untitled BRITISH STANDARD BS EN 12101 1 2006 Smoke and heat control systems Part 1 Specification for smoke barriers The European Standard EN 12101 1 2006 has the status of a British Standard ICS 13 22[.]
General
Smoke and heat exhaust ventilation systems (SHEVS) effectively eliminate smoke and heat, establishing a smoke-free layer above the floor This enhances safety for the escape and rescue of individuals and animals, protects property, and allows for early intervention in firefighting efforts.
Smoke and heat exhaust ventilation systems (SHEVS) are increasingly utilized to maintain smoke-free zones beneath a buoyant smoke layer These systems play a crucial role in enhancing safety during fire emergencies by aiding in the evacuation of individuals from construction sites, minimizing fire damage and financial losses through smoke prevention, supporting firefighting efforts, lowering roof temperatures, and slowing the lateral spread of fire To ensure these benefits, it is vital that SHEVS function effectively and reliably throughout their operational lifespan, as they are designed to provide essential safety measures during fire incidents.
Components for smoke and heat exhaust systems should be installed as part of a properly designed smoke and heat exhaust system
keep the escape and access routes free from smoke;
facilitate fire fighting operations by creating a smoke free layer;
delay and/or prevent flashover and thus full development of the fire;
protect equipment and furnishings and contents;
reduce thermal effects on structural components during a fire;
reduce damage caused by thermal decomposition products and hot gases
For the purpose of this European Standard, a smoke barrier is deemed to be any form of barrier to the movement of fire effluent
Smoke barriers play a crucial role in managing the movement of fire effluent during a fire incident within construction sites They are integral components of smoke and heat control systems (SHEVS), ensuring that the system operates effectively when positioned correctly Even if other elements of the SHEVS fail, properly positioned smoke barriers are vital for containing and directing smoke, thereby enhancing safety during emergencies.
This European Standard governs the use of smoke barriers in smoke and heat control systems, which also encompass equipment such as natural smoke and heat exhaust ventilators (EN 12101-2) and powered smoke and heat exhaust ventilators (EN 12101-3) Smoke barriers are designed to operate effectively within defined time and temperature parameters.
Function of smoke barriers
Smoke barriers are essential for managing the flow of fire effluent in construction by creating a protective barrier Unlike static smoke barriers, active or manually deployed smoke barriers can be retracted and hidden when not in use, offering flexibility in their application Their primary function remains the same: to effectively control smoke movement during a fire incident.
to create a smoke reservoir by containing and limiting the travel of the smoke;
to channel smoke in a pre-determined direction;
to prevent or retard smoke entry to another area or void.
Applications of smoke barriers
Smoke barriers are primarily used to contain smoke and gases exceeding 600 °C, although their applications are expanding It is important to note that they are not designed to function as fire barriers or smoke control doors unless they meet the additional temperature requirements specified in Table 2 and conform to EN 1634-1 and –3 Typical applications for smoke barriers include various settings where smoke containment is critical.
Types of smoke barrier
Construction works elements can be used to create static smoke barriers, and they can be augmented by smoke barriers covered by this standard
This European Standard applies to the following types of smoke barriers:
Smoke barriers can be constructed from various materials, including fabric, glass, metal, fire-resisting board, fiberglass, and mineral wool These materials must be impermeable and capable of withstanding the temperatures specified in the design to effectively resist smoke.
Typical examples of active smoke barriers include roller, pleated, folding, hinged or sliding, using the types of material as described for static smoke barriers
Static and active smoke barriers are categorized by type and performance in Clause 4
In addition an ASB product is deemed to include all controlling equipment etc This does not include external controls, for example a fire alarm or a sprinkler flow switch
EN 12101 outlines the performance requirements, classifications, and testing methods for smoke barriers used in smoke and heat control systems It specifically addresses barriers installed within buildings, excluding those that are part of the building's structure This standard also details the testing methods and conformity evaluation for smoke barrier systems.
The referenced documents are essential for the application of this document For dated references, only the specified edition is applicable, while for undated references, the most recent edition, including any amendments, is relevant.
EN 1363–1, Fire resistance tests — Part 1: General requirements
EN 1363–2, Fire resistance tests — Part 2: Alternative and additional procedures
The EN 1634–3 standard outlines fire resistance tests specifically for door and shutter assemblies, focusing on smoke control doors and shutters Additionally, the prCEN/TR 12101–4 standard addresses smoke and heat control systems, detailing the requirements for installed SHEVS systems designed for effective smoke and heat ventilation.
EN ISO 9001, Quality management systems — Requirements (ISO 9001:2000)
EN ISO 13943:2000, Fire safety — Vocabulary (ISO 13943:2000)
General terms and definitions
For the purposes of this European Standard, the terms and definitions given in EN ISO 13943:2000 and the following apply
3.1.1 active smoke barrier smoke barrier which moves from its retracted position into its fire operational position automatically when called upon to do so
3.1.2 barrier movement travel distance (e.g height, drop) of an active barrier from its retracted position to its fire operational position
3.1.3 channelling screen smoke barrier installed beneath a balcony or projecting canopy to direct the flow of smoke and hot gases from a room opening to the spill edge
3.1.4 consumable power supplies any form of power that when not available will prevent an active smoke barrier moving to the required fire operational position
3.1.5 deflection movement of a smoke barrier when subjected to the buoyant force of the hot smoke, the movement of air, air pressure, or any combination thereof
3.1.6 fail-safe designed to return to a safe condition in the event of a failure or malfunction etc
3.1.7 fire operational position final configuration of a device e.g a smoke barrier, specified by its designer to achieve and be sustained in the ultimate fire condition of the design
3.1.8 fitness for purpose ability of a product, process or service to serve a defined purpose under specific conditions
3.1.9 free area total area of all designed openings and clearance gaps in and/or around the perimeter of a smoke barrier
Integrity refers to a barrier's capability to preserve its structural soundness for its intended purpose, ensuring that significant amounts of flames or hot gases do not pass through to the non-exposed side.
The smoke and heat control system plays a crucial role in life safety applications by functioning effectively during fire operational conditions It is designed to operate for a sufficient duration, allowing occupants to be alerted and safely exit the premises This system significantly aids in protecting the means of escape, ensuring a safer evacuation process.
3.1.12 response time time taken for an active smoke barrier to move to its fire operational position after initiation
A smoke and heat exhaust ventilation system (SHEVS) is a collection of components designed to effectively remove smoke and heat from an area This system works by creating a buoyant layer of warm smoke above cooler, cleaner air, enhancing safety and air quality during fire incidents.
3.1.14 smoke and heat control system arrangement of components installed in a construction works to limit the effects of smoke and heat from a fire
3.1.15 smoke barrier device to channel, contain and/or prevent the migration of smoke (fire effluent)
NOTE Smoke Barriers can also be referred to as: Smoke Curtains, Smoke Blinds, Smoke Screens
3.1.16 smoke reservoir region within a construction works limited or bordered by smoke barriers or structural elements so as to retain a thermally buoyant smoke layer in the event of a fire
The spill edge refers to the boundary of a soffit where smoke flows beneath, typically adjacent to a void This can occur at locations such as the edge of a balcony, canopy, or the upper edge of a window from which smoke is escaping a room.
3.1.18 static smoke barrier smoke barrier permanently fixed in its fire operational position
Void edge screens serve as smoke barriers positioned beneath balconies or projecting canopies They can be utilized to form a smoke reservoir or to limit the length of the spill edge, thereby producing a more compact spill plume.
3.1.20 void sealing screen smoke barrier deployed across a void to create a smoke reservoir beneath the smoke barrier
Symbols
A g Area of the gaps between smoke barriers, or between barrier and structure (m 2 ) d C Horizontal deflection of a smoke barrier, measured at its bottom bar (m) d 0 Height of opening
D Distance of movement (drop) of smoke barrier (mm)
D 1 Design depth of a smoke layer in a reservoir (m)
The acceleration due to gravity is measured in meters per second squared (m/s²) The height of a thermal line plume's rise from an opening or balcony edge to the smoke layer is denoted as \( h_b \) (in meters) Additionally, \( h_p \) represents the height of leakage gases rising from the base of the hot gas layer in the smoke reservoir to the ceiling of the adjacent protected area, also measured in meters.
L C Length of the smoke barrier from top to bottom bar, measured along the fabric (m)
M b Mass per metre length of the barrier’s bottom bar (kg/m)
M C Mass per m 2 of the barrier fabric (kg/m 2 )
M B Mass flow rate under a balcony (kg/s)
M p Mass of gas flowing into the gas layer in a protected area, having leaked through gaps in smoke barriers (kg/s)
N 1…3 Number of each type of gap in smoke barrier t Time in minutes
T I Absolute temperature of gas layer in a reservoir (K) θl Temperature rise above ambient of smoky gases in a reservoir (°C) ρo Density of ambient air (kg/m 3 )
W Width of smoke barrier (mm)
General
The smoke barrier requirements are designed to assist SHEVS designers in creating effective smoke barriers that meet system design specifications However, adherence to EN 12101-1 alone does not guarantee that the application is fit for its intended purpose, as outlined in ISO/IEC Guide 2:1996.
The design parameters of a smoke barrier system determine its minimum classification and performance for specific applications Selecting the appropriate smoke barrier requires consideration of the overall system, its functions, and location needs, ensuring that it does not obstruct escape routes or jeopardize occupant safety.
Barrier types
Smoke barriers shall be defined as one of the following types:
static smoke barrier - flexible material;
static smoke barrier - rigid material;
active smoke barrier - flexible material;
active smoke barrier - rigid material
Static smoke barriers shall be fixed in their fire operational position at all times and according to their design classification
NOTE Static smoke barriers are used as alternatives and/or additional to the elements of the construction works which could act as permanent static smoke barriers
Active smoke barriers are designed to automatically move to their fire operational position when triggered by external factors, in line with their classification These barriers are categorized based on their specific applications, such as life safety or property protection, as well as their operational methods and the types of external initiations that activate them.
NOTE 1 Active smoke barriers are used as alternatives and/or additional to elements of the construction works which could act as permanent static smoke barriers
Active smoke barriers shall be categorized as follows:
Smoke barriers must automatically deploy to their fire operational position, ensuring they are no lower than 2.5 meters above the finished floor level or in any area that poses a risk to occupants or objects This deployment should occur in a controlled manner when all primary and auxiliary power sources are disconnected, particularly in cases of wiring or system failure, or a combination of these issues.
ASB2 refers to smoke barriers that are designed to move to or remain in a fire operational position, which must be at least 2.5 meters above the finished floor level and away from any hazardous areas for occupants or objects These barriers operate in a controlled manner upon external initiation but require a consumable power source to achieve or maintain their fire operational position.
ASB3: Smoke barriers, conforming to type ASB1, which can be deployed to any height (see 5.4)
ASB4: Smoke barriers conforming to ASB2, which can be deployed to any height (see 5.4)
In most applications, active smoke barriers must be designed to fail safely However, if it is essential for the smoke barrier to stay retracted during a fail-safe event, the system must be specifically designed and tested for this scenario Additionally, it is important to note that ASB1 and ASB3 do not necessitate the use of fire-rated cables or cable systems.
Active Smoke Barriers (ASB2 and ASB4) that do not have a fail-safe feature and rely on a power source for operation must utilize fire-rated cables or cable systems as specified in prCEN/TR 12101-4.
NOTE 4 In certain applications smoke barriers are used for life safety applications where types ASB1 and ASB3 may be more fit for purpose.
Auxiliary power supply
Batteries used as primary or auxiliary power sources (types ASB2 and ASB4) must undergo an active battery test every 60 minutes This test requires the connected load to be at least 110% of the normal motor current, powered exclusively by the battery set A fault indication signal will be provided through a volt-free contact and an optical display on the control panel.
faulty battery set (e.g short circuit);
battery set not connected to load (e.g open circuit)
Upon detection of a fault signal the active smoke barrier shall move to the fire operational position
Other stored energy systems shall have an equivalent level of monitoring and shall be capable of moving the barrier to its fire operational position upon detection of a fault signal
Power supplies shall comply with regulatory requirements valid in the place of use.
Smoke (fire effluent) leakage
4.4.1 Openings, gaps and/or perimeter spaces
The free area through and around the complete system, materials and joints inherent in the product design shall be stated by the manufacturer
All gaps in and around all types of smoke barrier shall be minimized to maintain the smoke barrier containment efficiency as defined in 5.5
Smoke barriers can experience deflection caused by pressure variations or airflow, leading to larger edge gaps and a decrease in the effective depth of the smoke reservoir It is essential for the system design to account for these factors.
When constructing smoke barriers, it is crucial to ensure that adjacent surfaces, such as false ceilings or fittings, possess equivalent properties to the smoke barrier itself, particularly in terms of temperature resistance and permeability, as outlined in prCEN/TR 12101-4.
NOTE 2 The above criteria require consideration to ensure the efficiency of the smoke barrier to control the movement of fire effluent and aid the effectiveness of the SHEVS
The smoke barrier shall be manufactured from materials which restrict the passage of smoke (see Annex C and 5.5.5)
Where a specific system leakage rate is required, a complete product shall be tested to EN 1634–3 (see 5.5.5).
Reliability
The reliability of smoke barriers shall be determined in accordance with 5.3.
Response time
The response time of active smoke barriers shall conform to 5.4
General
Smoke barriers shall be tested in the orientation and use intended by the manufacturer for their application and installation.
Temperature/time classification
The temperature/time classifications of all smoke barriers shall be determined in accordance with the test methods in Annex D
Smoke barriers shall be classified in accordance with the classification categories in Table 1
DA 600 Actual time reached above 120
The smoke barrier test is conducted at a constant temperature of 600°C, referred to as D The test durations are indicated by the designations 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes A smoke barrier that satisfies the D 60 requirements also complies with D 30, while barriers rated D 90 and D 120 meet the standards for D 60 and D 30, as well as D 90, respectively Additionally, a DA smoke barrier fulfills all D requirements.
Smoke barriers designed for elevated time and temperature conditions must be classified according to the categories outlined in Table 2, and their testing must comply with the time-temperature criteria specified in EN 1363-1.
Table 2 — Classification categories for smoke barriers operating at higher temperatures
DHA As above Actual time reached above 120
The performance requirements of smoke barrier test specimens when tested in accordance with Annex D are as follows a) Test specimens shall conform to A.1 b) Test specimens shall maintain integrity, without either:
1) permitting the penetration of a gap gauge (except for those free areas defined in 4.4.1 and 5.5);
3) collapsing c) Test specimens shall not release flaming droplets or particles within the first 600 s when tested in accordance with this standard
During testing, any observation of components or droplets falling will be documented in the test report It is crucial to obtain and review the complete test report when choosing a barrier for applications where falling components pose a significant risk to occupants, particularly in scenarios where individuals may need to escape beneath smoke barriers.
Reliability and durability of smoke barriers
5.3.1 Reliability and durability of smoke barriers — Static smoke barriers
The manufacturer/supplier shall provide verification that the materials used for static smoke barriers are fit for the purpose intended For integrity and perforations see B.3, and for gaps see 5.5.3
NOTE This should be done taking into account, for example, breaking loads, tear strength, flexural strength and resistance to flexing requirements valid in the place of use
5.3.2 Reliability of smoke barriers — Active smoke barriers
Active smoke barrier specimens must be tested according to the reliability test outlined in Annex B, completing the specified number of cycles After testing, these barriers should prevent the passage of the defined gap gauges, with the exception of the free areas specified in sections 4.4.1 and 5.5.
Response time of active smoke barriers
Active smoke barrier specimens conforming to A.1 shall be tested in accordance with the response time test in annex B and shall operate within the velocity ranges specified in this clause
Active smoke barrier specimens ASB1 and ASB2 must begin movement immediately upon activation or failure to activate, reaching their operational position in all modes at a speed between 0.06 m/s and 0.30 m/s.
Active smoke barriers, specifically types ASB3 and ASB4, are essential in critical areas of construction, such as escape routes and entrances/exits to escalators or stairways These barriers must maintain a velocity range of 0.06 m/s to 0.15 m/s to ensure effective smoke control.
Active smoke barriers with extended movement times, while adhering to section 5.4, can still offer progressive protection even if they cannot be fully deployed within 60 seconds However, this operation must not interfere with the design of Smoke and Heat Exhaust Ventilation Systems (SHEVS) For instance, if a barrier is intended to safeguard multiple floors surrounding an atrium, a fire on a lower floor may result in delayed protection for the upper floors.
To prevent injury, panic, and confusion caused by descending barriers, it is essential to implement precautions such as visual or audible warnings Additionally, considering a partial and progressive descent of barriers can enhance safety in these areas.
NOTE 3 The above criteria require consideration to ensure the efficiency of the smoke barrier to control the movement of fire effluent and aid the effectiveness of the SHEVS.
Smoke leakage (containment efficiency)
Smoke barriers have a functional requirement to channel, contain and/or prevent the migration of smoke (fire effluent) The provisions of 5.5.2 to 5.5.5 shall therefore be followed
Manufacturers must identify and specify any operational gaps or leakage areas in their products, particularly for roller type smoke barrier applications, as illustrated in Figures 1 to 10 It is important to note that these gaps may expand under fire conditions, as detailed in Annex E.
NOTE 1 Barriers can require operational tolerances e.g static barriers installed in buildings with expansion characteristics or active barriers at corners
NOTE 2 The system designer, when calculating for a specific installation, should take containment efficiency into consideration a f e b c d
The smoke flow through the head box is regulated by the smallest gap when the barrier is in the fire operational position Gaps labeled a to f represent the potential smallest openings, and it is advisable to utilize the gap with the smallest value among them.
Figure 1 — Potential gaps within a header box when barrier deployed g g g
Figure 2 — Potential edge gaps between the barrier and surrounding construction h
NOTE The gap is measured with the barriers in their fire operational position
Figure 3 — Gaps between adjacent barriers when overlapped but not conjoined i
Key i Maximum gap when barriers are in the fire operational condition h = i/2
Figure 4 — Gaps between adjacent barriers when overlapped and conjoined
Figure 5 — Barriers overlapped to have no gaps at the overlap
NOTE The gap shown is in the passive condition
Figure 6 — Adjacent barriers with no overlap h
NOTE To prevent independent barrier movement the bottom of the barriers should be conjoined at the corner
Figure 7 — Adjacent barriers at a corner 5.5.3 Openings, gaps and/or perimeter spaces
Smoke barriers which do not require functional tolerances shall have all gaps sealed to prevent smoke leakage
To minimize leakage, active smoke barriers should be overlapped and joined when fixed in a straight line If this configuration is not feasible or if the products are designed differently, the designer must account for increased leakage in their calculations (refer to Annex E).
Gaps may be stated as widths of individual gaps or as areas of individual or total gaps For the typical roller barriers shown in Figures 1 to 9 these are:
Area head = W x Gap head (mm 2 )
Area edge = D x Gap edge (mm 2 )
Area joint = D x Gap joint (mm 2 )
Area total = N1 Area head + N2 Area edge + N3 Area joint
For functional purposes, gaps may be necessary between barriers and construction works, as well as for angled and adjacent barriers These gaps should adhere to the maximum travel distance specified by the manufacturer, with limits set at: a) 20 mm for barriers with a travel distance of up to 2 m; b) 40 mm for barriers traveling between 2 m and 6 m; and c) 60 mm for barriers exceeding 6 m in travel distance.
When calculating gaps for static barriers, it is essential to consider the expansion and contraction characteristics of the construction Verification of the barrier's attachment to the structure, along with the load and temperature, is crucial The load includes the barrier's own weight, side pressure from the fire-side (20 Pa), and a safety coefficient It is important to maintain a minimum dilatation gap Additionally, when using panels to create the barrier, the connections must be secure and capable of withstanding load and temperature variations.
Static and active smoke barriers must maintain specific functional tolerances within their assembly, ensuring proper alignment with other barriers and the surrounding construction.
Gaps in a smoke barrier system must not compromise its intended function as per the design specifications It is essential to seal or minimize any openings above or around the smoke barrier assembly within the smoke reservoir.
Figure 8 — Example of static smoke barrier, flexible or rigid material
Static and active smoke barriers shall perform in accordance with the functional requirements of the system design, other SHEVS design requirements and construction works requirements, for the intended application
In all tests, the smoke barrier must be installed as it would be in real-world applications, incorporating the required barrier mass and tensioning force to minimize deflection Deflection should be evaluated using an appropriate calculation method to ensure its validity for the specific application, as outlined in Annex E.
Smoke barriers that are continuous, overlapped, and conjoined enhance resistance to deflection and smoke leakage When smoke barriers are conjoined, the gaps between them must comply with section 5.5.3, which can be achieved using conjoined bottom bars If this is not feasible or if the products are manufactured differently, designers must account for increased leakage in their calculations, as outlined in Annex E.
Proper placement of smoke barriers in construction is crucial to reduce issues related to deflection For instance, barriers positioned between curved columns may fit well in a passive state, but under deflecting conditions, they can shift away from the columns, leading to significant gaps and unacceptable smoke leakage.
Figure 9 shows a lightweight smoke barrier mounted adjacent to columns Even with a heavy bottom bar or retained in guides, large side and lateral lift gaps may occur
Figure 10 shows a lightweight barrier mounted adjacent to columns When not retained, large side and lateral lift gaps will occur
Figure 9 — Example of excess gap caused by deflection
Figure 10 — Example of excess gap caused by deflection
Smoke barriers shall be manufactured from materials conforming to Annex C with a maximum leakage rate of 25m³/h/m 2 at 25 Pa at ambient temperature or 200 °C
General
The compliance of a smoke barrier with the requirements of this standard shall be demonstrated by:
The manufacturer, whether a natural or legal entity, is responsible for placing a product on the market under their own name Typically, the manufacturer designs and produces the product independently Alternatively, they may subcontract the design, manufacturing, assembly, packing, processing, or labeling of the product Another option is to assemble, pack, process, or label pre-made products.
that the initial type testing in accordance with this European Standard is initiated and carried out (where relevant, under the control of a product certification body); and
that the product continuously complies with the initial type testing samples, for which compliance with this European Standard has been verified
The manufacturer shall always retain the overall control and shall have the necessary competence to take responsibility for the product
The manufacturer assumes full responsibility for ensuring that a product meets all relevant regulatory requirements when affixing the CE marking If the manufacturer utilizes components that are already CE marked and proven to conform to these requirements, they are not obligated to repeat the evaluation for those components Conversely, if the components do not have established conformity, the manufacturer must conduct the necessary evaluations to demonstrate compliance.
Initial type testing
Initial type testing shall be performed to demonstrate conformity with this European Standard
All characteristics given in Clauses 4 and 5 shall be subject to initial type testing, except as described in 6.2.3 Tests shall be carried out in accordance with Annexes A, B, C and D
Materials that meet specific performance standards for fire resistance and impermeability, such as steel plate, may not need testing However, this does not automatically ensure their suitability for a particular application.
The general testing procedures aim to verify that the smoke barrier meets its design and performance requirements while functioning in its intended position It is essential that the entire product, including motors and fixings, is tested to ensure it effectively acts as a barrier against smoke and heat for a specified duration.
If there are any modifications to the product or its production method that could impact the stated properties, initial type testing must be conducted This testing will cover all characteristics outlined in Clauses 4 and 5 that may be affected by the changes, with the exception of the conditions specified in Clause 6.2.3.
6.2.3 Previous tests and product families
Tests conducted under this standard can be considered valid if they were performed using the same or a more stringent method, following the same conformity assessment system, and pertain to the same product or products with similar design, construction, and functionality, ensuring the results are relevant to the product in question.
Products can be categorized into families based on shared characteristics or representative test results Consequently, not every product within a family needs to undergo testing for initial type approval.
Test samples must accurately reflect standard production processes In cases where prototypes are used, they should represent the anticipated future production and be chosen by the manufacturer.
If the technical documentation of the test samples does not give a sufficient basis for later compliance checks, a reference sample (identified and marked) shall remain available for this purpose
Any initial type testing and its results shall be documented in a test report.
Factory product control (FPC)
The manufacturer must create, document, and uphold a Factory Production Control (FPC) system to guarantee that products meet their declared performance characteristics FPC serves as the manufacturer's ongoing internal production oversight.
When a manufacturer outsources the design, production, assembly, packaging, processing, and labeling of a product to subcontractors, the original manufacturer's FPC can still be considered However, the manufacturer must maintain overall control of the products and ensure they obtain all necessary information to meet their obligations under this European Standard It is crucial to note that a manufacturer who delegates all activities cannot transfer their responsibilities to a subcontractor.
Manufacturers must systematically document all elements, requirements, and provisions through written policies and procedures This documentation of the production control system ensures a shared understanding of conformity evaluation, facilitating the achievement of necessary component characteristics and allowing for effective monitoring of the production control system's operation.
Factory production control integrates operational techniques and measures to ensure that products meet their technical specifications This process involves conducting controls and tests on measuring equipment, raw materials, components, manufacturing processes, machines, and finished products, including assessing material properties The results obtained from these evaluations are utilized to maintain and enhance product conformity.
The FPC system shall be part of a Quality Management system, e.g in accordance with EN ISO 9001
address this European Standard; and
ensure that the products placed on the market conform with the stated performance characteristics
The FPC system must incorporate a product-specific FPC or Quality plan that outlines procedures to ensure product conformity at various stages This includes controls and tests conducted before and during manufacturing at specified frequencies, as well as verifications and tests performed on finished products according to established frequencies.
When manufacturers utilize finished products, the processes outlined in section b) will ensure that the product achieves a conformity level equivalent to that obtained through standard Factory Production Control (FPC) during production.
When a manufacturer conducts parts of the production process, it can reduce certain operations and substitute them with others Typically, the greater the extent of production handled by the manufacturer, the more operations can be replaced Regardless of the changes made, the process must ensure that the product achieves a conformity level equivalent to that of standard Factory Production Control (FPC).
NOTE Depending on the specific case, it can be necessary to carry out the operations referred to under a) and b), only the operations under a) or only those under b)
The operations focus on the intermediate states of the product, as well as the manufacturing machines, their adjustments, and testing equipment The selection of controls and tests, along with their frequency, is determined by factors such as product type and composition, the complexity of the manufacturing process, and the sensitivity of product features to variations in manufacturing parameters.
The manufacturer must maintain records that demonstrate the sampling and testing of production, clearly indicating whether it meets the established acceptance criteria In cases where the product does not meet these criteria, non-conforming product procedures must be followed, including immediate corrective actions and proper identification of the non-conforming products or batches After addressing the issue, the relevant tests or verifications must be repeated to ensure compliance.
All control and test results must be accurately documented, including the product description, manufacturing date, adopted test method, test results, and acceptance criteria, all signed by the responsible individual If any control results fail to meet the requirements of the European Standard, the records must also detail the corrective actions taken, such as conducting additional tests, modifying the manufacturing process, or disposing of or rectifying the product.
6.3.3.3 Individual products or batches of products and the related manufacturing details shall be completely identifiable and retraceable
6.3.4 Initial inspection of factory and FPC
6.3.4.1 Initial inspection of factory and FPC shall generally be carried out when the production is already running and the FPC is already in practice
Initial inspections of the factory and FPC can occur prior to the commencement of production and before the FPC is implemented in practice.
6.3.4.2 The following shall be assessed:
The factory assessment must confirm that all necessary resources for meeting the product characteristics outlined in the European Standard are available It should also verify that the FPC procedures, as detailed in the FPC documentation, are being implemented effectively Additionally, compliance of the product with the initial type testing samples, which have been validated against this European Standard, must be ensured Finally, it is essential to determine if the FPC system is integrated within a Quality Management system.
The EN ISO 9001 certification, as outlined in section 6.3.2, is an integral part of our Quality Management System This certification undergoes annual surveillance by a recognized certification body, which is accredited by a member of the European Co-operation for Accreditation and has signed the Multilateral Agreement (MLA).
All manufacturing facilities where final assembly and testing of the product occur must be inspected to ensure compliance with specified conditions A single visit can assess multiple products, production lines, or processes If the Factory Production Control (FPC) system encompasses various products, and the general requirements are met, then a thorough verification of the FPC requirements for one product can be deemed representative for others.
Assessments conducted under this standard can be considered if they pertain to the same system of attestation of conformity and involve the same product or products with similar design, construction, and functionality, ensuring that the results are relevant to the product in question.
6.3.4.5 Any assessment and its results shall be documented in a report
Principle
Tests carried out in Annexes B, C and D shall be representative of all sizes and field of applications in the family, if products are to be grouped into families (see 6.2.4)
The supplier must submit engineering drawings, calculations, and parameters, including equivalent smoke barrier dimensions and joints, alongside the test specimen to demonstrate that all sizes in the family are represented An evaluation will be conducted to validate the proposed sizes and intended applications of the final product.
The performance requirements for smoke barriers include testing for the reliability and durability of the product, default operation to the fire position, response time and performance, permeability to smoke, and temperature/time classification Active smoke barriers are specifically referenced in Annex B for the first three criteria, while Annex C and Annex D address smoke permeability and temperature/time classification, respectively.
Test sequence for initial type testing
The tests shall be carried out in the following sequence: a) reliability and durability; b) default operation to fire position; c) response time; d) permeability; e) temperature/time
The same active smoke barrier shall be used for the reliability test (see B.2) and subsequently the temperature/time test (see Annex D).
Test report
A test report must be prepared following the requirements outlined in sections A.1 and A.2, and should include the manufacturer's name or trademark and address, the product's name (type and model), the dates of the tests, and the names and addresses of the testing organization Additionally, it should provide a comprehensive description of the test specimen, including comments on its family, material integrity, weight, and tensioning if applicable The report must reference the test methods used, document observations made during the tests, detail the approved fixing methods, and present the test results and classifications achieved.
These observations shall include any comments regarding the suitability of the smoke barrier to meet the functional requirements which may affect it or its fitness for purpose
Reliability and response time tests
Test method for the reliability and the response time of the product and the
The smoke barrier must undergo reliability and response time tests using its designated control system for operation speed If the control system is included with the smoke barrier, any failure of the control system will result in a failed test Conversely, if the control system is not part of the smoke barrier package, its failure will not affect the test outcome; however, it must be repaired or replaced to complete the testing process Additionally, adjustable speed controls should remain fixed after their initial setting during the test.
Test specimen
Where the manufacturer produces only one size and type of product, only one specimen shall be tested
Where the manufacturer produces a range of products, at least two specimens shall be tested separately as follows
A specimen must have a maximum width of 3 meters and a barrier movement of 10 meters, or the maximum movement provided by the supplier if it is less than 10 meters This specimen will be utilized for the tests outlined in Annex D.
The specimen must have a minimum width of 10 m, or the largest width in the family if it is smaller than 10 m, along with a minimum barrier movement of 3 m If the supplier provides a barrier movement less than this minimum, the maximum barrier movement of the family will be applied In cases where multiple active smoke barriers overlap or are mechanically connected, the specimen should be assembled as per the manufacturer's standard to represent a single active smoke barrier of 10 m width, maintaining the minimum barrier movement of 3 m or the largest in the family If testing the largest in the family is not feasible, the minimum test barrier movement should be 60% of the claimed maximum barrier movement.
All relevant test criteria shall be increased/compensated to simulate the claimed maximum barrier movement e.g weight increased, number of moving parts, number of test cycles increased
Tests on these two specimens shall be considered representative of all smoke barriers in their particular family.
Procedure
Mount the specimens, using normal fixings in accordance with the sponsor’s installation information Operate each ASB specimen 1 000 complete cycles using the primary energy source
If a specimen relies on an auxiliary power source, such as gravity, a battery, a generator, or an air reservoir, it must undergo a 1,000 complete cycle test followed by an additional 50 complete cycles These subsequent cycles utilize the auxiliary power source to position the smoke barrier in its operational state for fire safety.
NOTE A cycle is defined as moving the smoke barriers from the fully retracted position to the fire position and back to the fully retracted position
The cycle period for smoke barriers is not restricted, but they must transition to the fire operational position within the parameters outlined in section 5.4 The tested cycle period will serve as the minimum requirement for the specimen.
To ensure compliance with operational standards, the specimen must be tested to confirm that it can complete the required 1,000 cycles within the specified cycle period when transitioning to a non-fire operational position.
No maintenance or repair shall be permitted during the test period
During the 50-cycle period, a consumable energy source can be replaced or recharged as needed, but not within a single cycle If the primary energy source is a battery, it can be substituted with a power supply unit that provides equivalent output.
Measure and record the cycle time and the time taken for each smoke barrier to reach the fire position at the beginning and end of the test period
Measure and record the operating speeds in both directions of operation
At the conclusion of the test, assess and document the completed specimen in its fire position, ensuring it meets the specified test criteria Examine the specimen's condition and confirm the integrity of the materials utilized in accordance with EN 1363-1 standards.
Check material for integrity and perforations, tears or cracks and whether a 6 mm diameter ball or a
15 mm × 2 mm strip will pass easily through either at the end of the test period
Any actions and observations taken shall be recorded.
Test report
The test report shall be written and information provided in accordance with the requirements of Annex A
Permeability of materials to smoke
Materials: Impermeable
The impermeability of the material e.g sheet metal shall be confirmed in writing and may be deemed acceptable without test.
Materials: Permeable (permitting limited passage of smoke)
Barrier materials that have not demonstrated smoke imperviousness or do not meet the criteria outlined in C.1 must undergo testing as per EN 1634-3 standards, utilizing a tightly sealed 1 m² sample.
The passage of smoke through materials shall be restricted and shall not exceed a leakage rate of
25 m³ per hour per m 2 at ambient temperature or 200 °C when tested using the test procedures defined in EN 1634-3
Materials likely to change performance when subjected to temperature/time shall be assessed.
Test procedure
Take a representative sample of material (see D.2.1) to include typical seams and joints and test to
25 Pa at ambient temperature or 200 °C The material shall be deemed to have passed if the leakage rate is less than 25m³/h per m 2 at 25 Pa at ambient temperature or 200 °C.
Test report
The test report shall be written and information provided in accordance with the requirements of Annex A
Test equipment
The apparatus used in this test shall be in accordance with EN 1363-1
D.1.1 High temperature furnace, with an aperture at least 3 m × 3 m
D.1.2 Support frame, with an aperture at least 3 m × 3 m
D.1.4 Furnace thermocouples, used to measure the average temperature at the exposed surface of the test specimen There shall be at least one thermocouple for every 1,5 m 2 of exposed surface.
Test specimen requirements
The test specimen of an active smoke barrier shall be the same specimen previously tested in Annex
To ensure proper fitting within the furnace aperture, B should be modified minimally, with any sufficiently large offcut utilized for the permeability test outlined in Annex C The test specimen for a static barrier must comply with the specifications detailed in this Annex.
The construction materials, methods, and fixings for the test specimen must adhere to the specifications outlined in Annex A, with all standard fixing methods requiring approval The most critical fixing method will be chosen to represent the entire family of methods Additionally, the smoke barrier must be tested according to the manufacturer's or supplier's recommended orientation and installation standards.
The test specimen, which is representative of the largest in the family, shall be tested within the support frame (see Figures D.1 and D.2)
For barriers where the largest size is less than 3 m × 3 m, the largest barrier in the family shall be tested
For barriers where the largest size is greater than 3 m × 3 m, a 3 m × 3 m specimen shall be tested
To account for deeper barriers, an even load must be applied across the bottom, corresponding to the additional mass per tested width of the deepest barrier in the series.
Barriers equipped with side guides or channels must undergo testing as part of the test specimen (refer to Figure D.1) If the test sample lacks side channels, they will be supplied by either the sponsor, supplier, or the testing laboratory when required (see D.3.2).
Barriers with any tensioning device e.g bottom weight bar or tensioning device shall be tested with these, as part of the test specimen
Figure D.1 — Head box and side guides installed within the opening of the furnace D.2.4 Hems and joints
For materials featuring hems or joints such as seams, welds, or overlaps, testing requirements include: a) Barriers with horizontal joints must be tested with a joint positioned within 1 meter of the top of the barrier b) Barriers with vertical joints should have at least one joint located between 0.75 meters and 1.25 meters from a vertical side of the barrier.
Barriers that successfully pass tests for horizontal joints will also be considered compliant for vertical joints, assuming both types of joints are constructed identically Additionally, barriers featuring side hems must undergo testing with at least one side hem included.
Installation of test specimen into the support frame
The test specimen shall be installed according to the manufacturer’s instructions within the support frame using the chosen methods for attachment (see D.2.1)
When a test specimen lacks a standard restraint method, such as side channels at the barrier edge, it must be installed to restrict its movement, particularly the bottom bar's movement towards and away from the furnace, without adding extra loads or assistance Additionally, any gaps between the specimen edge and the support frame should be adequately covered, ensuring that the covering method does not excessively restrain the specimen edge.
NOTE Side covers/baffles installed into the support frame that overlap the test specimen unrestrained edge by a maximum of 200 mm is considered as an acceptable installation method (see Figure D.2)
Additional load should be applied to the bottom of the test specimen, as necessary, to ensure that the load on the fixings and material accurately represents that of the tallest barrier in the family.
Figure D.2 — Barrier with no side guides installed in the opening of the furnace with added side baffles to stop barrier movement during test
Test procedure
The testing shall be performed in accordance with EN 1363-1
The furnace must be operated with the neutral plane positioned 0.5 meters above the bottom of the test specimen, ensuring that the pressure at the top does not exceed 25 Pa.
The furnace shall be operated following the standard heating curve defined in EN 1363-1
Once the average temperature furnace has reached 620 °C (circa 6 min, 40 s) the average temperature shall be maintained at 620 °C
NOTE This will ensure that the sample is subjected to a minimum furnace temperature of 600 °C
The area of the curve representing the average temperature recorded by the specified furnace thermocouples must exhibit a percentage deviation from the designated temperature/time curve that adheres to specific thresholds: a deviation of 15% is acceptable for time intervals between 5 and 10 minutes; for time intervals from 10 to 30 minutes, the deviation should range from 15% to 0.5% of the time elapsed beyond 10 minutes; for intervals between 30 and 60 minutes, the acceptable deviation decreases to 5% minus 0.083% for each minute beyond 30; and finally, for times exceeding 60 minutes, the deviation must not exceed 2.5%.
After the initial 10 minutes of testing, the temperature measured by any furnace thermocouple should not typically vary from the specified average by more than 100 °C Acceptable deviations may occur if rapid burning is observed on the exposed surface of the test specimen or if movement of the barrier or edge seals is detected during the test.
The furnace shall be operated following the standard heating curve defined in EN 1363-1
The operating tolerances shall be as defined in EN 1363-2
To achieve optimal results, it is essential to maintain the average furnace temperature for specific durations based on classifications D and DH The five classifications correspond to the following required times: a) 30 minutes, b) 60 minutes, c) 90 minutes, d) 120 minutes, and e) over 120 minutes.
At the end of the heating period switch off the furnace and allow the test specimen to cool to ambient.
Measurements and observations
Furnace temperature and pressure measurements shall be made continuously and recorded at intervals of less than 1 min
The integrity failure assessment of the test specimen, which includes all details specified in D.2 but excludes gaps between unrestrained edges and the support frame, will be conducted using gap gauges in accordance with EN 1363-1 criteria Additionally, sustained flaming will be observed and evaluated against the same EN 1363-1 criteria, along with monitoring for any signs of collapse.
The time and nature of integrity failures shall be recorded
During the test and after its completion, the test specimen must be continuously monitored The test report should document the timing and details of any occurrences, including: a) the detachment of parts, components, and flaming droplets from the specimen; b) modifications to the fixing methods; and c) the emergence of holes or cracks in the specimen.
Test report
The test report shall be written and information provided in accordance with the requirements of Annex A and EN 1363-1
General
This Annex highlights the impact of deflection on the performance of active smoke barriers, with a comprehensive explanation of the causes provided in section E.2 Designers must understand how these barriers respond to fire pressure from hot buoyant smoke, which may render them ineffective during a fire Figure E.1 illustrates various examples of deflection.
Figure E.1a - Curtain between columns - Enlarged gaps at sides and reduced effective smoke reservoir depth
Figure E.1b - Curtain between walls - No gaps at sides but reduced effective smoke layer depth caused by curtain lift
Figure E.1c - Curtain between columns – Enlarged gaps at sides and reduced effective smoke layer depth
Figure E.1d - Non conjoined, adjacent curtains, either in-line or angled
Principle
Smoke barriers in smoke and heat exhaust ventilation systems are essential for creating reservoirs that contain smoke and hot gases To effectively perform this function, these barriers must withstand lateral deflection caused by buoyancy-driven forces from hot gases and fan-induced forces in mechanical extraction systems.
Failure to withstand these forces can result in gaps forming beneath the barrier or between the barrier and the building structure, allowing hot gases from the reservoir to flow into surrounding areas.
The deflection of a smoke barrier and the movement of hot gases through its gaps are linked to the hot gas layer that the barrier contains, as demonstrated by both theoretical and experimental studies.
This Annex focuses solely on the deflection of free-hanging active smoke barriers, as those fixed at the ceiling, floor, or sides are securely locked and do not experience deflection The calculation method for leakage through gaps in the barriers is applicable to all barrier types.
Free hanging active smoke barriers can be divided into two categories:
those which act to contain a gas layer which does not extend below the bottom of the barrier (Figure E.2) (such as reservoir screens and channelling screens);
Barriers that reach floor level effectively seal off areas from a smoke compartment, preventing the gas layer from extending below the barrier This design is often utilized in settings like balconies to create a closed atrium.
The types will be referred to as those not reaching the floor and those closing an opening respectively
The pressure exerted by gases can cause the active smoke barrier to deviate from its normal vertical position, resulting in a horizontal deflection This deflection may raise the bottom of the barrier, potentially allowing gas to leak underneath if it exceeds the base of the gas layer Additionally, since the barriers are not rigid, they can bow during use, similar to a sail in the wind, which further elevates the bottom of the barrier.
Figure E.2 — Deflection of a smoke barrier which does not reach the floor
Figure E.3 — Deflection of a smoke barrier closing an opening
Barriers not reaching the floor
The deflection of the barrier is calculated from (see also Figure E.2)
(E.1) where d c = Deflection of the barrier (m) ρ o = Density of ambient air (kg/m 3 ) θ l = Temperature rise above ambient of the gases in the smoke layer (°C)
D I = Depth of the gas layer (m)
T 1 = Absolute temperature of gas layer in a reservoir (K)
M b = Mass per metre length of the barrier’s bottom bar (kg/m)
M c = Mass per m 2 of the barrier fabric (kg/m 2 )
L c = Length of the smoke barrier from top to bottom bar, measured along the fabric (m)
The length of the barrier to contain a gas layer of depth D l is calculated using an iterative procedure from
3 Calculate next value of L c using Equation (E.2)
Repeat steps 1 to 3 with the new value of L c , until successive values of L c differ by 1 % or less
The calculated value for L c should then be modified by including a term to allow for bowing of the barrier, so that
Barriers closing an opening
The deflection of the barrier is calculated from (see Figure E.3)
(E.4) where d 0 is the height of the opening (m) and other variables are as defined above
The required barrier length to contain a gas layer of depth Dl is calculated using an iterative procedure from
Repeat steps 1 to 3 with the new value of L c, until successive values of L c differ by 1 % or less
The calculated value for L c should then be modified by including a term to allow for bowing of the barrier as for barriers not reaching the floor, so that
Smoke leakage through gaps in barriers
The leakage of smoke and hot gases through vertical gaps at the edges of smoke barriers is associated with the hot gas layer they contain, as described by a specific equation.
M g = Mass of gas flowing through the gap (kg/s)
T l = Absolute temperature of the gases in the layer (K)
D l = Depth of gas in reservoir (m) g = Acceleration due to gravity (m/s) θl = Temperature rise above ambient of the gas (°C)
Gases moving through barrier gaps can draw in air as they ascend, potentially leading to the creation of a cooler smoky gas layer beneath the ceiling in protected areas This smoke layer may necessitate additional safety measures for occupants Although the phenomenon of entrainment has not been extensively researched, initial studies indicate that the mass of air entrained is proportional to the mass of gas flowing through the gaps, allowing for a conservative estimate of the smoke's rise to the ceiling, represented by the equation: \$p g p 6 M h\$.
M p = Mass of gas flowing into gas layer in protected area (kg/s)
The mass of gas flowing through a gap in a smoke barrier is denoted as \$M_g\$ (kg/s), while \$h_p\$ represents the height of rise from the base of the hot gas layer in the reservoir to the ceiling in the protected area.
NOTE This equation is derived from a small number of experiments It is desirable to extend the study further to confirm the derived correlation
The temperature of the gas layer within the protected area is: p l g p M
M θ θ = (E.9) where θp = Temperature above ambient of the smoke layer initially forming (ignoring any subsequent cooling) in the protected reservoir adjacent to the leakage (°C)
Clauses of this European Standard addressing the provisions of the EU Construction Products Directive
ZA.0 Scope of this annex
The scope as given in Clause 1 is applicable
ZA.1 Relationship between EU Directive and this European Standard
This European Standard has been prepared under a Mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association
The clauses of this European Standard shown in this annex meet the requirements of the Mandate given under the EU Construction Products Directive (89/106/EEC)
Compliance with these clauses confers a presumption of fitness of the construction products covered by this European Standard for their intended use
WARNING — Other requirements and other EU Directives, not affecting the fitness for intended use may be applicable to a construction product falling within the scope of this European Standard
In addition to specific clauses regarding dangerous substances in this standard, other applicable requirements may exist for products within its scope, including transposed European legislation and national laws Compliance with these requirements is essential to meet the EU Construction Products Directive For further information, an informative database of European and national provisions on dangerous substances can be accessed through the Construction website on EUROPA.
Intended uses : Smoke barriers for smoke control n construction works in industrial and commercial locations
Essential characteristics Clauses in this
Mandated levels and/or classes
Fire Resistance - Mechanical stability 5.2 D or DH -
Fire resistance – Integrity 5.2 D or DH
ZA.2 Procedure for the attestation of conformity of smoke barriers
Smoke barriers for the intended use listed shall follow the system of attestation of conformity shown in Table ZA.2
Table ZA.2 — Attestation of conformity system
Product Intended use Level(s) or class(es) Attestation of conformity system
Smoke barriers Fire safety D or DH 1
System 1: See Construction Products Directive Annex III.2.(i), without audit testing of samples
The product certification body will conduct initial type testing of all characteristics listed in Table ZA.1, following the guidelines outlined in section 6.2 This includes the initial inspection of the factory and its production control, as well as ongoing surveillance, assessment, and approval of the factory production control All characteristics in Table ZA.1 are relevant to the approved body, as detailed in annex A Additionally, the manufacturer is required to implement a factory production control system in compliance with the provisions of section 6.3.
The responsibility for affixing the CE marking lies with the manufacturer or their authorized representative within the EEA The CE marking must be displayed on the product in accordance with the format outlined in EU Directive 93/68/EC Additionally, the CE marking should also be included on the packaging and/or accompanying commercial documents, along with relevant information.
identification number of the certification body, and
the last two digits of the year in which the marking was affixed, and
the appropriate number of the EC-certificate of conformity, and
the number of this standard (EN 12101-1), and
the product, i.e static smoke barrier; active smoke barrier, and
the application type i.e ASB1; ASB2; ASB3 or ASB4 as shown in 4.2, and
the fire resistance classification (D or DH), and
the response delay (active barriers only), and
the openings, gaps and/or perimeters spaces (see 5.5.3), and
the maximum material permeability (if less than 25 m 3 /h)
Figure ZA.1 gives an example of the information to be given on the accompanying commercial documents
Active smoke barrier, type ASB2 Resistance to fire classification - DH 30
Openings, gaps and perimeter spaces:
The gap head measures 5 mm, while the gap edge is 19 mm, and the gap joint is 0 mm The area of the head is calculated as width multiplied by the gap head, resulting in 25,000 mm² The area of the edge is determined by depth multiplied by the gap edge, yielding 38,000 mm² The area of the joint is zero, as it is calculated by depth multiplied by the gap joint The total area is the sum of the areas of the head, edge, and joint, represented by the formula: Area total = N1 × Area head + N2 × Area edge + N3 × Area joint.
Figure ZA.1 — Example CE marking information
Products containing dangerous substances must include documentation that outlines compliance with relevant legislation This documentation should detail any additional laws regarding dangerous substances and provide all necessary information as mandated by those regulations.
NOTE European legislation without national derogations need not be mentioned
ZA.4 Certificate and declaration of conformity
Upon meeting the conditions outlined in this annex, the certification body will issue an EC Certificate of Conformity, allowing the manufacturer to apply the CE marking This certificate will detail the necessary compliance information.
- name, address and identification number of the certification body;
- name and address of the manufacturer, or his authorised representative established in the EEA, and place of production;
- description of the product (type, identification, use, );
- provisions to which the product conforms (i.e annex ZA of this EN);
- particular conditions applicable to the use of the product (e.g provisions for use under certain conditions);
- the number of the certificate;
- conditions and period of validity of the certificate, where applicable;
- name of, and position held by, the person empowered to sign the certificate
In addition, the manufacturer shall draw up a declaration of conformity (EC Declaration of conformity) including the following:
- name and address of the manufacturer, or his authorised representative established in the EEA;
- name and address of the certification body;
- description of the product (type, identification, use, ), and a copy of the information accompanying the CE marking;
- provisions to which the product conforms (i.e annex ZA of this EN);
- particular conditions applicable to the use of the product (e.g provisions for use under certain conditions);
- number of the accompanying EC Certificate of conformity;
- name of, and position held by, the person empowered to sign the declaration on behalf of the manufacturer or of his authorised representative
The declaration and certificate shall be presented in the language(s) of the Member State of use of the product
[1] EN 45011, General requirements for bodies operating product certification systems (ISO/IEC Guide 65:1996)
[2] EN ISO/IEC 17025, General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories (ISO/IEC 17025:1999)
[3] ISO 3864-1, Graphic symbols - Safety colours and safety signs – Part:1: Design principles for safety signs in workplaces and public areas
The EU Directive 93/68/EC, established on July 22, 1993, amends several key directives, including those related to simple pressure vessels, toy safety, construction products, electromagnetic compatibility, machinery, personal protective equipment, non-automatic weighing instruments, active implantable medical devices, appliances burning gaseous fuels, telecommunications terminal equipment, and new hot-water boilers This directive plays a crucial role in harmonizing regulations across various sectors to ensure safety and compliance within the European Union.
[5] EN 12101–2, Smoke and heat control systems — Part 2: Specification for natural smoke and heat exhaust ventilators
[6] EN 12101–3 Smoke and heat control systems — Part 3: Specification for powered smoke and heat exhaust ventilators
The prEN 13501–3 standard outlines the fire classification of construction products and building elements, specifically focusing on the classification derived from fire resistance tests This includes products and elements utilized in building service installations, such as fire-resisting ducts and fire dampers.