Tiêu chuẩn iso 18400 201 2017

© ISO 2017 Soil quality — Sampling — Part 201 Physical pretreatment in the field Qualité du sol — Échantillonnage — Partie 201 Prétraitement physique sur le terrain INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 18400 20[.]

Soil quality — Sampling —

Part 201:

Qu lité du sol — Éch ntillo n ge —

Partie 2 1: Prétraitement p ysique sur le te rain

COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT

© ISO 2017, P blshed in Sw itz rlan

A ll rig hts r eserved Unles otherw ise spe ified, nopar of this p blc tion ma y be r epr od c d or utilz d otherw ise in an form

or b an me ns, ele tr onic or me hanic l, inclu in p oto opying , or postin on the internet or an intranet , w ithout prior

written permis ion Permis ion c n be req esed from either ISO at the ad r es below or ISO’s member bod y in the c u try of

F reword i v

Introduction v

1 Sc ope 1

2 Nor mati ve r eferenc es 1

3 Terms and definitions 2

4 Prelminar y c onsiderations 3

5 Inc or poration in the sampl n plan 5

6 General r equirements 5

7 S fety 6

8 Homog enizatio 7

9 Subsampl ng 7

9.1 General 7

9.2 Eq ipment or subsamplng 7

9.3 Minimum siz of the subsample 8

9.4 Pr oc dure for macr o-ag g r egate r ed ction b han 9

9.5 Subsamplng methods 9

9.5.1 General 9

9.5.2 L ng pie and alte nate sho el method 1

9.5.3 C ning an q arte ing

1 9.5.4 R iflng 1

9.5.5 A pplcation ofT yle divide 1

9.5.6 A pplcation of me haniz d turntable (r otating divide ) 1

9.6 S le tive subsamplng b sed on the p rticle siz 1

9.6.1 General 1

9.6.2 Sieving 14

9.6.3 Han picking 14

10 F r ming c omposite samples 15

1 1 General 1

1 2 Minimum siz of incr ements or subsamples 1

1 3 Pr od ction of comp site samples 1

1 3.1 C mp site sample b sed on incr emental samplng 1

1 3.2 C mp site sample b sed on p rt of in ivid al samples 1

11 Packag ing and storag e 16

12 Repor ting 16

A nne x A (informative)I lustratio s of apparatus 18

Biblog raphy 21

ISO (he Int ernational Org nization for Stan ardization) is a worldwidefede ation of national s an ards

b dies (ISO membe b dies) The work of pr p ring Int ernational Stan ards is normaly car ied out

through ISO t ech ical committ ees Each membe b dy int er st ed in a subje t for w hich a t ech ical

committ ee has be n es a lshed has the right t o be r pr sent ed on that committ ee Int ernational

org nizations, g ove nmental an non-g ove nmental, in laison with ISO, also take part in the work

ISO cola orat es closely with the Int ernational Ele trot ech ical C mmis ion (IEC) on al matt ers of

ele trot ech ical s an ardization

The proc d r s used t o develo this document an those int en ed for it furthe maint enanc ar

desc ibed in the ISO/IEC Dir ctives, Part 1 In p rticular the dife ent a pro al c it eria ne ded for the

dife ent ty es of ISO document should be not ed This document was draft ed in ac ordanc with the

edit orial rules of the ISO/IEC Dir ctives, Part 2 ( e www iso org dir ctives)

A tt ention is drawn t o the p s ibi ity that some of the element of this document ma be the subje t of

p t ent right ISO shal not be held r sponsible for identifying any or al such p t ent right Detais of

any p t ent right identified d ring the develo ment of the document wi be in the Introd ction an / r

on the ISO ls of p t ent de larations r c ived ( e www iso org p t ent )

Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenienc of use s an does not

cons itut e an en orsement

For an ex lanation on the meaning of ISO spe ific terms an ex r s ions r lat ed to conformity as es ment,

as wel as information a out ISO’s adhe enc to the Wor ld Trade Org nization (WTO) principles in the

Te h ical Bar ie s to Trade (TBT) se the folowing URL: www iso org iso/ for word html

This document was pr par d b Te h ical C mmitt ee ISO/TC 1 0, S i Qu lt y, Subcommitt ee SC 2,

S mpln

A l s of al p rt in theISO 1 40 se ies can be fou d on theISO websit e

Pr tr atment of samples is usualy r q ir d befor they ar t est ed t o det ermine chemical or othe

pro e ties, although the e ar some situations w hen any pr tr atment would be unac epta le be ause

it would afe t the r sult

Sample pr tr atment is t o pr fe a ly take plac in the la orat ory, as sample int egrity can be bes

controled u de la orat ory con itions Howeve , un e some cir ums anc s, pr tr atment ma be

s art ed in the field dir ctly aft er sampl ng, t o o tain a r pr sentative la orat ory sample from the

mat erial extract ed from the grou d, or t o pr p r a composit e la orat ory sample

The r pr sentativenes of a sample depen s on fact ors l ke sample siz , particle siz , p rticle

sha e, contaminant ty e an conc ntration, consist enc of soi mat erials an sampl ng s rat eg

( e ISO 1 40 -1 4

1)

)

When volaties ar pr sent, the proc d r s desc ibed in ISO 2 1 5 ar t o be used as a pro riat e if

pos ible No furthe pr tr atment is alowed Othe spe if ied pr tr atment methods wi l r sult in a

signif icant los of volati es

Pr tr atment comprises one or a combination of the folowing:

— homog enization;

— sample division: o taining subsamples of smale siz than the original sample without r d cing

the particle siz of the individ al p rticles;

— particle siz r d ction: grin ing an c ushing the sample in orde t o r d c the particle siz of the

sample without r d cing the sample siz (mas );

— sep ration of fractions on the b sis of particle siz s ( ieving or sc e ning) if only a separat e siz

fraction of soi is of int er s for inves ig tion or on the b sis of the phy sical natur of the mat erials

(e.g a pearanc );

— pr p ration of comp sit e sample( )

S ve al cycles of a n mbe of these activities could be r q ir d t o de ive the t es sample (e.g analytical

sample) from the mat erial extract ed from the groun Ex cept as not ed a o e w hen pr tr atment would

afe t the r sult of subseq ent t es ing or analy sis, subsampl ng is normaly r q ir d in the la orat ory

be a use the amou t of mat erial in the la orat ory sample ( i.e that sent from the f ield t o the la orat ory)

is almos alway s larg er than the amount of mat erial ne es ary for the t es or analy sis

The e might be oc asions w hen it is conside ed desira le t o combine soi mat erial in the f ield from, for

ex mple dife ent locations int o a comp sit e sample A suita le proc d r for doing this is desc ibed in

this document

F or r asons ex lained in Clause 4, only some of the pr tr atment measur sl st ed a o e can be car ied

out in the field

This document is p rt of a se ies ofsampl ng s an ards for soi The role /p sition of the Int ernational

Stan ards within the t otal inves ig tion pro ramme is shown in Figur 1

NOTE T is document is inten ed to complement ISO 2 9 9an ISO 2 1 5

1) Un er preparation

Figure 1 — Links betwe n the es ential elements of an investig tio programme

NOTE 1 Numb r in cir les def ine the key elements an steps of the investig tion pro ramme

NOTE 2 Figure 1 display s a g neric proces which can b amen ed when neces ary

Soil quality — Sampling —

Part 201:

This document spe ifies methods for the pr tr atment of samples that can be a pled “in the f ield”

dir ctly aft er samplng Pr tr atment methods in this document ar l mit ed t o:

— sample division methods aimed at r d cing the size /v lume of the sample;

— theprod ction ofcomp sit e samples;

— thesele tion of a spe if ic fraction of the sampled mat erial

This document

— doesnot a ply t o samples r q ir d for biolo ical or mic o iolo ical ex mination,

— doesnot a ply t o soi mat erials sampled for the cont ent of v latie component , an

NOTE 1 T ese soil materials are int en ed t o b sampled ac ording to ISO 2 1 5

— does not give ins ructions for p rticle siz r d ction

NOTE 2 Guidance for particle size red ction is given in ISO 1 4 4, ISO 145 7 an ISO 2 9 9

2 Normati ve r eferences

The folowing document ar r fe r d t o in the t ext in such a wa that some or al of their cont ent

cons itut es r q ir ment of this document F or dat ed r fe enc s, only the edition cit ed a ples F or

un at ed r fe enc s, the lat es edition of the r fe enc d document ( inclu ing any amen ment ) a ples

ISO 5 5, Tes t s ieves — Metal w ir cloth, pe frated metal plate a d elec troormed she t — Nomin l s i zes

ISO 2 1 5, S i q alt y — G as chromato ra hic dete min tio o v latie aromatic a d h lo en ted

h droc arb ns a d s elec ted ethe s — Static heads pac e meth d

DIN 1 747, In es tig tion o s olds — Pre -tr atmen pr p ratio a d proc es s in o s amples fr chemic al,

biolo ic al a d p ys ic al in es tig tio s

2) Un er preparation.Stag e at he time of p blication: ISO/DIS 1 40 -1 4:2 16

3 Terms and definitions

F or the purposes of this document, the t erms an definitions given in ISO 1 0 4 a ply

ISO an IEC maintain t erminolo ical data ases for use in s an ardization at the folowing ad r s es:

— IECEle tro edia: a aia le at ht p:/ www ele tro edia org

— ISO Onlnebrow sing plat orm:a ai a le at ht p:/ www iso org o p

3.1

analytical sample

p rtion of mat erial, r sulting from the original sample or comp sit e sample b meansof an a pro riat e

method of sample pr tr atment an ha ing the siz (v lume / mas ) ne es ary for the desir d t es ing or

analy sis

[ SOURCE:ISO 1 0 4:2 1 , 4.1.3]

3.2

laboratory sample

sample int en ed for la orat ory inspe tion or t es ing

Not e 1 t o entry: When the la orat ory sample is further prepared (red ced)by subdividing, mixing, grin ing, or

by combinations of these operations, the result is the test sample When no preparation of the la oratory sample

is req ired, the la orat ory sample is the test sample A t est portion is removed from the test sample for the

performance of the test or for analysis

Not e 2to entry: T e la orat ory sample is the f inal sample from the point of view of sample col ection but it is the

initial sample from the point of view of the la orat ory

Not e 3 t o entry: S veral la orat ory samples can b prepared an sent t o diferent la oratories or t o the same

la orat ory for diferent p rposes

[ SOURCE:ISO 1 0 4:2 1 , 4.3.7]

3.3

sample divisio

(bulk mat erial) activity in sample pr paration w he eb a sample of bulk mat erial is divided b such

means as rifl ng, me hanical division, or q art ering int o sep rat e part , one or mor of w hich is

Not e 1t o entry: T e subsample can b selected by the same method as was used in selecting the original sample,

but ne d not b so

[ SOURCE:ISO 3 34- 2:2 0 , 1.2.1 ]

3.5

selective subsampl ng

separation of p rt of a sample on the b sis of grading ( i.e a o e or below a def ined p rticle siz ),

a pearanc or some othe at ribut e

v latie org nic compo nd

VOC

org nic compoun that is a g s un e normal environmental/ tmosphe ic con itions, although it can

be fou d in the grou d in the sold, l q id an dis olved phase form aswel as in the g seous phase

Note 1 to entry: The US E vironmental Protection Ag ncy uses a variety of def initions for V Cs in diferent

conte ts but the one most ap ropriate here is “an org nic compou d which has a b iling point b low that of

wat er an which can e sily vaporize or volatilize”

Note 2 t o entry: Ex mples inclu e single-ring aromatic hydrocarb ns an other low b iling halo enated

hydrocarb ns, which are used as solvents or fuels, an some de radation prod cts

4 Prel minar y c onsiderations

The int ention w hen sampl ng in the field isalmos alway s t o o tain a sufficiently r pr sentative sample

of the desir d siz that can be plac d dir ctly in a containe for transp rt t o the la orat ory Howeve ,

un e some cir ums anc s, as desc ibed in this document, some pr tr atment can be done in the f ield

t o r d c the siz of a larg e f ield sample t o a mor manag ea le siz for sen ing t o the la orat ory or t o

sele t a p rticular fraction t o form the la orat ory sample

The dir ct sele tion of the mat erial t o form the la orat ory sample from the mat erial extract ed from the

grou d w hen this forms an int egral p rt of the sampl ng proc s is desc ibed in ISO 1 40 -1 2 on the

sele tion an a plcation of sampl ng t echniq es

When the la orat ory sample is r c ived, pr tr atment is usualy r q ir d befor t es ing t o det ermine

chemical or othe pro e ties, although the e ar some situations w hen any pr tr atment would be

unac epta le be ause it would afe t the r sult (e.g w hen v latie org nic comp un s ar pr sent)

Pr tr atment is normaly r q ir d in the la orat ory be ause the amou t of mat erial in the la orat ory

sample ( i.e that sent from the f ield t o the la orat ory) is almos alway s larg er than the amount of

mat erial ne es ary for the t es or analy sis

Pr tr atment comprises one or a combination of the folowing:

— homog enization;

— pr paration of a comp sit e sample;

— sample division: o taining subsamples of smale siz than the original sample without r d cing

thep rticle siz of the individ al p rticles;

— particle siz r d ction: grin ing an c ushing the sample in orde t o r d c the particle siz of the

sample without r d cing the sample siz (mas );

— sele tion of a fraction of a sample on the b sis of p rticle siz s, a pearanc , or othe phy sical

charact eris ic

S ve al cycles of a n mbe of these activities could be r q ir d t o de ive the t es sample (e.g analytical

sample) from the la orat ory sample

The Int ernational Stan ards on pr tr atment (ISO 1 464, ISO 145 7 an ISO 1 7 0) desc ibe la orat ory

proc d r s for mixing (homog enization), dividing an p rticle siz r d ction, in orde t o pro ide a

r pr sentative sample (e.g analytical sample) as uming a la orat ory sample ( i.e the mat erial r c ived

in the la orat ory for inspe tion or t es ing) of a pro imat ely 1 kg When the sample r c ived at the

la orat ory is larg er than a out 1 kg, the siz of the sample can be r d c d folowing the proc d r s

desc ibed in ISO 2 90 ( his as umes a sample of a out 2 kg is t o be r d c d in siz but he proc d r s

desc ibed ar a plca le t o much larg er samples)

ISO 1 464, ISO 145 7, ISO 1 7 0 an ISO 2 9 9 shal only be used for pr tr atment of mat erialswithin

their r spe tive sco es an ha ing r g rd t o the ne d t o pr se ve sample int egrity Ina pro riat e use

of these Int ernational Stan ards, inclu ing ISO 145 7, wi l r sult in unac epta le los of v latie org nic

comp u ds (VOCs)(3.6)an othe v lati es

When v laties ar pr sent, the proc d r s desc ibed in DIN 1 747 an ISO 2 1 5 shal be used as

a pro riat e

NOTE DIN1 747 cover chemical, p y sicalan biolo ical investig tions

Unc rtainty a out w hethe a comp u d should be r g rded as volatie or not should trigg er a spe ific

q alty scheme t o ensur that ample pr paration does not introd c bias, c os contamination or othe

forms of u ac epta le e rors Guidanc on q alty control isgiven in ISO 1 40 -1 6

Sample pr tr atment should pr fe a ly take plac in the la orat ory, as sample int egrity can be bes

controled u de la orat ory conditions Among othe things, the la orat ory should ha e a rang e of

eq ipment a aia le that can be sele t ed on the b sis of the siz an natur of the sample t o be proc s ed

Howeve , u de some cir ums anc s, pr tr atment of the mat erial extract ed from the grou d ma be

s art ed in the f ield dir ctly aft er sampl ng F or ex mple, the siz of sampl ng eq ipment might be such

that mor soi mat erial is extract ed from the grou d than ne ded Sample pr tr atment “in the f ield” is

then ne es ary in orde t o l mit heamou t of mat erial t o be transp rt ed t o the la orat ory

The proc d r s desc ibed can be used in the f ield t o lmit he amount of mat erial t o be transport ed t o

the la orat ory They can be used t o prod c a la orat ory sample of a out 1 kg (or larg er if r q ir d)

w hich can then be subje t ed as a pro riat e t o the pr tr atment proc d r s desc ibed in ISO 1 464,

ISO 145 7, ISO 1 72 or DIN 1 747 or prod c a larg er sample that can then be subje t ed in the

la orat ory t o the proc d r s desc ibed in ISO 2 9 9 t o furthe r d c the siz of the sample

Siz r d ction, othe than the man al c ushing of clods an / r mac o-a gr g t es as desc ibed

in 9.4, is seldom practical in the f ield be ause it r q ir s p we ed eq ipment an a pro riat e

la orat ory con itions Particle siz r d ction inv lves a subs antial risk of (c os ) contamination,

los of comp nent an los of soi mat erial These risks can be pro e ly controled u de la orat ory

con itions Particle siz r d ction should the efor only be car ied out u de la orat ory con itions

Efe tive homog enization can be difficult in the f ield be ause it oft en r q ir s power d eq ipment

an a pro riat e la orat ory con itions, but can be done pro ided pro e car an eq ipment is used

( e Clause 8)

Depen ing on the o je tive of the inves ig tion pro ramme, it might be that the e is only an int er s

in p rt of the soi or soi-l ke mat erial F or ex mple w hen “ non-soi mat erials” ar pr sent (e.g bricks,

st ones) This might imply that it is desira le t o o tain only a spe if ic siz fraction of the mat erial, eithe

through r mo ing the larg e element from the sample, or, the othe wa arou d, through spe ificaly

sele ting the larg er p rt that ar of int er s Sometimes b th fractions could be of int er s

S le tive subsamplng of mat erials of a p rticular grading (e.g below a def ined particle siz ) could be

p s ible in the field if the mat erial sampled is suita ly dry ( e 9.6) Sieving or sc e ning is r gularly

practised in horticultur an w hen old mine al wast e dep sit ar being proc s ed on a smal-scale t o

r co e pr viously discarded mat erials of v lue Howeve , it might not be desira le in a p rticular case

as it wi usualy be ne es ary t o r cord the ty e an amou t of b th o er-siz d particles an u

der-siz d p rticles t o pro ide a ful charact erization of the mat erial being sampled, an it could be diff icult

t o a oid los es, espe ialy fine mat erials, w hie proc s ing the sample Such proc s es ar bes car ied

out u de la orat ory conditions w he e a rang e of man al an p we ed eq ipment hould be a ai a le

As desc ibed in this s an ard ( e 9.6.3), a fraction of the f ield sample ma also be formed in the f ield

(or the la orat ory) b “han -picking” of mat erial from the bulk sample on the b sis of particle siz ,

a pearanc (e.g colour), or natur (e.g wood fra ment , co l, org nic /veg eta le mat erial, asbest os

c ment mat erials) As for sieving, the mas of the mat erial r mo ed should be weighed an r corded as

should themas of the bulk sample from w hich it is r mo ed

The pr p ration of comp sit e samples is usualy an int egral p rt of the samplng proc s ( e

ISO 1 40 -1 2), e.g in clust er samplng n me ous smal inc emental samples roughly eq al in siz

taken from a smal ar a ar plac d in the sample containe t o form the la orat ory sample w hich is then

homog eniz d in the la orat ory as p rt of the pr tr atment proc s

In sp tial ( i.e ar a-wide) composit e samplng, inc emental samples roughly eq al in siz taken on a

def ined sampl ng p tt ern ac os the ar a of int er s (e.g a field) ar plac d in the (largish) sample

containe t o form the la orat ory sample w hich is then homog eniz d an subsampled in the la orat ory

as part of the pr tr atment proc s

Howeve , the e could be oc asions w hen it is conside ed desira le t o combine soi mat erial in the field

from, for ex mple, dife ent locations, int o a comp sit e sample A suita le proc d r for doing this is

desc ibed in this s an ard ( e Clause 8)

5 Incor poration in the sampl ng plan

The pr tr atment method() t o be used in the field ( if pr tr atment is ne es ary) an the ne es ary

eq ipment hal be pr sc ibed in the samplng plan ac ording t o ISO 1 40 -1 1

When the cir ums anc s in the f ield deviat e t oo much from theas umed situation in the sampl ng plan,

the r q ir ment conc rning pr tr atment in the plan should be chang ed In g ene al, minor chang es

that ha e no efe t on the t es r sult ma be made in the f ield b the sample If efe t on the t es

r sult ar t o be ex e t ed or w hen in doubt, the sample shal consult the proje t manag er This inclu es

se king advic on how t o proc ed if cir ums anc s in the f ield or weathe con itions deviat e t oo much

from the as umed situation in the sampl ng plan

The proje t manag er should alway s be consult ed ( e Not e 1), w hen

— the eis a chang e in the ne es ity for pr tr atment,

— the eis a chang e in the practical ty of pr tr atment

Any chang es made t o the sampl ng plan should, l ke the original r q ir ment in the plan, be in

conformanc with this document The guidanc in ISO 1 40 -1 1:2 1 , Clause 6 on the proc d r w hen

chang es t o the samplng plan ar ne ded d ring samplng should be folowed

NOTE 1 ISO 1 40 -1 1:2 17, Clause 6 distinguishes b tween chang s that wil not afect the achievement

of the o jective of the investig tion an those which might afect the achievement of the o jective of the

investig tion

NOTE 2 T e neces ity of pretre tment might chang for e ample when pretre tment was not plan ed, but

ap e r to b neces ary in light of the co r e soil material t o b sampled ( he particle size distribution of the soil

material was not adeq ately identif ied by the project manag er when def ining the sampling plan)

NOTE 3 T e practicality of pretre tment might chang for e ample d e the a sence of a cle n an u used

surface at the sampling sit e or d e t o weather con itions that do not al ow sample pretre tment of suff icient

q ality

NOTE 4 As the potential efect of chang s in the sample pretre tment wil depen on the nature of the

neces ary chang es, the specif ic sampling situation an the test to b performed, no further guidance t o these

chang s is provided in this document

6 General r equir ements

The e ar p t ential disadv ntag es in car ying out pr tr atment in the f ield ( e Not e 1) Befor de iding

t o do this, the samplng plan should be r viewed t o det ermine w hethe the ne es ity t o do so can be

a oided b changing the sampl ng t ech iq est o be emplo ed, e.g t o sele t t ech iq es that wi pro ide

samples suita lein siz for dir ct transp rt t o the la orat ory without pr tr atment

What eve sample pr tr atment is car ied out, the def ined o je tives of the samplng ex er ise an the

ne d for samples t o be “ repr sentative” t o avoid bias (or t o ack ow ledg e una oida le or designed bias)

should g ove n w hat is done

When it is conside ed that pr tr atment in the f ield is u a oida le, conside ation should be given t o

the es a lshment of a t emp rary on-sit e pr tr atment la orat ory This ma be a spe ialy cons ruct ed

faci ity or an ar a within in an exis ing buiding ada t ed for the purpose

When es a lshment of a ful on-sit e la orat ory is not practical, pro ision of at leas t emporary

prot ection from the weathe should be conside ed (e.g a cano y o e the tr atment ar a)

NOTE 1 S mple pretre tment, either b ing sample division or the preparation of a composite sample, can

result in signif icant chang s in the composition of the soil material when no or inadeq at e precautions are taken

The risk of signif icant chang es depen s on the components or charact eristic to b tested, the nature of the

soil mat erial, the pretre tment method select ed an the (weather) con itions u der which the pretre tment is

performed (se also Note 3)

NOTE 2 An on-sit e pretre tment facility can provide re sona ly controled con itions fre of the va aries

of the weather that can b kept properly cle n an , if neces ary, provided with powered eq ipment in a safe

en ironment

As f ield con itions ar rar ly comp ra le t o la orat ory con itions, the ty es of sample pr tr atment

that should be car ied out in the field ar l mit ed t o sample division an the prod ction of comp sit e

samples an / r the sele tive subsamplng of a spe ific part of the sampled mat erial that is of int er s

Only w hen la orat ory conditions ar a ai a le on sit e (he e is a sample pr tr atment la orat ory/ faci ty

pr sent) can the ful rang e of sample pr tr atment activities—th s also inclu ing p rticle siz

r d ction—be car ied out dir ctly aft er sampl ng

Int egrity of the soi mat erial should alway s be ensur d The efor a method, time an plac for sample

pr tr atment should be chosen that causes the minimum p s ible risk of chang es in the charact eris ics

of the soi mat erial

When the aim of the sample pr tr atment is t o pe form sele tive subsampl ng, the composition of

the soi mat erial wi o viously chang e, howeve , car should be taken t o ensur that only the desir d

chang es oc ur

Suita le methods for subsamplng might be lmit ed b the r q ir ment set b the comp nent t o be

analysed or the t es t o be pe formed Ex e t advic should be sought rom the la orat ory

NOTE 3 S me e amples of pro lems that might arise are:

— los of moisture;

— los of volatile components;

— a gre at e formation of soil material while subsampling d e t o its moisture cont ent;

— o idation of newly e posed material fol owing c ushing of soil mac o-a gre ates, etc.;

— soil material sticking to the eq ipment e.g clay);

— los of f ine particles d e to air entrainmen

— ad ition of water d e t o rain;

— los of f ine particles d e to he v rain;

— presence of oily mat erials that might ad ere selectively to she ting an t ools;

— separation of components inclu ing mineral oils d e t o density diferences or other diferences in p ysical

charact eristic ;

— biode radation of org nic mat erials an substances

7 Safety

Pr tr atment in the f ield should be car ied out in ac ordanc with the guidanc on safety in

ISO 1 40 -1 3 an with r g rd t o any othe r lev nt act ors

8 Homog enization

Efe tive homog enization can be difficult in the field be ause it oft en r q ir s p wer d eq ipment an

a pro riat e la orat ory con itions, but can be done pro ided pro e car an eq ipment is used The

chanc s of suc es depen on a v riety of fact ors inclu ing in p rticular on the het erog eneity of the soi

an the pro e ty of int er s (e.g how a contaminant is dis ribut ed within an on p rticles)

The proc d r s desc ibed in 9.5 ar al int en ed t o ensur as far as practical that the subsample is

sufficiently r pr sentative of the larg er f ield sample that is t o be r d c d in siz for the purposes of

the inves ig tion F or ex mple, the f irs st eps in the long pi e an alt ernat e sho el method (9.5.2) ar

int en ed t o homog eniz the sample

Mixing t o o tain bulk sample homog eneity can be achieved b p s ing an me ging the sample thr e,

four or mor times through a me hanical sample spltt er (e.g rifle bo , Ty le divide or rotating

divide )

[18]

The charact eris ics of the soi mat erial t o be subsampled should be che ked a ains the methods

desc ibed in the samplng plan t o se w hethe the pr sc ibed methods ar a pro riat e The ma imum

siz of the p rticles is imp rtant, as is the mois ur cont ent The latt er is r lat ed t o the incl nation

t o mac o-a gr g t e formation an cohesive beha iour If the pr sc ibed methods ar not conside ed

a pro riat e, the samplng plan should be amen ed in ac ordanc with Clause 5

In the case of ve y co rse soi s, it can be ne es ary t o r d c the particle siz of the larg er p rticles

in the field in orde t o be a le t o sen a r pr sentative sample of an ac epta le siz t o the la orat ory

When grin ing or c ushing “in the field” is truly ne es ary, measur s ha e t o be taken in orde t o

pr vent contamination an / r los of b th component an soi mat erial Particle siz s in the sampled

mat erial should the efor only be r d c d as l t le as p s ible, jus alowing the la orat ory sample t o be

of ac epta le siz

Eve ything put int o the siz r d ction proc s should be r d c d in siz t o pas a pr det ermined sieve

t o a oid sele tivity

The location for subsamplng should be chosen car fuly an made f it for use, b ensuring a fuly

flat surfac , cleaning it of al mat erials that could influenc the int egrity of the ( ub)sample() an

b co e ing with an a pro riat e mat erial ( e below) When al pr p rations ar r ady, the sample

pr tr atment hould be car ied out using the pr sc ibed method()

Hea y d ty plas ic she ting wi l be suita le in many situations w hen the work is u de taken using

man al means but wi not withs an traff icking, et c b me hanical eq ipment When this is t o be

used, canv s, wood, or metal she ting should be used

9.2 Equipment for subsampl ng

Al mat erials an eq ipment hat come in contact with the ( ub)sample() should be such that they wi l

not contaminat e the ( ub)sample()

Prior t o subsamplng, the a p ratus an t ools used shal be cleaned in orde t o pr vent c os

-contamination This means that they should be cleaned betwe n proc s ing dife ent samples The

prot ective co e ing t o the working ar a should be cleaned or r plac d betwe n proc s ing dife ent

samples

F or subsampl ng, one or mor of the fol owing a p ratus, as identif ied in the samplng plan, is r q ir d:

— large hea y-d ty plas ic she ting or othe prote tive covering such as wood or metal she ting

( e 9.1);

— s ainles st eel sp de or sho el;

— me hanical sho el;

— t oolsfor r d cing the p rticle siz (e.g sledg e hamme );

— rifle b x;

— t oolsfor subsamplng (e.g c os divide , Ty le divide );

— me haniz d turnta le / rotating divide s

Al eq ipment used shal comply with r lev nt Int ernational Stan ards(e.g ISO 5 5 for sieves)

NOTE 1 For a des ription of the eq ipment used in this document, se ISO 1 4 4

NOTE 2 A Ty ler divider is a device that cuts a representative 1/ 16th from fe d material by sy stematical y

rejecting se ments of material flowing down an adjusta le 45° or 60° incline (se Figure A.1) It can b used

“b t ch-wise” or with a contin ous fe d

9.3 Minimum size of the subsample

De isions a out the siz of subsample r q ir d should be b sed on the guidanc pro ided in

ISO 1 40 -1 4 This s at es that a n mbe of fact ors g ove n the siz of the subsample t o be sent t o of

-sit e la orat ories ( i.e the la orat ory sample) inclu ing:

— the rang e of pedolo ical, chemical, phy sical an or biolo ical ex minations an t es s that ar t o be

car ied ou

— the spe ific r q ir ment of the la oratory la orat ories car ying out the ex minations an tes s; an

— the ne d for samples t o be suff iciently r pr sentative, taking int o ac ount the p rticle siz

dis ribution an the conc ntration dis ribution of the mat erial t o be sampled;

with larg er samples than r q ir d for the t es ing suit e envisag ed usualy being taken, in case ad itional

analysis or t es s ar de ided on, in r sp nse t o sit e o se v tions an initial r sult

The f irs two of the a o e p int wi l usualy be def ined b folowing an es a lshed proc d r an / r

discus ion with the la orat ory la orat ories

As discus ed in ISO 1 40 -1 4, the r lationship betwe n p rticle siz dis ribution an the siz of

sample or inc ement r q ir d t o o tain r la le analytical r sult for a gran lar mat erial in w hich

the pro e ties of int er s ar in e ent within the p rticles is amena le t o theor tical det ermination

Howeve , this is not p s ible w hen deal ng with an inhe ently complex mat erial such as soi w hich

might contain sold p rticles of seve al ty es, wat er, biota, contaminant adhe ing t o p rticles an

even non-aq eous phases In these mor complex, cases the pe son designing the sampl ng ex er ise

should, in consultation with the la orat ory u de taking the plan ed t es ing, make a ju g ement a out

the minimum sample siz r q ir d A minimum sample siz of 5 0 g t o 1 0 0 g oft en wi be r q ir d

Howeve it should be not ed that such a spe ification wi l usualy be based on as umptions a out the

charact er of the mat erial t o be sampled The sample should adjus the sample siz t o take ac ount of

o se v tions in the f ield (or the r sult of an earl e Ex lorat ory Inves ig tion, inclu ing information

a out ex ces ive sampl ng u c rtainty)

NOTE T e guidance provided in DIN 1 1 3 re arding the relationship b tween minimum sample size

an ma imum particle size might help when making a decision a out the size of sample req ired When the

sample contains mac o-a gre ates, the ma imum size of the mac o-a gre at es det ermines the minimum size of

the subsamples whenever the mac o-a gre at es b have lik e in ivid al particles d ring subsampling, i.e when

mac o-a gre at es are not cut int o pieces by the subsampling eq ipment used (se 9.4 for mac o-a gre at e size

red ction)