015

18 Fig re 1d 4 – The retical pulse respon e c rve of q asi-p ak detector receivers an average detector receiver se 6.5.4.. This s mmetric input imp dan e may b in orp rated either in the

Specificat ion for radio dist urbance and immunity measuring apparat us and

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Specificat ion for radio dist urbance and immunity measuring apparat us and

CONTENTS

FOREWORD 7

INTRODUCTION 9

1 Sco e 10 2 Normative ref eren es 10 3 Terms an definition 1

4 Quasi-p ak me s rin receivers f or the f req en y ran e 9 kHz to 1 0 0 MHz 15 4.1 General 15 4.2 Input imp dan e 15 4.3 Sine-wave voltage ac urac 16 4.4 Resp n e to pulses 16 4.4.1 Ampl tu e relation hip (a solute cal bration) 1

6 4.4.2 Variation with re etition f eq enc (relative cal bration) 16 4.5 Selectivity 2

4.5.1 Overal selectivity (p s b n ) 2

4.5.2 Intermediate f req en y rejection ratio 21

4.5.3 Image f eq en y rejection ratio 21

4.5.4 Other spuriou resp n es 2

4.6 Limitation of intermod lation ef fects 2

4.7 Limitation of receiver noise an internal y generated spuriou sig als 2

4.7.1 Ran om noise 2

4.7.2 Contin ou wave 2

4.8 Scre nin ef fectivenes 2

4.8.1 General 2

4.8.2 Limitation of radio-f req en y emis ion fom the me s rin receiver 2

4.9 Faci ties f or con ection to a dis ontin ou disturb n e analy er 2

5 Me s rin receivers with p ak detector for the f eq en y ran e 9 kHz to 18 GHz 2

5.1 General 2

5.2 Input imp dan e 2

5.3 Fu damental c aracteristic 2

5.3.1 Ban width 2

5.3.2 Charge an dis harge time con tants ratio 2

5.3.3 Overlo d f actor 2

5.4 Sine-wave voltage ac urac 2

5.5 Resp n e to pulses 2

5.6 Selectivity 2

5.7 Intermod lation ef fects, receiver noise, an s re nin 2

6 Me s rin receivers with average detector f or the f req en y ran e 9 kHz to 18 GHz 2

6.1 General 2

6.2 Input imp dan e 3

6.3 Fu damental c aracteristic 3

6.3.1 Ban width 3

6.3.2 Overlo d f actor 3

6.4 Sine-wave voltage ac urac 3

6.5 Resp n e to pulses 31

6.5.1 General 31

6.5.2 Ampl tu e relation hip 31

6.5.3 Variation with re etition f eq enc 3

6.5.4 Resp n e to intermitent, u ste d an drif tin nar owb n disturb n es 3

6.6 Selectivity 3

6.7 Intermod lation ef fects, receiver noise, an s re nin 3

7 Me s rin receivers with rms-average detector f or the f req en y ran e 9 kHz to 18 GHz 3

7.1 General 3

7.2 Input imp dan e 3

7.3 Fu damental c aracteristic 3

7.3.1 Ban width 3

7.3.2 Overlo d f actor 3

7.4 Sine-wave voltage ac urac 3

7.5 Resp n e to pulses 3

7.5.1 Con tru tion detais 3

7.5.2 Ampl tu e relation hip 3

7.5.3 Variation with re etition f eq enc 3

7.5.4 Resp n e to intermitent, u ste d an driftin nar owb n disturb n es 3 7.6 Selectivity 3

7.7 Intermod lation ef fects, receiver noise, an s re nin 3

8 Me s rin receivers f or the f req en y ran e 1 GHz to 18 GHz with ampltu e pro a i ty distribution (APD) me s rin f un tion 3

9 Disturb n e analy ers 3

9.1 General 3

9.2 Fu damental c aracteristic 4

9.3 Test method for the val dation of the p rf orman e c ec f or the cl c analy er 4

9.3.1 Basic req irements 4

9.3.2 Ad itional req irements 4

An ex A (normative) Determination of resp n e to re e ted pulses of q asi-p ak an rms-average me s rin receivers (Se 3.6, 4.4.2, 7.3.2 an 7.5.1) 4

A.1 General 4

A.2 Resp n e of the pre-detector stages 4

A.3 Resp n e of the q asi-p ak voltmeter detector to output of precedin stages 4

A.3.1 General 4

A.3.2 Resp n e of the in icatin in trument to the sig al fom the detector 5

A.4 Resp n e of rms detector to output voltage of precedin stages 51

A.4.1 Output voltage an ampl tu e relation hip 51

A.4.2 Calc lation of overlo d factor 5

A.5 Relation hip b twe n in ication of ms meter an q asi-p ak meter 5

An ex B (normative) Determination of pulse generator sp ctrum (Se 4.4, 5.5, 6.5, 7.5) 5

B.1 Pulse generator 5

B.1.1 General 5

B.1.2 The sp ctrum of the generated pulses 5

B.2 General method of me s rement 5

An ex C (normative) Ac urate me s rements of the output of nanosecon pulse generators (Se 4.4, 5.5, 6.5, 7.5) 5

C.1 Me s rement of impulse are (A imp ) 5

C.1.1 General 5

C.1.2 Are method 5

C.1.3 Stan ard tran mis ion l ne method 5

C.1.4 Harmonic me s rement 5

C.1.5 Energ method 5

C.2 Pulse generator sp ctrum 5

An ex D (normative) Influen e of the q asi-p ak me s rin receiver c aracteristic on its pulse resp n e (Se 4.4.2) 5

An ex E (normative) Resp n e of average an p ak me s rin receivers (Se 6.3.1) 5

E.1 Resp n e of pre-detector stages 5

E.2 Overlo d f actor 5

E.3 Relation hip b twe n in ication of an average an a q asi-p ak me s rin receiver 6

E.4 Pe k me s rin receivers 61

E.5 Relation hip b twe n in ication of a p ak an a q asi-p ak me s rin receiver 61

E.6 Test of me s rin receiver resp n e a ove 1 GHz to pulses 6

E.7 Me s rement of the impulse b n width of a me s rin receiver 6

E.7.1 General 6

E.7.2 Method 1: Me s rement by comp rison of the resp n es of B imp to two pulses with identical ampltu e an width but with low an hig pulse re etition f eq en ies (prf ) 6

E.7.3 Method 2: Me s rement by comp rison of the resp n e of B imp to an impulsive sig al with the resp n e of a nar ow b n width to the same sig al 6

E.7.4 Method 3: Integration of the normal zed l near selectivity f un tion 6

An ex F (normative) Perf orman e c ec of the ex e tion f rom the definition of a cl c ac ordin to 4.2.3 of CISPR 14-1:2 0 6

An ex G (inf ormative) Rationale f or the sp cification of the APD me s rin f un tion 7

An ex H (informative) Characteristic of a q asi-p ak me s rin receiver 7

An ex I (inf ormative) Example of EMI receiver an swe t sp ctrum analy er arc itecture 7

An ex J (normative) Req irements when u in an external pre mpl f ier with a me s rin receiver 81

J.1 General 81

J.2 Con ideration f or o timum emis ion me s rement s stem desig 81

J.3 Line rity sp cification an precaution in me s rement 8

J.4 Detectin the overlo d of an external pre mpl fier in a wide an FFT b sed me s rin s stem 91

An ex K (normative) Cal bration req irements for me s rin receivers 9

K.1 General 9

K.2 Cal bration an verif i ation 9

K.3 Cal bration an verif i ation sp cific 9

K.4 Me s rin receiver sp cif i s 9

K.5 Partial cal bration of me s rin receivers 9

K.6 Determination of compl an e of a me s rin receiver with a plca le sp cification 9

Bibl ogra h 9

Fig re 1a) 1 – Pulse resp n e c rve (Ban A) 17

Fig re 1b) 2 – Pulse resp n e c rve (Ban B) 18

Fig re 1c) 3 – Pulse resp n e c rve (Ban s C an D) 18

Fig re 1d) 4 – The retical pulse respon e c rve of q asi-p ak detector receivers an

average detector receiver (se 6.5.4) 19

Fig re 5 – Limits of overal selectivity – Pas b n (se 4.5.1, 5.6, 6.6, 7.6) (Ban A) 2

Fig re 6 – Limits of overal selectivity – Pas b n (se 4.5.1, 5.6, 6.6, 7.6) (Ban B) 2

Fig re 7 – Limits of overal selectivity – Pas b n (se 4.5.1, 5.6, 6.6, 7.6) Ban s (C an D) 2

Fig re 8 – Ar an ement for testin intermod lation eff ects 2

Fig re 9 – Limits for the overal selectivity – Pas b n (Ban E) 2

Fig re 10 – Bloc diagram of an average detector 3

Fig re 1 – Scre n hot s owin resp n e of the meter simulatin network to an intermit ent nar owb n sig al 3

Fig re 12 – Example of a disturb n e analy er 41

Fig re 13 – A gra hical presentation of test sig als u ed in the test of the analy er for the p rf orman e c ec again t the definition of a cl c ac ordin to Ta le 14 4

Fig re E.1 – Cor ection f actor for estimatin the ratio B imp /B 6 for other tu ed circ its 6

Fig re E.2 – Pulse rectification co ff i ient P 6

Fig re E.3 – Example (sp ctrum s re n hot of a pulse-mod lated sig al with a pulse width of 2 0 n 6

Fig re E.4 – Pulse-mod lated RF sig al a pl ed to a me s rin receiver 6

Fig re E.5 – Fi terin with a B imp mu h smal er than the pr 6

Fig re E.6 – Fi terin with a B imp mu h wider than the pr 6

Fig re E.7 – Calc lation of the impulse b n width 6

Fig re E.8 – Example of a normal zed l ne r selectivity fu ction 6

Fig re F.1 – A gra hical presentation of the test sig als u ed for the p rorman e c ec of the analy er with the ad itional req irements ac ordin to Ta le F.1 7

Fig re G.1 – Bloc diagram of APD me s rement circ it without A/D con erter 7

Fig re G.2 – Bloc diagram of APD me s rement circ it with A/D con erter 7

Fig re G.3 – Example of display of APD me s rement 7

Fig re I 1 – Example bloc diagram of EMI receiver con istin of swe t sp ctrum analy er with ad ed preselector, pre mplf ier an q asi-p ak/average detector 7

Fig re J.1 – Receiver with pre mpl fier 8

Fig re J.2 – Tran f er fu ction of an ampl fier 8

Fig re J.3 – Resp n e f or a sin soidal sig al 8

Fig re J.4 – Resp n e f or an impulse 8

Fig re J.5 – Deviation f rom lne r gain for an u mod lated sine wave (example) 8

Fig re J.6 – Deviation f rom lne r gain for a bro db n impulsive sig al as me s red with the q asi-p ak detector (example) 8

Fig re J.7 – Scre n hot of a b n -sto fi ter test for a pre mpl f ier at arou d 818 MHz 8

Fig re J.8 – Ban -sto fi ter test res lt with the me s rin receiver at 818 MHz 8

Fig re J.9 – Ban -sto fi ter test res lts f or the same 10 dB pre mpl fier but a dif ferent receiver with preselection (blac ) an without preselection (blue) 8

Fig re J.10 – Ban -sto f ilter test res lts for the same 10 dB pre mpl f ier but with the receiver of Fig re J.9 with preselection (blac ) an without preselection (gre n) 8

Fig re J.1 – Weig tin fu ction of the variou CISPR detectors with a noise c rve to

i u trate the remainin o eratin ran es f or bro db n impulsive sig als (example) 9

Fig re K.1 – Compl an e determination proces with a pl cation of me s rement

Ta le 1 – Test pulse c aracteristic for q asi-p ak me s rin receivers (se 4.4.1) 16

Ta le 2 – Pulse resp n e of q asi-p ak me s rin receivers 2

Ta le 3 – Combined selectivity of CISPR me s rin receiver an hig -p s f ilter 21

Ta le 4 – Ban width c aracteristic for intermod lation test of q asi-p ak me s rin

receivers (se 4.6) 2

Ta le 5 – VSWR req irements for receiver input imp dan e 2

Ta le 6 – Ban width req irements for me s rin receivers with p ak detector 2

Ta le 7 – Relative pulse resp n e of p ak an q asi-p ak me s rin receivers f or the

same b n width (f req en y ran e 9 kHz to 1 0 0 MHz) 2

Ta le 8 – Ban width req irements for me s rin receivers with average detector 3

Ta le 9 – Relative pulse resp n e of average an q asi p ak me s rin receivers f or

the same b n width (f eq en y ran e 9 kHz to 1 Gh ) 31

Ta le 10 – Maximum re din of average me s rin receivers f or a pulse-mod lated

sine-wave input in comp rison with the resp n e to a contin ou sine wave havin the

same ampl tu e 3

Ta le 1 – VSWR req irements of input imp dan e 3

Ta le 12 – Ban width req irements f or me s rin receivers with rms-average detector 3

Ta le 13 – Minimum pulse re etition rate without overlo d 3

Ta le 14 – Relative pulse resp n e of rms-average and q asi-p ak me s rin

receivers 3

Ta le 15 – Pulse resp n e of rms-average me s rin receiver 3

Ta le 16 – Maximum re din of rms-average me s rin receivers f or a pul

se-mod lated sine-wave input in comp rison with the resp n e to a contin ou sine wave

havin the same ampl tu e 3

Ta le 17 – Disturb n e analy er p r orman e test – Test sig als u ed f or the c ec

Ta le E.2 – Car ier level for pulse-mod lated sig al of 1,4 nVs 6

Ta le F.1 – Disturb n e analy er test sig als

a

(1 of 5) 6

Ta le H.1 – Characteristic of q asi-p ak me s rin receivers 7

Ta le J.1 – Examples of pre mpl fier an me s rin receiver data an res ltin

INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION

INTERNATIONAL SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON RADIO INTERFERENCE

_ _ _ _ _ _

SPECIFICA TION FOR RA DIO DISTURBANCE A ND IMMUNITY

Part 1-1: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus –

Measuring apparatus

1 Th Intern tio al Ele trote h ic l Commis io (IEC) is a worldwid org niz tio for sta d rdiz tio c mprisin

al n tio al ele trote h ic l c mmite s (IEC Natio al Commite s) Th o je t of IEC is to promote

intern tio al c -o eratio o al q e tio s c n ernin sta d rdiz tio in th ele tric l a d ele tro ic field To

this e d a d in a ditio to oth r a tivitie , IEC p bls e Intern tio al Sta d rd , Te h ic l Sp cific tio s,

Te h ic l Re orts, Pu lcly Av ia le Sp cif i atio s (P S) a d Guid s (h re fter ref ere to a “IEC

Pu lc tio (s)”) Th ir pre aratio is e tru te to te h ic l c mmite s; a y IEC Natio al Commite intere te

in th s bje t d alt with ma p rticip te in this pre aratory work Intern tio al g v rnme tal a d n n

-g v rnme tal org niz tio s laisin with th IEC als p rticip te in this pre aratio IEC c la orate clo ely

with th Intern tio al Org niz tio f or Sta d rdiz tio (ISO) in a c rd n e with c n itio s d termin d b

a re me t b twe n th two org niz tio s

2) Th formal d cisio s or a re me ts of IEC o te h ic l maters e pre s, a n arly a p s ible, a intern tio al

c n e s s of o inio o th rele a t s bje ts sin e e c te h ic l c mmite h s re re e tatio fom al

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3) IEC Pu lc tio s h v th f orm of re omme d tio s f or intern tio al u e a d are a c pte b IEC Natio al

Commite s in th t s n e Whie al re s n ble eff orts are ma e to e s re th t th te h ic l c nte t of IEC

Pu lc tio s is a c rate, IEC c n ot b h ld re p n ible f or th wa in whic th y are u e or f or a y

misinterpretatio b a y e d u er

4) In ord r to promote intern tio al u if ormity, IEC Natio al Commite s u d rta e to a ply IEC Pu lc tio s

tra s are tly to th ma imum e te t p s ible in th ir n tio al a d re io al p blc tio s An div rg n e

b twe n a y IEC Pu lc tio a d th c re p n in n tio al or re io al p blc tio s al b cle rly in ic te in

th later

5) IEC its lf d e n t pro id a y ate tatio of c nformity In e e d nt c rtif i atio b die pro id c nf ormity

a s s me t s rvic s a d, in s me are s, a c s to IEC mark of c nformity IEC is n t re p n ible for a y

s rvic s c rie o t b in e e d nt c rtific tio b die

6) Al u ers s o ld e s re th t th y h v th late t e itio of this p blc tio

7) No la i ty s al ata h to IEC or its dire tors, emplo e s, s rv nts or a e ts in lu in in ivid al e p rts a d

memb rs of its te h ic l c mmite s a d IEC Natio al Commite s for a y p rs n l injury, pro erty d ma e or

oth r d ma e of a y n ture wh ts e er, wh th r dire t or in ire t, or f or c sts (in lu in le al f ee ) a d

e p n e arisin o t of th p blc tio , u e of, or rela c u o , this IEC Pu lc tio or a y oth r IEC

Only the c r e t v rsion of the sta dard is to be con idere the of f icial doc me t

c a g s betwee this sta dard a d its pre ious e ition A v rtic l bar appe rs in th

margin where er a c a g ha be n ma e Additions are in gree te t, deletion are in

strik through re te t

International Stan ard CISPR 16-1-1 has b en pre ared by CISPR s bcommite A: Radi

o-interf eren e me s rements and statistical method

This f ourth edition can els an re laces the third edition publ s ed in 2 10, Amen ment

1:2 10 an Amen ment 2:2 14 This edition con titutes a tec nical revision

The main tec nical c an e with resp ct to the previou edition con ists of the ad ition of a

new normative an ex on cal bration req irements f or me s rin receivers

It has the statu of a b sic EMC publ cation in ac ordan e with IEC Guide 10 ,

Ele troma n t ic c mp tibil ity – Guid e to th drafting of el ectroma n tic c mp t ibility

p b c t io s

The text of this stan ard is b sed on the fol owin doc ments:

CISPR/A/1 18/FDIS CISPR/A/1 3 /RV

Ful information on the votin for the a proval of this stan ard can b fou d in the re ort on

votin in icated in the a ove ta le

This publcation has b en drafted in ac ordan e with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2

A l st of al p rts of the CISPR 16 series can b f ou d, u der the general title Sp cific tio for

rad io d isturb n e a d immu ity me surin a p ratus a d methods, on the IEC we site

The commit e has decided that the contents of this publ cation wi remain u c an ed u ti

the sta i ty date in icated on the IEC we site u der "ht p:/we store.iec.c " in the data

related to the sp cif i publ cation At this date, the publ cation wi b

• reconfirmed,

• with rawn,

• re laced by a revised edition, or

IMPORTANT – Th 'colour in ide' logo on the cover pa e of this publ c tion indic te

that it contain colours whic are consid re to be us f ul f or th cor e t

und rsta din of its conte ts Us rs s ould theref ore print this doc me t usin a

colour printer

The CISPR 16 series, publs ed u der the general title Sp cific t ion for rad io d isturb n e a d

immu ity me surin a p ratus a d met hods, is comprised of the f olowin sets of stan ard

an re orts:

• CISPR 16-1 – five six p rts coverin me s rement in trumentation sp cif i ation ;

• CISPR 16-2 – five p rts coverin method of me s rement;

• CISPR 16-3 – a sin le publ cation containin variou tec nical re orts (TRs) with

f urther information an b c grou d on CISPR an radio disturb n es in general;

• CISPR 16-4 – five p rts coverin u certainties, statistic an l mit model n

CISPR 16-1 con ists of the fol owin p rts, u der the general title Sp cific tion for rad io

d ist urb n e a d immu ity me suring a p ratus a d methods – Rad io d ist urb n e and

immu ity me suring a p rat us:

– Part 1-1: Me s rin a p ratu

– Part 1-2: An i ary eq ipment – Con u ted disturb n es

– Part 1-3: An i ary eq ipment – Disturb n e p wer

– Part 1-4: An i ary eq ipment – Radiated disturb n es

– Part 1-5: Anten a cal bration sites an referen e test sites for 3 MHz to 1 0 0 MHz

5 MHz to 18 GHz

– Part 1-6: EMC-anten a calbration

The International Electrotec nical Commis ion (IEC) draws atention to the fact that it is

claimed that complan e with this doc ment may in olve the u e of a p tent con ernin the

me s rin receiver wit h rms-av erage det ect or (p tent no DE 1012 8 0) given in Clau e 7

IEC takes no p sition con ernin the eviden e, val dity and s o e of this p tent rig t

The holder of this p tent rig t has as ured the IEC that he/s e is wi in to negotiate l cen es

either f re of c arge or u der re sona le an non-dis riminatory terms an con ition with

a pl cants throu hout the world In this resp ct, the statement of the holder of this p tent

rig t is registered with IEC Inf ormation may b o tained fom:

Roh e & Sc warz GmbH & Co KG

Muehldorf stras e 15

816 1 Muen hen

German

At ention is drawn to the p s ibi ty that some of the elements of this doc ment may b the

s bject of p tent rig ts other than those identified a ove IEC s al not b held resp n ible for

identifyin an or al s c p tent rig ts

ISO (www.iso.org/p tents) an IEC (ht p:/ p tents.iec.c ) maintain on-l ne data b ses of

p tents relevant to their stan ard Users are en ouraged to con ult the data b ses f or the

most up to date information con ernin p tents

SPECIFICA TION FOR RA DIO DISTURBANCE A ND IMMUNITY

Part 1-1: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus –

Measuring apparatus

This p rt of CISPR 16 sp cifies the c aracteristic an perf orman e of eq ipment for the

me s rement of radio disturb n e in the feq en y ran e 9 kHz to 18 GHz In ad ition,

req irements are provided for sp cial zed eq ipment for dis ontin ou disturb n e

me s rements

NOT In a c rd n e with IEC Guid 10 , CISPR 16- - is a b sic EMC sta d rd for u e b pro u t c mmite s

of th IEC As state in Guid 10 , pro u t c mmite s are re p n ible f or d terminin th a plc bi ty of th

EMC sta d rd CISPR a d its s b-c mmite s are pre are to c -o erate with pro u t c mmite s in th

e alu tio of th v lu of p rtic lar EMC te ts f or s e ific pro u ts

The sp cif i ation in this stan ard a ply to EMI receivers an sp ctrum analy ers The term

“me s rin receiver” u ed in this stan ard refers to b th EMI receivers an sp ctrum

analy ers The cal bration req irements for me s rin receivers are detai ed in An ex J

Further g idan e on the u e of u e of sp ctrum analy ers an s an in receivers can b

f ou d in An ex B of an one of the f olowin stan ard : CISPR 16-2-1:2 14, CISPR 1

6-2-2:2 10 or CISPR 16-2-3:2 10

The folowin doc ments, in whole or in p rt, are normatively referen ed in this doc ment an

are in isp n a le f or its a pl cation For dated ref eren es, only the edition cited ap l es For

u dated referen es, the latest edition of the referen ed doc ment (in lu in an

amen ments) a pl es

CISPR 1 :20 9 2 15, Ind ustrial, scient ific a d med ic l e uipme t – Rad io-fe u n y

d ist urb n e c ara teristics – Limits a d met hods of me sureme t

CISPR 14-1:2 0 , El ectroma n t ic c mp t ibility – Re uireme ts for h use ol d a pl ian es,

ele tric to ls a d simil ar a parat us – Part 1: Emis ion

CISPR 14-1:2 0 /AMD1:2 0

CISPR 16-2-1:2 0 2 14, Sp cific t ion for rad io disturb n e a d immu ity me surin

a p rat us a d met hods – Part 2-1: Methods of me sureme t of d isturb n es a d immu ity –

Co du ted d isturb n e me sureme ts

CISPR 16-2-2:2 0 2 10, Sp cific tion for rad io dist urb n e a d immu ity me surin

a p rat us a d met hods – Part 2-2: Methods of me sureme t of d isturb n es a d immu ity –

Measureme t of d ist urb n e p wer

Amen ment 1 (2 0 )

Amen ment 2 (2 0 )

CISPR 16-2-3:2 0 2 10, Sp cific tion for radio d isturb n e a d immu ity me surin

a p rat us a d meth ds – Part 2-3: Met hods of me sureme t of dist urb n es a d immu ity –

Rad iated d isturb n e me sureme ts

CISPR 16-2-3:2 10/AMD1:2 10

CISPR 16-2-3:2 10/AMD2:2 14

CISPR TR 16-3:2 0 2 10, Sp cific tion for rad io d isturb n e a d immu ity me suring

a p rat us a d meth ds – Part 3: CISP R t ec nic l re orts

Amen ment 1 (2 0 )

Amen ment 2 (2 0 )

CISPR TR 16-3:2 10/AMD1:2 12

CISPR TR 16-3:2 10/AMD2:2 15

IEC 6 0 0-161:19 0, I nt ern tion l Ele trot ec nic l Vo a ulary (IEV) – Ch pter 161:

Ele troma n tic c mp t ibility

3 Terms and def initions

For the purp ses of this doc ment, the terms an definition given in IEC 6 0 0-161, an the

ran e sp cified by the man facturer whic gives the maximum an the minimum meter

in ication within whic the me s rin receiver me ts the req irements of this p rt of

time ne ded af ter the in tantane u a pl cation of a con tant sine-wave voltage to the stage

immediately preceding the input of the detector f or the output voltage of the detector to re c

6 % of its final value

Note 1 to e try: This time c n ta t is d termin d a f olows: a sin -wa e sig al of c n ta t ampltu e a d h vin

a fe u n y e u l to th mid-b n f re u n y of th IF amplfier is a ple to th in ut of th sta e imme iately

pre e in th d te tor Th in ic tio , D, of a in trume t h vin n in rtia (e.g a o ci o c p ) c n e te to a

termin l in th d.c amplfier circ it s a n t to aff ect th b h vio r of th d te tor, is n te

Th le el of th sig al is c o e s c th t th re p n e of th sta e c n ern d remain within th ln ar

o eratin ra g A sin -wa e sig al of this le el a ple f or a lmite time o ly a d h vin a wa e train of

re ta g lar e v lo e is g te s c th t th d f l ctio re istere is 0,6 D Th d ratio of this sig al is e u l to

th c arg time of th d te tor

3.4

ele tric l dis harg time consta t

T

D

time ne ded af ter the in tantane u removal of a con tant sine-wave voltage a pled to the

stage immediately precedin the input of the detector for the output of the detector to f al to

3 % of its initial value

Note 1 to e try: Th meth d of me s reme t is a alo o s to th t for th c arg time c n ta t, b t in te d of a

sig al b in a ple f or a lmite time, th sig al is interu te for a d f i ite time Th time ta e f or th d f l ctio

V

Note 1 to e try: Imp ls are , s metime ref er e to a imp ls stre gth, is ty ic ly e pre s d in µVs

or dB(µVs)

Note 2 to e try: Sp ctral d n ity (D) is relate to imp ls are a d e pre s d in µV/MHz or dB(µV/MHz) For

re ta g lar imp ls s of p ls d ratio T at f re u n ie f< 1/T, th relatio s ip D (µV/MHz) = 2×10

6

A

imp(µVs)

is the gain of the circ it at the centre f eq en y

Sp cifical y for two critical y-coupled tu ed tran formers,

Note 1 to e try: Se A.2 f or furth r informatio

3.7

me s ring re eiv r

in trument s c as a tu a le voltmeter, an EMI receiver, a sp ctrum analy er or a FFT-b sed

me s rin in trument, with or without preselection, that me ts the req irements of the

relevant p rts of this stan ard

NOT 1 Th term “me s rin re eiv r” u e in this sta d rd ref ers to b th EMI re eiv rs a d s e trum

a aly ers

Note 1 to e try: Se An e I for furth r informatio

is the p riod of fe os i ation of the in trument with al dampin removed.

Note 1 to e try: For a critic ly d mp d in trume t, th e u tio of motio of th s stem ma b write a :

ki

dtd

It c n b d d c d f rom this relatio th t this time c n ta t is als e u l to th d ratio of a re ta g lar p ls (of

c n ta t ampltu e) th t pro u e a d fle tio e u l to 3 % of th ste d d fle tio pro u e b a c ntin o s

c re t h vin th s me ampltu e a th t of th re ta g lar p ls

Note 2 to e try: Th meth d of me s reme t a d a ju tme t are d d c dfom o e of th folowin :

a) th p rio of f re o ci atio h vin b e a ju te to 2 T

M, d mpin is a d d s th t αT = 0,3 α

ax

b) wh n th p rio of o ci atio c n ot b me s re , th d mpin is a ju te to b ju t b low critic l s c th t

th o erswin is n t gre ter th n 5 % a dth mome t of in rtia of th mo eme t is s c th t αT = 0,3 α

ax

3.9

ov rloa f actor

ratio of the level that cor esp n s to the ran e of practical l ne r f un tion of a circ it (or a

group of circ its) to the level that cor esp n s to ful -s ale def lection of the in icatin

in trument

Note 1 to e try: Th ma imum le el at whic th ste d -state re p n e of a circ it (or gro p of circ its) d e n t

d p rt b more th n 1 dB f rom id al ln arity d fin s th ra g of pra tic l ln ar f un tio of th circ it (or gro p of

circ its)

3.10

s mmetric volta e

radio-f req en y disturb n e voltage a p arin b twe n the two wires in a two-wire circ it,

s c as a sin le-phase main s p ly This is sometimes cal ed the dif ferential mode voltage

3.1

weighting (of e.g impulsive disturb n e)

pulse- e etition-f req en y (PRF) de en ent con ersion (mostly red ction) of a p ak-detected

impulse voltage level to an in ication that cor esp n s to the inter eren e eff ect on radio

rece tion

Note 1 to e try: For th a alo u re eiv r, th p y h p y ic l a n y n e of th interere c is a s bje tiv

q a tity (a dible or vis al u u ly n t a c rtain n mb r of mis n ersta din s of a s o e te t)

Note 2 to e try: For th digital re eiv r, th interf ere c ef fe t is a o je tiv q a tity th t ma b d fin d b th

critic l bit eror ratio (B R) or bit eror pro a i ty (B P) for whic p rf ect eror c re tio c n sti o c r or b

a oth r, o je tiv a d re ro u ible p rameter

3.1 1

weighte disturba c me s reme t

me s rement of disturb n e u ing a weig tin detector

3.1 2

weighting c ara teristic

p ak voltage level as a fu ction of PRF for a con tant eff ect on a sp cific radiocommu ication

s stem, i.e the disturb n e is weig ted by the radiocommu ication s stem itself

3.1 3

weighting dete tor

detector whic provides an agre d weig tin fu ction

3.1 4

weighting f actor

value of the weig tin fu ction relative to a referen e PRF or relative to the p ak value

Note 1 to e try: Weig tin f actor is e pre s d in dB

3.1 5

weighting f unction

weighting c rv

relation hip b twe n input p ak voltage level an PRF for con tant level in ication of a

me s rin receiver with a weig tin detector, i.e the c rve of resp n e of a me s rin

receiver to re e ted pulses

– f or the p ak detector, the ef fective time to detect the maximum of the sig al en elo e

– f or the q asi-p ak detector, the eff ective time to me s re the maximum of the weig ted

– f or the average detector, the ef fective time to average the sig al en elo e

– f or the rms detector, the ef fective time to determine the rms of the sig al en elo e

3.13

o eration that, u der sp cified con ition , in a first ste , esta l s es a relation b tween the

in ication

Note 1 to e try: A c lbratio ma b e pre s d b a stateme t, c lbratio fu ctio , c lbratio dia ram,

c lbratio c rv , or c lbratio ta le In s me c s s, it ma c n ist of a a ditiv or multiplc tiv c re tio of th

in ic tio with a s ciate me s reme t u c rtainty

Note 2 to e try: Calbratio s o ld n t b c nfu e with a ju tme t of a me s rin s stem, of te mista e ly

c le “s lfc lbratio ”, n r with v rif i atio of c lbratio

Note 3 to e try: Of te , th f irst ste alo e in th a o e d finitio is p rc iv d a b in c lbratio

3.14

v rif ic tion

provision of o jective eviden e that a given item f ulfi s sp cified req irements

EX MPLE Ch c in wh th r th fu ctio s of a me s rin in trume t or a xi ary e uipme t, s c a a c mmo

mo e a s rptio d vic (CMA ), me ts state s e if i atio s, s c a th s giv n ina d ta s e t

[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 9 :2 0 , 2.4 , modified – ad ition of an example] [17]

3.15

a ju tme t (of a me s ring sy tem)

set of o eration car ied out on a me s rin s stem so that it provides pres rib d in ication

Note 1 to e try: Ty e of a ju tme t of a me s rin s stem in lu e z ro a ju tme t of a me s rin s stem,

comp n ation for an estimated s stematic eff ect

Note 1 to e try: Se Guid ISO/CEI 9 -3:2 0 , 3.2.3 [16] f or a e pla atio of ‘s stematic eff ect’

Note 2 to e try: Th c mp n atio c n ta e dif fere t forms, s c a a a d n or a f actor, or c n b d d c d

f rom a ta le

[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 9 :2 0 , 2.5 ] [17]

3.17

pro erty of a me s rement res lt where y the res lt can b related to a referen e throu h a

[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 9 :2 0 , 2.41] [17]

4 Quasi-peak measuring re eivers f or the f requency ra ge 9 kHz to 1 000 MHz

The receiver sp cification de en s on the feq en y of o eration There is one receiver

sp cification coverin the f req en y ran e 9 kHz to 15 kHz (Ban A), one coverin 15 kHz

to 3 MHz (Ban B), one coverin 3 MHz to 3 0 MHz (Ban C), an one coverin 3 0 MHz

to 1 0 0 MHz (Ban D) Fu damental c aracteristic of a q asi-p ak me s rin in trument

are provided in An ex H

Sp ctrum analy ers an FFT-b sed me s rin in truments that me t the req irements of this

me s rement time

4.2 Input impe a c

The input circ it of me s rin receivers s al b u b lan ed F r receiver control setin s

within the CISPR in ication ran e, the input imp dan e s al b nominal y 5 Ω with a voltage

stan in wave ratio (VSWR) not to ex e d 2,0:1 when the radio f req en y (RF) at en ation is

0 dB an 1,2:1 when the RF at en ation is 10 dB or gre ter

Symmetric input imp dan e in the f req en y ran e 9 kHz to 3 MHz: to p rmit s mmetrical

me s rements a b lan ed input tran former is u ed The pref er ed input imp dan e for the

f req en y ran e 9 kHz to 15 kHz is 6 0 Ω This s mmetric input imp dan e may b

in orp rated either in the relevant s mmetrical artificial network neces ary to couple to the

receiver or o tional y in the me s rin receiver

4.3 Sin -wa e volta e a c ra y

The ac urac of me s rement of sine-wave voltages s al b b t er than ± 2 dB when the

in trument me s res a sine-wave sig al with 5 Ω resistive source imp dan e

4.4 Re p ns to puls s

4.4.1 Ampl tud relations ip (absolute c l bration)

Ref er in to Ta le 1, the resp n e of the me s rin receiver to pulses of impulse are of

a) µVs (microvolt secon ) e.m.f at 5 Ω source imp dan e, havin a u iform sp ctrum up to

at le st b) MHz, re e ted at a f req en y of c) Hz s al , for al f eq en ies of tu in , b eq al

to the resp n e to an u mod lated sine-wave sig al at the tu ed f req en y havin an e.m.f

of rms value 2 mV [6 dB(µV)]

When external pre mpl fiers are u ed, ref er to An ex J for a plca le req irements

The source imp dan es of the pulse generator an the sig al generator s al b th b the

same A toleran e of ± 1,5 dB s al b p rmit ed on the sine-wave voltage level

Table 1 – Te t puls c ara teristic f or q a i-pe k

NOT An e e B a d C d s rib meth d f or d terminin th o tp t c ara teristic of a p ls g n rator for u e

in te tin th re uireme ts of this s b la s

4.4.2 Variation with repetition fre ue c (relativ c l bration)

The resp n e of the me s rin receiver to re e ted pulses s al b s c that for a con tant

in ication on the me s rin receiver of e.g 2 dB(µV), the relation hip b twe n pulse

ampl tu e an re etition f eq en y is in ac ordan e with Fig res 1, 2, 3 an 4 The resp n e

of a sp ctrum analy er without preselection to re e ted pulses s al b identical to Fig re 1

f or pulse re etition f eq en ies eq al to or gre ter than 2 Hz

that f or a con tant voltage setin of the pulse generator of e.g 5 dB(µV) at re etition

o p site sig con ition

For al me s rements, a s ff i ient sig al-to-noise ratio is req ired The u e of a 10 dB

at en ator at the output of the pulse generator is recommen ed

Figure 1a) 1 – Puls re pons c rv (Ban A)

IE C

10

Pulse re et i o fre u n y (Hz) 2

10 1

102

101

103

102

101

Figure 1d) 4 – Theoretic l puls re pons c rve of qua i-pe k dete tor re eiv rs

a d a era e d te tor re eiv r (s e 6.5.4)

The resp n e c rve f or a p rtic lar me s rin receiver s al l e b twe n the l mits defined in

the a pro riate fig re an q antified in Ta le 2 For sp ctrum analy ers without preselection,

the req irements in Ta le 2 for pulse re etition f req en ies les than 2 Hz are not

a pl ca le The u e of s c in truments for compl an e testin is con itional If s c

sp ctrum analy ers are u ed for me s rements, the u er s al verify an doc ment that the

eq ipment u der test do s not emit bro db n sig als of pulse re etition f req en ies of

2 Hz or lower A determination of the s ita i ty of a sp ctrum analy er for testin s al b

made by p rormin the proced re doc mented in An ex B of CISPR 16-2-1:2 14, An ex B of

CISPR 16-2-2:2 10, or An ex B of CISPR 16-2-3:2 10

The pulse resp n e is restricted d e to overlo d at the input to the receiver at feq en ies

a ove 3 0 MHz The values marked with an asteris (*) in Ta le 2 are o tional an are not

NOT 1 Th influ n e of th re eiv r c ara teristic u o its p ls re p n e is c n id re in An e D

NOT 2 Th relatio s ip b twe n th p ls re p n e of a q a i-p a re eiv r a d re eiv rs with oth r

d te tor ty e are giv n in 5.5, 6.5 a d 7.5

NOT 3 Th th oretic l p ls re p n e c rv s of q a i-p a a d a era e d te tor re eiv rs c mbin d o a

a s lute s ale are s own in Fig re 4 Th ordin te of Fig re 4 s ows th o e -circ it imp ls are s indB(µVs)

c r e p n in to th o e -circ it sin -wa e v lta e of 6 dB(µV) rms Th in ic tio o a me s rin re eiv r

with a in ut matc e to th c lbratin g n rators wi th n b 6 dB(µV) Wh re th me s rin b n width is

le s th n th p ls re etitio fe u n y, th c rv s of Fig re 4 are v ld wh n th re eiv r is tu e to a dis rete

4.5.1 Ov ral s le tivity (pa sba d)

The c rve re resentin the overal selectivity of the me s rin receiver s al le within the

l mits s own in Fig re 5, 6 or 7

Selectivity s al b des rib d by the variation with f eq en y of the ampl tu e of the input

sine-wave voltage that prod ces a con tant in ication on the me s rin receiver

15 kHz (e.g main sig al n e uipme t a d fin d in EN 5 0 5- ), a hig -p s f ilter ma c n b a d d in fo t

of th me s rin re eiv r to a hie e th c mbin d s le tivity of CISPR me s rin re eiv r a d hig -p s f ilter a

The me s rin receiver in conju ction with the hig -p s fi ter s ould me t the

req irements of this stan ard

4.5.2 Interme iate fre u nc reje tion ratio

The ratio of the input sine-wave voltage at the intermediate f req en y to that at the tu ed

f req en y that prod ces the same in ication of the me s rin receiver s al b not les than

4 dB Where more than one intermediate f eq en y is u ed, this req irement s al b met at

e c intermediate f eq en y

4.5.3 Ima e fre u nc reje tion ratio

The ratio of the input sine-wave voltage at the image f req en y to that at the tu ed feq en y

that prod ces the same in ication on the me s rin receiver s al b not les than 4 dB

Where more than one intermediate feq en y is u ed, this req irement s al b met at the

image f req en ies cor esp n in to e c intermediate f req en y

Fig re 7 – Limits of ov ral s le tivity –

Pa s ba d (s e 4.5.1, 5.6, 6.6, 7.6) Ba ds (C a d D)

4.5.4 Oth r spurious re p ns s

The ratio of the input sine-wave voltage at feq en ies other than those sp cif ied in 4.5.2 an

4.5.3 to that at the tu ed f eq en y that prod ces the same in ication on the me s rin

receiver s al b not les than 4 dB Examples of the f eq en ies f rom whic s c spuriou

resp n es may oc ur are as f olows:

0i

L

1

an1

f

kf

lo al o ci ator a d interme iate f re u n ie u e In a ditio , s urio s re p n e ma c n o c r wh n n in ut

sig al is a ple to th me s rin re eiv r; for e ample, wh n h rmo ic of th lo al o ci ators diff er in f re u n y

b o e of th interme iate f re u n ie Th re uireme ts of this s b la s th ref ore c n ot a ply in th s later

c s s Th eff ect of th s s urio s re p n e is d alt with in 4.7 Ex mple of s urc s of s urio s sig als in lu e

lo al o ci ators (or th ir h rmo ic ), intern l clo k , c mp ter b ard , a d th ir mixin pro u ts with th in ut

sig al into th re eiv r

4.6 Limitation of intermodulation eff ects

The influen e of intermod lation ef fects on the resp n e of the me s rin receiver s al b

minimized The f ol owin method s al b a pl ed to determine the s ita i ty of a me s rin

in trument

Ar an e the a p ratu as s own in Fig re 8 The pulse generator has a sp ctrum s

b-stantial y u if orm up to f req en y 3) but at le st 10 dB down at feq en y 4) of the

IEC

7 k Hz/ 6 dB

–1,5 dB

2 k Hz/ 1,5 dB –50 k Hz/ 6 dB

f req en ies given in Ta le 4 The b n -sto fi ter has an at en ation at the test feq en y of

at le st 4 dB Its b n width, B

6, relative to the maximum aten ation of the f ilter s al l e

b twe n the f req en ies 1) an 2) given in Ta le 4

NOT Folowin th dis u sio in 4.6, th me s rin re eiv r re p n e are:

α

2

= α

2– 3 dB

Figure 8 – Ar a g me t f or testin intermodulation ef fe ts

Table 4 – Ba dwidth c ara teristic f or intermodulation te t

Con ect the sine-wave generator output direct to the me s rin receiver input an adju t for

a con enient re din Substitute the pulse generator f or the sine-wave generator an adju t

f or the same re din The pulse re etition f eq en y s al b 10 Hz f or Ban A an 1 0 0 Hz

f or the other b n s

With the pulse generator con ected as des rib d a ove, switc in the f ilter into circ it s al

introd ce aten ation of not les than 3 dB for me s rin receivers, an of not les than

2 dB for sp ctrum analy ers without preselection

4.7 Limitation of re eiv r nois a d intern l y g nerate spurious signals

1+ N) d viate b 1 dB fom th ln ar c ara teristic

Sin -wav e g n rator

4.7.2 Continuous wa e

Where more than one intermediate f req en y is u ed, The existen e of spuriou resp n es as

des rib d in the note to 4.5.4 s al not introd ce a me s rement er or in ex es of 1 dB for

an sig al input to the me s rin receiver For a me s rin receiver in orp ratin aten ation

in the IF ampl fier, This req irement s al b regarded as satisfied if the receiver compl es

with 4.7.1 when tested as des rib d in 4.7.1 ex e t that the aten ation in the intermediate

stages s al b introd ced af ter the last mixer stage

4.8 Scre nin ef fe tiv ne s

Scre nin ef fectivenes is a me s re of the a i ty of the me s rin receiver to o erate in an

electromag etic f ield without degradation The req irement a pl es to receivers o eratin

within the "CISPR in ication ran e" sp cif ied by the man f acturer as defined in 3.2

The s re nin of the receiver s al b s c that when it is immersed in an ambient

electromag etic field of 3 V/m (u mod lated) at any f req en y in the ran e 9 kHz to

1 0 0 MHz, an er or of not gre ter than 1 dB is prod ced at the maximum and minimum of the

CISPR in ication ran e as sp cif ied by the man facturer of the receiver In cases where a

me s rin receiver is not immu e to the req irement of 3 V/m, the field stren th an

f req en y at whic the er or ex e d 1 dB s al b stated by the man f acturer The test s al

b p rormed as des rib d b low

The receiver is placed in ide a s re ned en los re An input sig al is a pl ed to the receiver

via a 2 m lon wel -s re ned ca le (e.g semi- igid), throu h a fe dthrou h in the en los re

wal, to a sig al generator placed outside the en los re The level of the input sig al s al b

at the maximum an the minimum of the CISPR in ication ran e as sp cified by the

man facturer of the receiver Al other co xial terminals of the receiver s al b terminated in

their c aracteristic imp dan e

Only es ential le d (e.g main an input ca les) f or the normal u e of the me s rin

receiver in its minimum con g ration (ex lu in o tion s c as he dphones) s al b

con ected d rin the test The le d s al have the len th an b ar an ed as in typical u e

The stren th of the ambient f ield in the vicinity of the me s rin receiver s al b me s red

by a field stren th monitor

The receiver meter in ication in the presen e of the ambient electromag etic field s al diff er

by not more than 1 dB f om the meter in ication when the field is a sent

4.8.2 Limitation of ra io- re ue c emis ions from the me s ring re eiv r

The radio disturb n e voltage at an con ectin pin of external l nes (not only the main

terminals) s al not ex e d the lmits f or clas B eq ipment given in CISPR 1

The me s rement of the radio disturb n e voltage is however not req ired on the in er

con u tors of s re ned con ection to s re ned eq ipment The local os i ator injection

p wer at the me s rin receiver input terminated with its c aracteristic imp dan e s al not

ex e d 3 dB(pW) whic is eq ivalent to 51 dB(µV) acros 5 Ω

4.8.2.2 Ra iate emis ions

The radio disturb n e field stren th emit ed by the me s rin receiver s al not ex e d the

l mits f or clas B eq ipment given in CISPR 1 , f or the f req en y ran e of 9 kHz to

1 0 0 MHz The lmits s al also a ply for f req en y b n s (ISM f req en ies) l sted in Ta le 1

of the same publ cation In the f req en y ran e of 1 GHz to 18 GHz, a l mit of 4 dB(pW) s al

a ply, b sed on an ERP me s rement

Before p r ormin radiated an con u ted emis ion me s rements, it is es ential that the

noise contribution of the test eq ipment do not aff ect the me s red res lts (e.g computer

control)

4.9 Fa i tie for conne tion to a dis ontin ous disturba c a alyzer

For al b n s, the disturb n e me s rin receiver s al have b th an intermediate-f req en y

output an an output f rom the q asi-p ak detector if the in trument is to b u ed for the

me s rement of dis ontin ou disturb n e The lo din of this output s al have no in uen e

on the in ication of the in trument me s rement res lt

5 Me suring receivers with pea detector f or the f requency range 9 kHz to

18 GHz

This clau e sp cifies req irements for me s rin receivers employin a p ak detector when

u ed f or the me s rement of impulsive or pulse-mod lated disturb n e

Sp ctrum analy ers an FFT-b sed me s rin in truments that me t the req irements of this

clau e can b u ed f or compl an e me s rements For emis ion me s rements, FFT-b sed

me s rement time

5.2 Input impe a c

The input p rt of the me s rin receivers s al b u b lan ed For receiver control setin s

within the CISPR in ication ran e, the nominal input imp dan e s al b 5 Ω with a VSWR

not to ex e d the values in Ta le 5

Table 5 – VSWR re uireme ts f or re eiv r input impe a c

Freq ency ran e RF aten atio

Symmetric input imp dan e in the feq en y ran e 9 kHz to 3 MHz: a b lan ed input

tran former is to b u ed for s mmetric ( hat is, u grou ded) me s rements (The pref er ed

input imp dan e is 6 0 Ω for the f eq en y ran e 9 kHz to 15 kHz.) Symmetric input

imp dan e may b in orp rated either in the relevant s mmetrical artificial network req ired

to couple to the receiver or, o tional y, in the me s rin receiver itself

5.3 Fund me tal c ara teristic

For al typ s of bro db n disturb n e, the actual value of the b n width s al b stated

when the disturb n e level is q oted an the b n width is within the values in Ta le 6

Table 6 – Ba dwidth re uireme ts f or me s ring re eivers with pe k dete tor

0,15 MHz to 3 MHz (Ba d B) 8 kHz to 10 kHz

a

9 kHz (B

6)

3 MHz to1 0 0 MHz (Ba d C a d D) 10 kHz to 5 0 kHz

a

12 kHz (B

6)

a

1 MHzb

(B

imp)

a

Sin e th re p n e of a p a me s rin re eiv r to n n-o erla pin p ls s is pro ortio al to its imp ls

b n width, eith r th a tu l b n width is q ote in th re ult or th le el ma b q ote a "in a 1 MHz

b n width", c lc late b dividin th me s re v lu b th imp ls b n width in MHz (s e 3.6) For oth r

ty e of bro d a d disturb n e, this pro e ure ma intro u e a eror Th refore, d ta me s re with th

ref ere c b n width s al ta e pre e e c

b

Th b n width s le te s al b d fin d a th imp ls b n width of th me s rin re eiv r with a tolera c

of ±10%

5.3.2 Charge a d dis harge time consta ts ratio

In order to ac ieve a meter re din within 10 % of the true value of the p ak at a re etition

rate of 1 Hz, the ratio of dis harge time con tant to c arge time con tant s al b eq al to or

gre ter than the fol owin values:

NOT For re eiv rs th t u e p a h ld (a d f orc d dis h rg af ter th h ld time) or digital p a d te tio

te h iq e , th re uireme t o th c arg /dis h rg time c n ta ts ratio is n t rele a t A ma imum-h ld f un tio

of th dis la ma c n b u e f or sig als with time-v ryin ampltu e

If a sp ctrum analy er is u ed f or p ak me s rements, the vide b n width (B

vid o) s al be

set to a value gre ter than or eq al to the resolution b n width (B

re ol) F r p ak

me s rements, the res lt can b re d f rom the sp ctrum analy er display with the detector

o eratin either in the l ne r or logarithmic mode

5.3.3 Ov rloa f actor

For p ak me s rin receivers, the overlo d factor do s not ne d to b as hig as it is for

other typ s of me s rin receivers For most direct- eadin detectors, the overlo d factor

s al b sl g tly larger than u ity The overlo d factor s al b adeq ate for the time-con tants

u ed (se 5.3.2)

5.4 Sine-wa e volta e a c ra y

The ac urac of sine-wave voltage me s rement s al b b ter than ± dB (± ,5 dB a ove

1 GHz) when the in trument me s res a sine-wave sig al u in a 5 Ω resistive source

resp n e to an u mod lated sine-wave sig al at the tu ed feq en y havin an e.m.f with

rms value of 2 mV [6 dB(µV)] The source imp dan es of b th the pulse generator an the

sig al generator s al b the same The pulses s al have a u if orm sp ctrum ac ordin to

Ta le 2 A toleran e of ±1,5 dB is p rmit ed in the sine-wave voltage level, an this is a

req irement for al pulse re etition f req en ies f or whic no overla pin pulses oc ur at the

output of the IF amplfier

NOT 1 An e e B a d C d s rib meth d f or d terminin th o tp t c ara teristic of p ls g n rators for u e

in te tin for th re uireme ts of this s b la s

NOT 2 At a re etitio rate of 2 Hz f or Ba d A a d 10 Hz f or th oth r b n s, th relatio s ip b twe n th

in ic tio s of a p a me s rin re eiv r a d a q a i-p a me s rin re eiv r with th prefere b n width are

NOT 1 Th p ls re p n e is b s d o th u e of th ref ere c b n width o ly (s eTa le 6)

NOT 2 Th v lu s in this ta le re ult fom th n min l s e ific tio of th d te tor weig tin f un tio s

Th refore, v rif i atio b a c lbratio la oratory is n t re uire

Ab ve 1 GHz, the req ired impulse are is defined u in a pulse-mod lated car ier at the

f req en y of test, sin e pulse generators with a u iform sp ctrum up to 18 GHz are not

f easible Se E.6

5.6 Sele tivity

Sin e the b n width req irements stated in 5.3.1 al ow variation fom the b n width s own

in Fig res 5, 6 an 7, these selectivity c rves a ply to p ak me s rin receivers in regard to

s a e only, an the f eq en y axis s al b s aled ac ordin ly For example, B

6/2

cor esp n s to 10 Hz in Fig re 5

The req irements in 4.5.2, 4.5.3 an 4.5.4 a ply

The c rve re resentin the overal selectivity of the me s rin receiver ref eren e b n width

for Ban E s al l e within the l mits of Fig re 9

NOT 1 Th lmits f or th imp ls b n width c n ot b s own in th dia ram, a th relate fiter ate u tio

d p n s o th ty e of th f ilter Th ref ore b u d f or th 6-dB a d th 9-dB b n width h v b e giv n f or

orie tatio

NOT 2 Th lmits f or th o eral s le tivity h v b e d riv d f rom e uipme t b in in u e at th time of

intro u tio of th s le tivity re uireme t

Fig re 1 – Limits for the ov ral s le tivity – Pa s ba d (Ba d E)

5.7 Intermodulation ef fe ts, re eiv r nois , a d s re ning

For the f req en y ran e b low 1 GHz, the req irements stated in 4.6, 4.7 an 4.8 a ply

Subclau es 4.7 an 4.8.2 a ply also f or Ban E

In ad ition, the folowin a pl es f or Ban E

– Req irements f or intermod lation ef fects are u der con ideration

– Preselection fi ter for Ban E: when me s rin low level spuriou sig als in the presen e

of a stron f un amental sig al for certain eq ipment-u der test, in ert a fi ter at the

me s rin receiver’s input (internal y or external y) whic provides adeq ate at en ation

at the fu damental f req en y to protect the input circ its of the receiver f rom overlo d an

damage an to prevent the generation of harmonic an intermod lation sig als

NOT 3 dB f ilter ate u tio at th fu d me tal f re u n y of th e uipme t-u d rte t is n rmaly a e u te

NOT 2 Se eral f ilters ma b re uire tod al with more th n o e fu d me tal fe u n y

Req irements for s re nin ef fectivenes , that is, the immu ity to hig ambient radiated

disturb n es, are u der con ideration

6 Me suring receivers with average detector f or the f requency range 9 kHz to

18 GHz

Average me s rin receivers are generaly not u ed for the me s rement of impulsive

disturb n e This typ of receiver has a detector desig ed to in icate the average value of the

en elo e of the sig al p s ed throu h the pre-detector stages The average detector is u ed

to me s re nar owb n sig als to overcome pro lems as ociated with either mod lation

content or the presen e of bro db n noise

Sp ctrum analy ers an FFT-b sed me s rin in truments that me t the req irements of this

clau e can b u ed for compl an e me s rements For emis ion me s rements, FFT-b sed

me s rement time

6.2 Input impe a c

The input p rt of the me s rin receiver s al b u b lan ed For receiver control setin s

within the CISPR in ication ran e, the input imp dan e s al b nominal y 5 Ω with a VSWR

not to ex e d the values stated in Ta le 5

Symmetric (b lan ed) input imp dan e in the f req en y ran e of 9 kHz to 15 kHz: u e a

b lan ed input tran f ormer for s mmetrical ( hat is, u grou ded) me s rements (The

prefer ed input imp dan e f or the feq en y ran e of 9 kHz to 15 kHz is 6 0 Ω) Symmetric

input imp dan e may b in orporated either in the relevant s mmetrical artificial network

req ired to couple to the receiver or, o tional y, in the me s rin receiver itself

6.3 Fund me tal c ara teristic

The b n width s al l e within the values s own in Ta le 8

Table 8 – Ba dwidth re uireme ts f or me s ring re eiv rs with a era e dete tor

a

9kHz (B

6)

3 MHz to1 0 0 MHz (Ba d C a d D) 10 kHz to 5 0 kHz

a

12 kHz (B

6)

a

1 MHzb

(B

imp)

a

Th s bje t of b n width is dis u s d in E.1 If a b n width oth r th n th ref ere c BW is u e , this

b n width s al b state wh n th disturb n e le el is re orte

imp

in Hz

The receiver s al not overlo d for pulse rates eq al to or gre ter than 2 Hz for Ban A,

5 0 Hz for Ban B, an 5 0 0 Hz f or Ban s C an D

NOT With this ty e of re eiv r, in g n ral it is n t p s ible to pro id a s ff i ie t o erlo d f actor to pre e t

n n-ln ar o eratio of th re eiv r at v ry low p ls rate (th re p n e to a sin le p ls is n t d f i e )

6.4 Sin -wa e volta e a c ra y

The ac urac of sine-wave voltage me s rement s al b b t er than ± dB (± ,5 dB a ove

1 GHz) when the receiver me s res a sine-wave sig al with 5 Ω resistive source imp dan e

6.5 Re p ns to puls s

NOT An e e B a d C d s rib meth d for d terminin th o tp t c ara teristic of p ls g n rators f or u e

in te tin th re uireme ts of this cla s in th f re u n y ra g b low 1 GHz

6.5.2 Ampl tud relations ip

Up to 1 0 0 MHz, the average detector is defined as f olows (l ne r average): the resp n e of

the me s rin receiver to pulses of re etition rate n Hz an impulse are of 1,4/n mVs

e.m.f.at 5 Ω source imp dan e, s al b eq al to the resp n e to an u mod lated sine-wave

sig al at the tu ed f req en y havin an e.m.f with rms value of 2 mV [6 dB(µV)] The source

imp dan es of b th the pulse generator an the sig al generator s al b the same The

pulses s al have a u if orm sp ctrum ac ordin to data s own in Ta le 2 The value of n s al

b 2 Hz f or Ban A, 5 0 Hz f or Ban B, an 5 0 0 Hz for Ban s C an D A toleran e of 2,5

dB/– ,5 dB 1,5 dB/–1,5 dB is p rmited on the sine-wave voltage level

NOT 1 At re etitio fe u n ie of 2 Hz, 10 Hz, 5 0 Hz, 1 0 0 Hz a d 5 0 0 Hz, th relatio s ip b twe n th

in ic tio s of a a era e a d a q a i-p a me s rin re eiv r of th s me b n width, a s min a e u te

o erlo d fa tors a d a c n ta t o tp t le el is giv n in Ta le 9

Table 9 – Relativ puls re pon e of a era e a d qua i

NOT 1 Th p ls re p n e is b s d o th u e of th ref ere c b n width o ly (s e Ta le 8)

NOT 2 Valu s in p re th s s are for informatio o ly

NOT 3 Th v lu s in this ta le re ult fom th n min l s e if i atio of th d te tor weig tin f un tio s

Th ref ore, v rific tio b a c lbratio la oratory is n t re uire

Ab ve 1 GHz (Ban E), two modes of the average (weig tin ) detector are defined − l ne r

an logarithmic:

For the l ne r average detector, the resp n e of the me s rin receiver to pulses of re etition

rate n Hz an impulse are of 1,4/n mVs e.m.f at 5 Ω source imp dan e s al b eq al to

the resp n e of an u mod lated sine-wave sig al at the tu ed f eq en y havin an e.m.f of

rms value of 2 mV [6 dB(µV)] The pulse s al b defined as a pulse-mod lated car ier The

value of n s al b 5 0 0 Hz A toleran e of ± 1,5 dB is p rmit ed on the sine-wave voltage

level

For the logarithmic average detector, the resp n e of the me s rin receiver to pulses of

re etition rate 33 kHz (in erse of p riod 3 µs) an impulse are of 6,7 nVs e.m.f at 5 Ω

source imp dan e s al b equal to the resp n e of an u mod lated sine-wave sig al at the

tu ed feq en y havin an e.m.f with rms value of 2 mV [6 dB(µV)] A toleran e of ± 4 dB is

al owed on the sine-wave voltage level ( he 10 % toleran e of the b n width cau es a

p s ible variation of a proximately ± 2,5 dB)

in order to ac ieve pro er averagin b sed on the re etition

f eq en y of the me s red sig al For me s rements b sed on a red ction of the vide

b n width, en ure the s an in time is s f ficiently lon to al ow the vide f ilter to resp n

cor ectly

NOT 2 For a era e (weig te ) me s reme ts in th ln ar mo e, th re ult wi c re p n to th a era e le el

of th me s re sig al If th lo arithmic mo e is u e , th re ult wi c re p n to th a era e of th lo arithmic

v lu s of th me s re sig al Th s, for a s u re-wa e sig al ta in altern tiv ly th v lu s 2 dB(µV) a d

6 dB(µV), th le el o tain d in th lo arithmic mo e is 4 dB(µV), wh re s in th ln ar mo e, th le el of

5 ,1 dB(µV) re re e ts th tru a era e v lu of th sig al

6.5.3 Variation with repetition fre ue c

The resp n e to re etitive pulses of a me s rin receiver eq ip ed with a l ne r average

detector s al b s c that, f or a con tant in ication on the me s rin receiver, the

relation hip b twe n ampl tu e an re etition f eq en y is in ac ordan e with the fol owin

con ideration

NOT 1 Th th oretic l p ls re p n e c rv s of q a i-p a a d a era e d te tor re eiv rs, c mbin d o a

a s lute s ale, are s own in Fig re 4 Th re p n e to re e te p ls s of th me s rin re eiv r e uip e with a

lo arithmic a era e d te tor (a o e 1 GHz) is in u n e b th n is le el b twe n th p ls s Usin th

NNP

P

lo Av

TT

LTL

T

L

++

6.5.4 Re pon e to intermit e t, unste dy a d drif ting nar owba d disturba c s

The resp n e to intermit ent, u ste d an driftin nar owb n disturb n es s al b s c

that the me s rement res lt is eq ivalent to the p ak re din of a meter with a time con tant

of 16 ms f or Ban s A an B an of 10 ms f or Ban s C an D, as de icted in Fig re 1 The

time con tant is as defined in A.3.2 This can b ac ompl s ed by a meter simulatin network

f ol owin the en elo e detector of the receiver The p ak re din may b taken, f or example,

by contin ou monitorin of the meter output u in an A/D con erter an a micro roces or,

as s own in Fig re 10

Figure 10 – Bloc dia ram of a a era e dete tor

For Ban E, the meter time con tant f or the l ne r average detector is 10 ms For the

logarithmic average detector, the req irement is u der con ideration

It is ded ced f rom the a ove req irement that an average me s rin receiver s al yield the

maximum re din lsted in Ta le 10 f or a radio f eq en y sine-wave input sig al mod lated

with re e ted rectan ular pulses havin the d ration an p riod in icated in the ta le A

toleran e of ±1,0 dB is al owed f or this req irement

Table 10 – Ma imum re din of a era e me s ring re eiv rs f or a

puls -modulate sine-wa e input in comparison with the re p ns to

NOT In Ba d E, this a ple f or th ln ar a era e d te tor o ly

NOT 1 Th re p n e s own is c u e b a intermite t n rowb n sig al with a d ratio of 0,3 s a d a

re etitio f re u n y of Hz, wh n a time c n ta t of 10 ms is u e If th time c n ta t is 16 ms, th p a s at

th o tp t of th metersimulatin n twork wi b lower

NOT 2 Th re p n e to intermite t n rowb n disturb n e ma c n als b d f i e f or th lo arithmic

a era e d te tor o eratin with a c rtain vid o b n width, for e ample, 10 Hz, a d th ma imum h ld fu ctio of

6.6 Sele tivity

For receivers with a b n width of 2 0 Hz (for the f req en y ran e 9 kHz to 15 kHz) or a

b n width of 9 kHz (for f eq en y ran e 0,15 MHz to 3 MHz) the overal selectivity s al b

within the l mits s own in Fig re 5 an 6, resp ctively For receivers with a b n width of

12 kHz (f or the f eq en y ran e 3 MHz to 1 0 0 MHz), the overal selectivity s al b within

the l mits s own in Fig re 7 For receivers havin other b n width , Fig res 5, 6 an 7

des rib the s a e only an the f req en y axis s al b s aled ac ordin ly The c rve

re resentin the overal selectivity of the me s rin receiver referen e b n width for Ban E

s al l e within the l mits of Fig re 9

The req irements of 4.5.2, 4.5.3 an 4.5.4 a ply

NOT For th me s reme t of e uipme t th t re uire hig er s le tivity at th tra sitio b twe n 13 kHz a d

15 kHz (or e ample, main sig aln e uipme t a d fin d in EN 5 0 5- [18]

6.7 Intermodulation ef fe ts, re eiv r nois , a d s re ning

The req irements in 5.7 s al a ply

7 Me suring receivers with rms-avera e dete tor f or the f requenc range

9 kHz to 18 GHz

RMS-average weig tin receivers employ a weig tin detector that is a combination of the

rms detector (for pulse re etition feq en ies a ove a corner f req en y f

c) an the average

detector (for pulse re etition feq en ies b low the corner f req en y f

c), th s ac ievin a

pulse resp n e c rve with the f ol owin c aracteristic : 10 dB/decade a ove the corner

f eq en y an 2 dB/decade b low the corner f req en y

Sp ctrum analy ers an FFT-b sed me s rin in truments that me t the req irements of this

clau e can b u ed f or complan e me s rements For emis ion me s rements, FFT-b sed

me s rement time

7.2 Input impe a c

The input circ it of me s rin receivers s al b u b lan ed For receiver control setin s

within the CISPR in ication ran e, the input imp dan e s al b nominal y 5 Ω with a VSWR

not to ex e d the values in Ta le 1

_ _ _ _ _ _ _

2

Fig re in s u re bra k ts refer to th Biblo ra h

Table 1 – VSWR re uireme ts of input impe a c

Symmetric input imp dan e in the feq en y ran e 9 kHz to 3 MHz: to p rmit s mmetrical

me s rements, a b lan ed input tran former is u ed The pref er ed input imp dan e for the

f req en y ran e 9 kHz to 15 kHz is 6 0 Ω This s mmetric input imp dan e may b

in orp rated either in the relevant s mmetrical artificial network neces ary to couple to the

receiver or o tional y in the me s rin receiver

7.3 Fund me tal c ara teristic

The b n width s al l e within the values of Ta le 12

Table 12 – Ba dwidth re uireme ts f or me s ring re eiv rs with rms-a era e dete tor

6)

6)

6)

imp)

NOT Th c o e v alu in b n E is d fin d a t he imp ls b n width of th me s rin

re eiv r with a tolera c of ± 10%

Ab ve the corner f req en y f

c, sp cif ied b low, the overlo d f actor for circ its precedin the

detector at a pulse re etition rate of n Hz s al b 1,2 (B

3/n)/2

× (f

c/ n)

NOT 1 “Corn r f re u n y” is th p ls re etitio fe u n y a o e whic th rms-a era e d te tor b h v s lk

a rms d te tor a d b low whic th rms-a era e d te tor h s th slo e of a ln ar a era e d te tor

The minimum pulse re etition rate without overlo d s al conform to the values given in

Ta le 13

Table 13 – Minimum puls repetition rate without ov rloa

Freq ency ran e of

pre e t n n-ln ar o eratio of th in trume t at v ry low p ls re etitio rate f or s ort p ls s in Ba d C/D a d

E (th re p n e to a s ort sin le p ls is o ly th oretic ly d f i e in th s b n s)

NOT 3 An e A d s rib s th c lc latio f or th o erlo d fa tor for th rms d te tor An e B d s rib s th

d termin tio of th p ls g n rator s e trum An e C d s rib s th a c rate me s reme t of th o tp t le els

of n n s c n p ls g n rators

NOT 4 For Ba d E, th te t ma c n b ma e with a p ls -mo ulate sin -wa e sig al with a o c pie

b n width of e.g 2 MHz E.6 giv s th s e if i atio of a a plc ble te t sig al

7.4 Sin -wa e volta e a c ra y

The ac urac of sine-wave voltage me s rement s al b b t er than ± dB (± ,5 dB a ove

1 GHz) when the receiver me s res a sine-wave sig al with a 5 Ω resistive source

imp dan e

7.5 Re p ns to puls s

7.5.1 Constru tion detai s

The detector f un tion can b re resented by an rms detector that contin ou ly determines

rms values d rin p riod of time eq al to the reciprocal of the corner feq en y f

c These

rms values are then p s ed throu h a secon order low-p s fi ter that cor esp n s to the

critical y damp d in ication that is sp cified f or the q asi-p ak detector, the time con tant of

whic is defined up to 1 GHz F r Ban E, the time con tant is 10 ms In case of variation

with time, the maximum output of the low-p s fi ter is the me s rement res lt

NOT An e e B, C a d E d s rib meth d for d terminin th o tp t c ara teristic of p ls g n rators f or

u e in te tin th re uireme ts of this cla s

7.5.2 Ampl tud relations ip

The r esp n e of the me s r in r eceiver for Ban A to pulses of impulse are 2 8 × (B

3)/2

µVs

e.m.f at a 5 Ω source imp dan e whic have a u if orm sp ctrum up to at le st the hig est

tu e ble feq en y of Ban A, an re e ted at a f req en y of 2 Hz, s al f or al f eq en ies

of tu in , b eq al to the resp n e to an u mod lated sine-wave sig al at the tu ed

f eq en y havin an e.m.f of 2 mV [6 dB(µV)] rms F r the me s rin receivers for Ban s B,

C, D an E, the cor esp n in values are 4 × (B

3)

1/2

µVs an 1 0 0 Hz The source

imp dan es of the pulse generator an the sig al generator s al b th b the same A

toleran e of ± 1,5 dB is p rmit ed in the sine-wave voltage levels pres rib d a ove

NOT An e A d s rib s th c lc latio f or th p ls re p n e of th rms d te tor At a re etitio fe u n y of

2 Hz a d 10 Hz (ie th q a i-p a d te tor refere c p ls re etitio fe u n y), re p ctiv ly, th relatio s ip

b twe n th in ic tio s of a rms-a era e a d a q a i-p a me s rin re eiv r of th s me b n width is giv n in

Ta le 14

When external pre mpl fiers are u ed, ref er to An ex J for a plca le req irements

Table 14 – Relativ puls re p ns of rms-a era e a d

NOT Th v lu s in this ta le re ult fom th n min l s e ific tio of th d te tor weig tin f un tio s

Th refore, v rif i atio b a c lbratio la oratory is n t re uire

7.5.3 Variation with repetition fre ue c

The resp n e of the me s rin receiver to re e ted pulses s al b s c that, for a con tant

in ication on the me s rin receiver, the relation hip b twe n ampltu e an re etition

f req en y a ove the corner feq en y f

the relation hip s al b in ac ordan e with the f ol owin rule:

ampl tude pro ortional to (re etition f req en y)

7.5.4 Re pon e to intermit e t, unste dy a d drif ting nar owba d disturba c s

The resp n e to intermit ent, u ste d an drif tin nar owb n disturb n es s al b s c

that the me s rement res lt is eq ivalent to the p ak re din of a meter with a time con tant

of 16 ms f or Ban s A an B an of 10 ms for Ban s C, D an E This can b ac ompls ed

by the meter simulatin network (analog or digital) to whic the rms values des rib d in 7.5.1

are u ed as input

It is ded ced fom the a ove req irement that an rms-average me s rin receiver s al yield

the maximum re din lsted in Ta le 9 for a radio f requen y sine-wave input sig al mod lated

with re e ted rectan ular pulses havin the d ration an p riod in icated in Ta le 16 A

toleran e of ±1,0 dB is al owed f or this req irement

Table 16 – Ma imum re ding of rms-a era e me s ring re eiv rs f or a

puls -modulate sine-wa e input in comparison with the re p ns to

NOT Th v lu for th Ba d A/B re eiv r c n v ry b a o t ± 0,5 dB d e to

v ryin o erla pin of th 16 ms p ls d ratio with th 10 ms rms inte ratio

time d ratio

7.6 Sele tivity

The selectivity c rves for the rms-average weig tin receiver s al b eq al to those of

Fig res 5, 6 an 7, f or Ban s A, B, C an D F r the Ban E receiver, the selectivity c rve is

given in Fig re 9

The req irements of 4.5.2, 4.5.3 and 4.5.4 a ply For Ban E receivers, req irements are

u der con ideration

7.7 Intermodulation ef fe ts, re eiv r nois , a d s re ning

For the f req en y ran e b low 1 GHz, the req irements of 4.6, 4.7 an 4.8 a ply Subclau es

4.7 an 4.8.2 also a ply for Ban E

For Ban E, the f ol owin a pl es:

– req irements f or intermod lation ef fects are u der con ideration

– preselection f ilter: when me s rin we k spuriou sig als in the presen e of a stron

fu damental sig al f rom certain eq ipment u der test, a f ilter s al b provided at the

input of the me s rin receiver to en ure adeq ate at en ation at the fu damental

feq en y to protect the input circ its of the receiver f om overlo d an damage, an to

prevent the generation of harmonic an intermod lation sig als

NOT 1 3 dB f ilter ate u tio at th f un ame tal f re u n y of th e uipme t u d r te t is n rmaly

a e u te

NOT 2 A n mb r of s c fiters ma b re uire to d al with more th n o e fu d me tal fe u n y

Req irements f or s re nin ef fectivenes , i.e the immu ity to hig ambient radiated

disturb n es, are u der con ideration

8 Me suring receivers for the f requency ra ge 1 GHz to 18 GHz with ampl tude

probabi ity distribution (A PD) measuring f unction

APD of disturb n e is defined as the c mulative distribution of the “pro a i ty of time that the

ampl tu e of disturb n e ex e d a sp cified level”

APD can b me s red at the output of the en elo e detector or the s c e din circ its of an

RF me s rin receiver or a sp ctrum analy er The ampl tu e of disturb n e s ould b

expres ed in terms of the cor esp n in field stren th or voltage at the receiver input

Us al y, an APD me s rement is car ied out at a f i ed feq en y

The APD me s rin fu ction wi b an ad itional f un tion of the me s rin a p ratu an

may b atac ed to, or in orp rated in the me s rin in trument

The APD me s rin f un tion can b implemented u in the fol owin method One a pro c

u es comp rators an cou ters (Fig re G.1) The eq ipment determines the pro a i ties of