The leakage of smoke and hot gas through vertical gaps at the edges of smoke barriers can be related to the hot gas layer that they contain by the following equation
12
0 l l l
g g
2 17 , 352 3 2
=
T gD T
M A θ
(E.7)
where
Mg = Mass of gas flowing through the gap (kg/s) Ag = Area of the gap (m2)
Tl = Absolute temperature of the gases in the layer (K) T0 = Absolute ambient temperature (K)
Dl = Depth of gas in reservoir (m) g = Acceleration due to gravity (m/s)
θl = Temperature rise above ambient of the gas (°C)
The gases flowing through barrier gaps will entrain air as they rise to the ceiling, and can cause the formation of a smoky gas layer within the area which the barriers are intended to protect. Such a gas layer will be considerably cooler than that within the main reservoir. Where a smoke layer forms within the area intended to be protected by the smoke barriers, then it can be necessary to consider further measures to protect occupants. Such entrainment has not been closely studied, but preliminary research suggests that the mass entrained can be related to the mass flowing through the gaps to give a conservative estimate of the smoke rising to the ceiling, using:
p g
p 6 M h
M = (E.8)
where
Mp = Mass of gas flowing into gas layer in protected area (kg/s) Mg = Mass of gas flowing through a gap in a smoke barrier (kg/s)
hp = Height of rise from the base of the hot gas layer in the reservoir to the ceiling in the protected area.
NOTE This equation is derived from a small number of experiments. It is desirable to extend the study further to confirm the derived correlation.
A calculation procedure will be:
The temperature of the gas layer within the protected area is:
p l g
p M
M θ
θ = (E.9)
where
θp = Temperature above ambient of the smoke layer initially forming (ignoring any subsequent cooling) in the protected reservoir adjacent to the leakage (°C).
Annex ZA (informative)
Clauses of this European Standard addressing the provisions of the EU Construction Products Directive
ZA.0 Scope of this annex
The scope as given in Clause 1 is applicable.
ZA.1 Relationship between EU Directive and this European Standard
This European Standard has been prepared under a Mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association.
The clauses of this European Standard shown in this annex meet the requirements of the Mandate given under the EU Construction Products Directive (89/106/EEC).
Compliance with these clauses confers a presumption of fitness of the construction products covered by this European Standard for their intended use.
WARNING — Other requirements and other EU Directives, not affecting the fitness for intended use may be applicable to a construction product falling within the scope of this European Standard.
NOTE In addition to any specific clauses relating to dangerous substances contained in this standard, there may be other requirements applicable to the products falling within its scope (e.g. transposed European legislation and national laws, regulations and administrative provisions). In order to meet the provisions of the EU Construction Products Directive, these requirements need also to be complied with, when and where they apply.
(An informative database of European and national provisions on dangerous substances is available at the Construction web site on EUROPA (CREATE, accessed through http://europa.eu.int/comm/enterprise/
construction/internal/dangsub/dangmain.htm)).
Construction Product : Smoke barriers
Intended uses : Smoke barriers for smoke control n construction works in industrial and commercial locations.
Table ZA.1 — Relevant Clauses Essential characteristics Clauses in this
European Standard
Mandated levels and/or classes
Notes
Operational reliability 5.3 - -
Response delay 5.4 - -
Deployment safety 5.4 - -
Fire Resistance - Smoke leakage 5.5 - -
Fire Resistance - Mechanical
stability 5.2 D or DH -
Fire resistance – Integrity 5.2 D or DH
ZA.2 Procedure for the attestation of conformity of smoke barriers
Smoke barriers for the intended use listed shall follow the system of attestation of conformity shown in Table ZA.2.
Table ZA.2 — Attestation of conformity system
Product Intended use Level(s) or class(es) Attestation of
conformity system
Smoke barriers Fire safety D or DH 1
System 1: See Construction Products Directive Annex III.2.(i), without audit testing of samples.
The product certification body will certify the initial type testing of all characteristics given in Table ZA.1, in accordance with the provisions of 6.2, and for the initial inspection of the factory and of the factory production control, and for the continuous surveillance, assessment and approval of the factory production control, all characteristics in Table ZA.1 shall be of interest to the approved body (see annex A). The manufacturer shall operate a factory production control system in accordance with the provisions of 6.3.
ZA.3 CE marking
The manufacturer or his authorised representative established within the EEA is responsible for the affixing of the CE marking. The CE marking symbol in the format specified in the EU Directive 93/68/EC shall be shown on the product. In addition, the CE marking symbol shall appear on the packaging and/or on the accompanying commercial documents, together with the following information:
identification number of the certification body, and
the last two digits of the year in which the marking was affixed, and
the appropriate number of the EC-certificate of conformity, and
the number of this standard (EN 12101-1), and
the product, i.e. static smoke barrier; active smoke barrier, and
the application type i.e. ASB1; ASB2; ASB3 or ASB4 as shown in 4.2, and
the fire resistance classification (D or DH), and
the response delay (active barriers only), and
the openings, gaps and/or perimeters spaces (see 5.5.3), and
the maximum material permeability (if less than 25 m3/h).
Figure ZA.1 gives an example of the information to be given on the accompanying commercial documents.
0123
Any Co Ltd, P.O. Box 21, B - 1050 03
0123-CPD-001 EN 12101-1
Active smoke barrier, type ASB2
Resistance to fire classification - DH 30
Response delay - 60 s
Openings, gaps and perimeter spaces:
Gap head (a to f) 5 mm Gap edge (g) 19 mm Gap joint (h) 0 mm
Area head = W x Gap head 25000 mm2 Area edge = D x Gap edge 38000 mm2 Area joint = D x Gap joint 0 mm2
Area total = N1 . Area head + N2 . Area edge + N3 . Area joint
Maximum barrier permeability - 20 m3/h Figure ZA.1 — Example CE marking information
In addition to any specific information relating to dangerous substances shown above, the product should also be accompanied, when and where required and in the appropriate form, by documentation listing any other legislation on dangerous substances for which compliance is claimed, together with any information required by that legislation.
NOTE European legislation without national derogations need not be mentioned.
ZA.4 Certificate and declaration of conformity
When compliance with the conditions of this annex is achieved, the certification body shall draw up a certificate of conformity (EC Certificate of conformity), which entitles the manufacturer to affix the CE marking. The certificate shall include:
- name, address and identification number of the certification body;
- name and address of the manufacturer, or his authorised representative established in the EEA, and place of production;
- description of the product (type, identification, use, ...);
- provisions to which the product conforms (i.e. annex ZA of this EN);
- particular conditions applicable to the use of the product (e.g. provisions for use under certain conditions);
- the number of the certificate;
- conditions and period of validity of the certificate, where applicable;
- name of, and position held by, the person empowered to sign the certificate.
In addition, the manufacturer shall draw up a declaration of conformity (EC Declaration of conformity) including the following:
- name and address of the manufacturer, or his authorised representative established in the EEA;
- name and address of the certification body;
- description of the product (type, identification, use, ...), and a copy of the information accompanying the CE marking;
- provisions to which the product conforms (i.e. annex ZA of this EN);
- particular conditions applicable to the use of the product (e.g. provisions for use under certain conditions);
- number of the accompanying EC Certificate of conformity;
- name of, and position held by, the person empowered to sign the declaration on behalf of the manufacturer or of his authorised representative.
The declaration and certificate shall be presented in the language(s) of the Member State of use of the product.
Bibliography
[1] EN 45011, General requirements for bodies operating product certification systems (ISO/IEC Guide 65:1996).
[2] EN ISO/IEC 17025, General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories (ISO/IEC 17025:1999).
[3] ISO 3864-1, Graphic symbols - Safety colours and safety signs – Part:1: Design principles for safety signs in workplaces and public areas.
[4] EU Directive 93/68/EC, COUNCIL DIRECTIVE 93/68/EEC of 22 July 1993 amending Directives 87/404/EEC (simple pressure vessels), 88/378/EEC (safety of toys), 89/106/EEC (construction products), 89/336/EEC (electromagnetic compatibility), 89/392/EEC (machinery), 89/686/EEC (personal protective equipment), 90/384/EEC (non-automatic weighing instruments), 90/385/EEC (active implantable medicinal devices), 90/396/EEC (appliances burning gaseous fuels), 91/263/EEC (telecommunications terminal equipment), 92/42/EEC (new hot-water boilers fired with liquid or gaseous fuels) and 73/23/EEC (electrical equipment designed for use within certain voltage limits).
[5] EN 12101–2, Smoke and heat control systems — Part 2: Specification for natural smoke and heat exhaust ventilators.
[6] EN 12101–3 Smoke and heat control systems — Part 3: Specification for powered smoke and heat exhaust ventilators.
[7] prEN 13501–3, Fire classification of construction products and building elements — Part 3:
Classification using data from fire resistance tests on products and elements used in building service installations: fire resisting ducts and fire dampers.