IEC 61 892 1 Edition 3 0 201 5 07 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD NORME INTERNATIONALE Mobile and fixed offshore units – Electrical installations – Part 1 General requirements and conditions Unités mobiles et[.]
General 1 1
This clause contains conditions and requirements which are common to all equipment and installations in the IEC 61 892 series
Electrical installations in units shall be such that:
– essential services will be maintained under various emergency conditions;
– the safety of crew, contractors, visitors and unit will be ensured;
– the requirements with respect to safety in this standard are considered;
– the requirements of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) are met as far as applicable;
– the requirements of the IMO MODU Code are met as far as applicable.
For floating and mobile units, all machinery and equipment shall operate satisfactorily under the static and dynamic inclination limits according to IEC 61 892-5
The appropriate authority may have additional requirements which have to be complied with
NOTE Emergency conditions are normally defined in the safety assessment of the installation.
Acceptance of substitutes or alternatives 1 2
In the IEC 61892 series, the use of alternative equipment, construction, or arrangements is permitted as long as they are equally effective and reliable as the specified types.
Additions and alterations 1 2
Before making any additions or alterations to an existing installation, whether temporary or permanent, it is essential to verify that the ratings and condition of the affected accessories, conductors, switchgear, and other components are sufficient for the new requirements.
Key factors influencing the design of existing systems include current-carrying capacity, short-circuit levels, voltage drop, harmonics, stability, and the effective discrimination of protective devices.
Environmental conditions 1 2
General 1 2
Electrical equipment shall operate satisfactorily under various environmental conditions
Environmental conditions are characterised by a number of variables:
– one set including mainly climatic conditions, biological conditions, conditions dependent upon chemically and mechanically active substances and mechanical conditions;
– another set dependent mainly upon locations in unit, operational patterns and transient conditions
NOTE For further information regarding environmental conditions in conjunction with some selected locations, operational patterns and transient conditions which are considered to be generally representative, see IEC 60721 -3-6.
Design parameters 1 2
Design parameters based on environmental conditions applicable to certain types of equipment may be determined according to location Where no data is available, Table 1 and Table 2 give recommended values
In specific regions, such as the Arctic, it is essential to account for temperatures that may fall below those listed in the tables Conversely, in other areas, higher temperatures than those provided must also be considered.
For a specific project, the project documentation may give specific information regarding ambient temperature In absence of such information, the following may be used:
In other parts of the IEC 61 892 series, where no "high air temperature" has been specified as a design parameter for equipment, a value of 45 ºC shall apply
Where equipment is designed to operate with temperatures higher or lower than those stated in Table 1 , permissible temperature rises may be reduced or increased accordingly
Table 1 – Operational design parameters – Ambient temperature
Control and instrumentation − 25 (open deck)
NOTE The lower design temperature will normally be specified in the product standard
Sea water temperature is max 32 °C
Design values for relative humidity are given in Table 2
Table 2 – Design parameters – Relative humidity
Materials 1 3
All electrical equipment must be made from durable, flame-retardant, and moisture-resistant materials that can withstand atmospheric conditions and temperature variations without deteriorating.
Equipment enclosures located outdoor, in naturally ventilated and wash down areas shall be made of proven seawater resistant materials
NOTE 1 Examples of such material are seawater resistant aluminium, stainless steel or UV resistant plastic material
Suitable means shall be taken to prevent galvanic corrosion when securing dissimilar metals, for example aluminium to the steel structure or hull of a unit
NOTE 2 For further information regarding environmental conditions; refer to IEC 60721 -3-6.
Power supply system characteristics 1 4
General 1 4
The equipment must operate effectively when connected to general distribution systems, taking into account variations in voltage and frequency, as well as harmonic distortion and conducted disturbances The characteristics of these general distribution systems are detailed in the subsequent subclauses.
When sourcing power supply from the shore, it is crucial to consider how variations in supply quality, compared to the specifications outlined in this clause, can impact equipment performance.
In systems where semiconductors contribute significantly to the overall rating, it is possible to mitigate harmonics It is essential to implement measures that reduce the impact of these harmonics on the distribution system to ensure safe operation Additionally, caution is advised when selecting consumers connected to an electric power supply system that exceeds the specified harmonic content limits.
Electrical equipment that demands a higher quality power supply may necessitate local enhancements When supplementary equipment is installed to ensure this elevated power quality, it must often be duplicated and segregated to the same extent as the electrical devices it supports.
Proper installation of electrical equipment is crucial, as it can significantly impact the local power supply quality and interact with existing harmonics in the overall distribution system.
Variable frequency/voltage systems may be admissible provided safe operation of the system is assured and equipment is suitably rated for the expected variations.
AC distribution systems 1 4
The voltages referred to in 4.6.2.2 are measured at the point where the equipment is installed
Electric motors are typically engineered to handle a range of voltage and frequency variations that fall below the specified limits For detailed guidelines on the combined voltage and frequency variations applicable to electric motors, refer to IEC 60034-1.
Requirements to voltage characteristics are given in Table 3 Tolerances are expressed in a percentage of the nominal voltage
− % Voltage unbalance tolerance including phase voltage unbalance as a result of unbalance of load according to
• slow transients e.g due to load variations tolerance
+ − % maximum 1 ,5 s Voltages are root mean square (r.m.s.) unless otherwise stated
In systems with three-phase AC motors that comply with the IEC 60034 series, the negative sequence component must remain below 1% of the positive sequence component for extended durations, and below 1.5% for short periods not exceeding a few minutes Additionally, the zero sequence component should not exceed 1% of the positive sequence component.
Transient voltage at equipment installation points can reach as low as -20% For optimal operation, a contactor requires a control supply voltage of at least 85% of its rated value Additionally, the contactor must maintain functionality at voltages above 75% of the rated control supply voltage.
The sum of voltage excursions at any point on the system (tolerances and transients) from nominal voltage should not exceed + − 20 20 %
For voltage harmonic distortion, acceptance limits shall correspond to IEC 61 000-2-4:2002, Class 1 In addition no single harmonic shall exceed 3 %
Distorting equipment emission levels shall be such that the above limits shall not be exceeded in normal operating conditions
In specific installations where a design study confirms that compliance with IEC 61 000-2-4:2002, Class 1 requirements is unfeasible, acceptance of higher values as outlined in Class 2 may be permitted This is contingent upon the generation and distribution equipment, as well as consumers, being designed to function effectively at these elevated limits.
IEC 61 000-2-4:2002 (Table 2) Class 1 states that no single harmonic shall exceed 3 % and the THD shall not exceed 5 %
IEC 61 000-2-4:2002 (Table 2) Class 2 states that no single harmonic shall exceed 6 % and the THD shall not exceed 8 %
Requirements to frequency characteristics are given in Table 4 Tolerances are expressed in a percentage of the nominal frequency
Frequency transients recovery time maximum 5 s
The sum of frequency excursions at any point on the system (tolerances and transients) from nominal frequency should not exceed 1 2 , 5
Frequency tolerance for generators in "island mode" must be established, while stricter values are required when operating in parallel with an external grid These values should be mutually agreed upon by the network owners.
A typical value when operating in parallel with an external network is ±2,5 %.
DC distribution systems 1 6
Tolerances for DC system are given in Table 5 Tolerances are expressed in a percentage of the nominal voltage, measured at the equipment terminal
Table 5 –Tolerances for DC system
Voltage ripple (AC r.m.s over steady DC voltage, battery in fully loaded condition) 2 %
Depending of the different configuration of battery charger and batteries system, voltage over
During full or boost charging, the DC system may experience up to 10% of its nominal value It is essential to implement appropriate measures to ensure that the voltage at the equipment terminal remains within the specified limits.
Configuration with load directly connected to battery charger and battery system without any voltage stabilizer device shall be accepted only in absence of load sensible to voltage variation over 1 0 %
The transient recovery time shall not exceed 2 s maximum
Fast transients e.g spikes caused by switching, peak impulse voltage amplitude shall not exceed the values given in Table 6
System voltage Peak impulse voltage amplitude
NOTE The figures are in accordance with IEC 60664-1 Values for DC systems with rated voltage above 1 000 V are not given in that standard
Manual disconnection 1 7
Electrical apparatus must be de-energized from a designated location, such as the central control room, to prevent hazards like fire spread However, any electrical equipment that is essential for preventing further danger should not be part of the emergency switch-off circuit.
For special requirements to shutdown of equipment in hazardous areas due to emergency situations such as gas leakage, reference is made to IEC 61 892-7.
Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres 1 7
Electrical equipment and cables should ideally be placed in non-hazardous areas If this is not feasible, they must be situated in the least hazardous location possible.
Apparatus intended for use in explosive gas atmospheres must adhere to IEC 61892-7 standards This equipment should be designed and tested according to the IEC 60079 series requirements, ensuring it is certified for its intended purpose under specific ambient temperatures and environmental conditions, as approved by the relevant authority.
NOTE In most countries, it is required that certification is done by an independent testing authority.
Clearance and creepage distances 1 7
The distances between live components of varying potentials, as well as between live parts and earthed metal cases, must be sufficient for the operating voltage This consideration should take into account the type of insulating material used and the specific service conditions.
NOTE Information regarding clearance and creepage distances are given in the specific equipment standards, referred to in IEC 61 892-3
Insulating materials and insulated windings shall be resistant to moisture, sea air and oil vapour, unless special precautions are taken to protect insulants against such agents
Insulating materials used in critical applications, like busbar supports, must exhibit adequate resistance to tracking It is advisable that the comparative tracking index of these materials meets or exceeds 175, as specified by IEC 60112.
Equipment shall be so designed and installed as to permit its being maintained and inspected as required for all its parts
The design and construction of the equipment shall minimize the exposure of workers to arc- flash hazards, electric shock and explosions, during operation, inspection and maintenance activities
Designing equipment for thermographic inspection is advisable, typically necessitating the installation of portholes in the switchboard for access to critical connection components Consequently, type testing of the switchboard must be conducted with these portholes in place The arrangements for enabling thermographic inspection should be discussed collaboratively between the designer or owner and the switchboard manufacturer.
Cable glands, bushings, and fittings for screwed conduits must be appropriate for the specific cables used and should enable easy cable entry into the equipment Additionally, all entries must preserve the level of protection offered by the enclosure of the related equipment.
When dealing with explosion-protected equipment, it's crucial to recognize that gas or vapor leaks and flame propagation can happen through the gaps between the strands of standard stranded conductors or the individual cores of a cable To mitigate these risks, construction techniques such as compacted strands, sealing of individual strands, and the use of an inner sheath can be implemented to minimize leakage and prevent flame spread.
4.1 3 Precautions against vibration and mechanical shock
Equipment shall be unaffected by vibration and shock likely to arise under normal service Connections shall be secured against becoming loose due to vibration
NOTE For guidance regarding shock testing, see IEC 60068-2-27
4.1 4 Location of electrical equipment in units
Major electrical equipment shall, wherever possible, be installed in rooms with a controlled atmosphere Such equipment includes
• electrical switchgears and distribution boards/panels,
• motor starters and feeders including contactors and breakers,
Regarding installations in hazardous areas, reference is made to IEC 61 892-7
Electrical equipment shall be placed so that, as far as practicable, it is not exposed to risk of mechanical damage
Special attention to protection of electrical equipment against mechanical damage should be given in storage, loading and other exposed areas
4.1 6 Protection from heat, water, steam and oil
Electrical equipment must be carefully chosen and positioned to minimize exposure to harmful elements such as saliferous atmospheres, water, steam, oil, and ice It should be placed away from boilers, pipes, and engine exhausts unless specifically designed for those environments If pipes are necessary near electrical equipment, they should not have any joints in the immediate vicinity.
For specific requirements to installation of electrical equipment, see IEC 61 892-6
When installing sprinkler heads or water mist systems for fire-fighting, it is crucial to carefully consider the placement of electrical equipment that could be adversely impacted by accidental activation of the extinguishing system This is especially important for switchgear and switch rooms, where an alternative fire extinguishing method should be implemented.
All electrical equipment must have an enclosure that meets a minimum protection level of IP2X or include basic protection measures as specified by IEC 61140.
When equipment or enclosures contain live parts that cannot be isolated by a single device, a warning notice must be prominently displayed to alert individuals accessing these live parts about the necessity of using appropriate isolating devices, unless an interlocking system is in place to ensure all circuits are isolated.
NOTE For information regarding IP codes, see Annex A
Enclosures must meet the protection levels specified in Table 9 of IEC 61892-2:2012 They should possess sufficient mechanical strength and rigidity, ensuring that their design and the operation of the internal equipment remain unaffected by distortions, vibrations, or movements of the unit's structure, as well as potential damage risks.
For additional requirements to mobile units, see IEC 61 892-5
The design, construction and maintenance shall, wherever possible, consider:
• the impact on the environment;
• the efficient use of generated power;
• the use of high efficient motors and VSD to optimize power consumption, e.g motors;
• the use of low-loss transformers, generators and other high power equipment;
• the re-use of waste energy in HVAC installations;
• the use of high efficient with long life lamps lighting fixtures
Consideration should be given to establishing an energy management system
Energy optimization by use of brake energy or waste heat recovery should be evaluated
Annex A (informative) Degree of protection
Definitions of numerals in the IP code
Tables A.1 and A.2 give information regarding the IP code, as found in IEC 60529
Table A.1 – Degrees of protection against foreign objects indicated by the first characteristic numeral
1 Protected against solid objects of 50 mm ỉ and greater The object probe, sphere of 50 mm ỉ, shall not fully penetrate a
2 Protected against solid foreign objects of 1 2,5 mm ỉ and greater
The object probe, sphere of 1 2,5 mm ỉ, shall not fully penetrate a
3 Protected against solid objects of 2,5 mm ỉ and greater The object probe, sphere of 2,5 mm ỉ, shall not penetrate at all a
4 Protected against solid objects of 1 mm ỉ and greater The object probe, sphere of 1 ,0 mm ỉ, shall not penetrate at all a
5 Dust-protected Ingress of dust is not totally prevented, but dust shall not penetrate in a quantity to interfere with satisfactory operation of the apparatus to impair safety
6 Dust-tight No ingress of dust
Second characteristic numeral 6 will also include protection against heavy seas
NOTE 1 For information about degrees of protection against access to hazardous parts indicated by an additional letter and/or a supplementary letter, see IEC 60529
NOTE 2 IEC 60034-5 provides information about degrees of protection for rotating electrical machines. a The full diameter of the object probe shall not pass through an opening of the enclosure.
Table A.2 – Degrees of protection against water indicated by the second characteristic numeral
1 Protected against vertically falling water drops Vertically falling drops shall have no harmful effects
2 Protected against vertically falling water drops when enclosure tilted up to 1 5°
Vertically falling drops shall have no harmful effects when the enclosure is tilted at any angle up to 1 5° on either side of the vertical
3 Protected against spraying water Water sprayed at an angle up to 60° on either side of the vertical shall have no harmful effects
4 Protected against splashing water Water splashed against the enclosure from any direction shall have no harmful effects
5 Protected against water jets Water projected in jets against the enclosure from any direction shall have no harmful effects
6 Protected against powerful water jets Water projected in powerful jets against the enclosure from any direction shall have no harmful effects
Devices are designed to be protected against the harmful effects of temporary water immersion Under standardized conditions of pressure and time, water ingress that could cause damage is not possible.
The enclosure is designed to be protected against the harmful effects of continuous water immersion It ensures that water ingress, in amounts that could cause damage, is prevented when submerged under conditions agreed upon by the manufacturer and user, which are more stringent than those specified in numeral 7.
9 Protected against high pressure and temperature water jets Water projected at high pressure and high temperature against the enclosure from any direction shall not have harmful effects
Second characteristic numeral 6 will also include protection against heavy seas
NOTE 1 IEC 60529 provides information about degrees of protection against access to hazardous parts indicated by an additional letter and/or a supplementary letter
NOTE 2 For information about degrees of protection for rotating electrical machines, see IEC 60034-5
Annex B (informative) Cold climate precautions
The extreme climate in arctic regions renders the environmental conditions outlined in section 4.4 irrelevant for units operating there, as temperatures can plummet to as low as −60 °C.
For units required to operate in arctic areas the following needs to be considered:
• the suitability of materials for cold climate Plastic materials may not be suitable if they become brittle at the actual temperature;
• an increased use of heat tracing;
• anti-condensation heaters to be used in enclosures located in outdoor areas;
Motors must be equipped with bearings and lubrication systems that are appropriate for anticipated low temperatures According to IEC 60034-1, the minimum design ambient air temperature for any machine is -15 °C, while specific machines require a minimum of 0 °C, as detailed in section 6.4 of IEC 60034-1:2010.
• an emergency light with integral battery may not be suitable due to reduced battery capacity at low temperature;
• fluorescent lighting may not be suitable as they may not start up in low temperature Also the light output may decrease at lower temperature;
• the cable insulation and jacket material shall be suitable for these low temperatures;
Ex equipment is typically certified for a minimum temperature of -20 °C However, at temperatures below this threshold, the internal explosion pressure can increase, necessitating that the Ex equipment be certified for the specific, lower temperature conditions.
• when necessary, cable trays are to be designed for the expected ice and snow load;
• the capacity of emergency power sources needs to be specially evaluated
Annex C (informative) Specification of surface treatment and protective painting system
Objectives
This annex establishes criteria for specification of surface treatment and protective painting system to be applied on electrical equipment for use in offshore environment.
General and specification
General
The surface treatment and the protective painting system play a fundamental role in the integrity and maintenance aspects of electrical equipment in an offshore environment, especially for “Ex” equipment
Considerations should be made depending of the fabrication process and material of the electrical equipment, to adequately specify the required protective painting system or surface treatment
The classification of the installation or usage environment for electrical equipment must consider the specifications of the protective painting system, in accordance with the requirements outlined in ISO 9223.
The types of surface and surface preparation for the protective paint system should be considered and applied in accordance to the requirements set forth in ISO 1 2944-4
The protective painting system should be specified according to the requirements set forth in ISO 1 2944-5, taking into account the atmospheric corrosivity category and the required durability performance
The protective painting system performance should be evaluated by laboratory performance test methods, in accordance with the requirements set forth in ISO 1 2944-6
For explosion-protected equipment, the protective painting system must comply with IEC 60079-0 standards, which specify limitations on the thickness of non-metallic layers This limitation is crucial for allowing the dissipation of electrostatic charges to the ground, preventing the accumulation of static electricity to potentially incendiary levels.
Atmospheric corrosivity categories for protective painting systems
For the purposes of the protective painting system, atmospheric environments are classified into the following six atmospheric-corrosivity categories according to ISO 9223:
– C5: very high corrosivity (industrial environments);
Table C.1 shows the classification of atmospheric environments according to ISO 9223 as well as typical examples of outdoor and indoor atmospheres
Table C.1 – Description of typical atmospheric environments related to the estimation of corrosivity categories
Corrosivity category Environment corrosivity Indoor atmospheres Outdoor atmospheres
C1 Very low Heated spaces with low relative humidity and insignificant pollution, e.g offices
Dry or cold zone, atmospheric environment with very low pollution and time of wetness
Unheated spaces with varying temperature and relative humidity Low frequency of condensation and low pollution, e.g storage
Temperate zone, atmospheric environment with low pollution, e.g rural areas
Spaces with moderate frequency of condensation and moderate pollution from production process, e.g food processing plants, laundries
Temperate zone, atmospheric environment with medium pollution, e.g urban areas, coastal areas with low deposition of chlorides
Spaces with high frequency of condensation and high pollution from production process, e.g industrial processing plants
Temperate zone, atmospheric environment with high pollution, e.g polluted urban areas, industrial areas, coastal areas without spray of salt water or, exposure to strong effect of de- icing salt
Spaces with very high frequency of condensation and/or with high pollution from production process, e.g mines
Temperate and subtropical zone, atmospheric environment with very high pollution and/or significant effect of chlorides, e.g industrial areas, coastal areas, sheltered positions on coastline
Spaces with almost permanent condensation or extensive periods of exposure to extreme humidity effects and/or with high pollution from production process
Subtropical and tropical zone, atmospheric environment with very high SO 2 pollution and production factors and/or strong effect of chlorides e.g coastal and offshore areas, occasional contact with salt spray.
Durability performance of a protective painting system
The level of coating failure before the first major maintenance painting shall be specified in accordance with ISO 4628-1 to ISO 4628-5, unless otherwise agreed between the interested parties
The durability range outlined in ISO 12944-1 is not a guarantee of longevity but serves as a technical guideline for owners to establish an effective maintenance program Regular maintenance of painting systems is essential, as factors such as fading, chalking, wear and tear, and other influences may necessitate more frequent upkeep.
The degradation of protective coatings, including issues like blistering, rusting, cracking, and flaking, must be evaluated in accordance with ISO 4628-1 to ISO 4628-5 standards It is assumed, based on Annex A of ISO 12944-5:2007, that the initial major maintenance painting for corrosion protection will occur once the coating reaches a rusting degree classified as "Ri3."
According to ISO 4628-3, a protective painting system's durability is determined by the condition of rusted areas, specifically when they constitute 1% of the total area This precondition is further elaborated in ISO 12944-1, which categorizes durability into three distinct ranges.
– low (L): durability between 2 to 5 years;
– medium (M): durability between 5 to 1 5 years;
– high (H): durability more than 1 5 years
General purpose “Ex” equipment must be specified with a painting system that meets the corrosion category C3M as outlined by ISO 12944-1 For general applications, the surface treatment should typically provide medium (M) durability.
Other corrosion categories, e.g C4M, C5-M and C5-I, should be specified for more aggressive environments, such as polluted, industrial onshore or offshore application installation
When selecting the corrosive category for "Ex" equipment, users must consider the specific environmental characteristics of the installation site and any aggressive external influences Additionally, the durability performance of the protective painting system should be chosen based on factors such as reliability, maintenance costs, and the availability of repair options.
The maintenance requirements of a IIC non- metallic layer requires frequent and special attention when installed in Atmospheric Corrosive Category CX Extreme (Marine environment)
DC distribution systems
A typical configuration of DC distribution systems are shown in Figure D.1
Figure D.1 – Typical configuration of DC distribution system
When connecting a battery bank to DC distribution systems for charging and discharging, it is essential to ensure that the load's voltage tolerance aligns with the battery bank's voltage limits.
Transient voltages (minimum and maximum voltage limits) shall be specified by the power supply manufacturer
The transient recovery time shall not exceed 2 s maximum
Voltage tolerance (normal continuous operation) ±1 0%
IEC 60050 (all parts), International electrotechnical vocabulary (available at
IEC 60068-2-27, Environmental testing – Part 2-27: Tests – Test Ea and guidance: Shock
IEC 601 1 2, Method for the determination of the proof and the comparative tracking indices of solid insulating materials
IEC 60364-7-71 0, Electrical installations of buildings – Part 7-710: Requirements for special installations or locations – Medical locations
IEC 60529, Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP Code)
IEC 60664-1 , Insulation coordination for equipment within low-voltage systems – Part 1: Principles, requirements and tests
IEC 60721 -3-6, Classification of environmental conditions – Part 3: Classification of groups of environmental parameters and their severities – Ship environment
IEC 61 892-3, Mobile and fixed offshore units – Electrical installations – Part 3: Equipment
ISO 4628-1 outlines the evaluation of degradation in paints and varnishes, focusing on the designation of the quantity and size of defects, as well as the intensity of uniform changes in appearance This standard provides a general introduction and a systematic approach for assessing coating quality, ensuring consistency in the evaluation process.
ISO 4628-2 outlines the evaluation of coating degradation, specifically focusing on the assessment of blistering This standard provides guidelines for designating the quantity and size of defects, as well as the intensity of uniform changes in appearance It is essential for ensuring the quality and durability of paints and varnishes in various applications.
ISO 4628-3 outlines the evaluation of coating degradation, specifically focusing on the assessment of rusting This standard provides guidelines for designating the quantity and size of defects, as well as the intensity of uniform changes in appearance It is essential for ensuring the durability and aesthetic quality of paints and varnishes in various applications.
ISO 4628-4 outlines the evaluation of coating degradation, specifically focusing on the assessment of cracking This standard provides guidelines for designating the quantity and size of defects, as well as the intensity of uniform changes in appearance It is essential for ensuring the quality and durability of paints and varnishes in various applications.
ISO 4628-5 outlines the evaluation of coating degradation, specifically focusing on the assessment of flaking This standard provides guidelines for designating the quantity and size of defects, as well as the intensity of uniform changes in appearance It is essential for ensuring the quality and durability of paints and varnishes in various applications.
ISO 9223, Corrosivity of metals and alloys – Corrosivity of atmospheres – Classification, determination and estimation
ISO 1 2944-1 , Paints and varnishes – Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems – Part 1: General introduction
ISO 1 2944-4, Paints and varnishes – Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems – Part 4: Types of surface and surface preparation
ISO 1 2944-5:2007, Paints and varnishes – Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems – Part 5: Protective paint systems
ISO 1 2944-6, Paints and varnishes – Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems – Part 6: Laboratory performance test methods and associated assessment criteria
This article outlines general requirements and conditions, including the acceptance of alternative methods, environmental conditions, and material specifications It discusses the characteristics of power supply systems, covering both alternating and direct current distribution systems Key topics include manual disconnection, electrical equipment for explosive gas atmospheres, isolation distances, maintenance, and inspection protocols Additionally, it addresses precautions against mechanical shocks and vibrations, as well as protection against heat, water, steam, and oil The article also emphasizes the importance of environmental impact and includes informative annexes on protection degrees, cold climate precautions, surface treatment specifications, and durability of protective paint systems.
Figure D.1 – Configuration type d'un système de distribution en courant continu 55
The article includes several tables detailing essential design parameters for operational conditions Table 1 outlines ambient temperature parameters, while Table 2 focuses on relative humidity specifications Table 3 presents voltage characteristics, and Table 4 discusses frequency characteristics Table 5 specifies tolerances for direct current systems, and Table 6 addresses rapid transients Additionally, Table A.1 describes protection degrees against foreign object intrusion, indicated by the first characteristic digit, and Table A.2 details water penetration protection levels, marked by the second characteristic digit Finally, Table C.1 provides a description of typical atmospheric environments related to corrosivity category estimation.
UNITÉS MOBILES ET FIXES EN MER – INSTALLATIONS ÉLECTRIQUES – Partie 1 : Exigences générales et conditions
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La Norme internationale IEC 61 892-1 a été établie par le comité d'études 1 8 de l'IEC: Installations électriques des navires et des unités mobiles et fixes en mer
Cette troisième édition annule et remplace la deuxième édition parue en 201 0 Cette édition constitue une révision technique