2 petroleum reservoir engineering slides (feb 2016)

Definition of Engineering Engineering is the discipline or profession of applying necessary knowledge and utilizing physical resources in order to design and implement systems and pro

Trang 1

GEOPET BACHELOR PROGRAM IN

Trang 2

 Special Core Analysis

 Well Test Analysis

 Production Forecast

12/15/2017 Mai Cao Lân – Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT 2

Trang 3

1 L.P.Dake (1978) Fundamentals of Reservoir Engineering,

Elsevier Science, Amsterdam.

2 L.P.Dake (1994) The Practice of Reservoir Engineering,

Elsevier Science, Amsterdam.

3 B.C.Craft & M.Hawkins (1991) Applied Petroleum

Reservoir Engineering,Prentice Hall, New Jersey.

4 T Ahmed (2006) Reservoir Engineering Handbook , Gulf

Professional Publishing, Oxford.

Trang 4

 Key Concepts in Reservoir Engineering

 Fundamentals of Oil & Gas Reservoirs

 Quantitative Methods in Reservoir Characterization and

Evaluation.

Trang 5

Part I

Key Concepts in

Reservoir Engineering

Trang 6

Definition of Reservoir

In petroleum industry, reservoir fluids is a mixture of

hydrocarbons (oil and/or gas), water and other non-hydrocarbon compounds (such as H2S, CO2, N2, )

Trang 7

Definition of Engineering

Engineering is the discipline or profession of

applying necessary knowledge and utilizing

physical resources in order to design and

implement systems and processes that realize a

desired objective and meet specified criteria

Trang 8

Engineering is the discipline and profession of

implement systems and processes that realize a desired objective and meet specified criteria.

Trang 9

Necessary Knowledge

 Reservoir Rock Properties & Behavior during the

Production Process

 Reservoir Fluid Properties & Behavior during the

Production Process

 Fluid Flows in Reservoirs

Trang 10

Necessary Knowledge (cont’d)

 Quantitative Methods for Reservoir

Trang 11

Trang 12

Physical Resources

 Reservoir’s energy source resulted from the

initial pressure & drive mechanisms during production

 Available flow conduits thanks to reservoir’s

characteristic properties such as permeability distribution.

Trang 13

Trang 14

Design and Implementation

 Plan for producing oil & gas from the reservoirs in the

field: Exploit reservoir energy sources; Design appropreate well patterns; Select suitable subsurface & surface facilities during the lifecycle of the oil field

Trang 15

implement systems and processes that realize a

desired objective and meet specified criteria.

Trang 16

Desired Objective

recovered oil & gas

 To recover as much as possible oil & gas from

the reservoirs

 To recover high-quality oil & gas

Trang 17

implement systems and processes that realize a desired objective and meet specified criteria

Trang 19

Oil Fields and Their Lifecycle

Trang 20

Oil Fields and Their Lifecycle

 A lifecycle of an oil field consists of the following stages:

Trang 21

Revenue Throughout LifeCycle

Trang 22

Part II

Basic Properties and Behaviors of

Oil & Gas Reservoirs

Trang 23

Five Basic Reservoir Fluids

Black Oil

Critical point

Temperature Separator

% Liquid Volatile oil

Pressure path

in reservoir

3

2 1

3

Critical point

3 Separator

% Liquid

Pressure path

in reservoir 1 2 Retrograde gas

Retrograde Gas Wet Gas Dry Gas

Black Oil Volatile Oil

Classification of Reservoir Fluids

Trang 24

 Used to visualize the fluids production path from

the reservoir to the surface

 Used to classify reservoir fluids

 Used to develop different strategies to produce

oil/gas from reservoir

Pressure-Temperature Diagrams

Trang 25

Phase Diagrams

Single Liquid Phase Region

Critical Point

Two-Phase Region

Mai Cao Lân – Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT 25

Trang 26

Black Oil

Critical Point

Trang 27

% Liquid Volatile oil

Pressure path

in reservoir

2 1

3

Critical point

Trang 28

2 Retrograde gas

Trang 29

Trang 31

Field Identification

Black Oil Volatile Oil Retrograde Gas Wet Gas Dry Gas Initial Producing

Stock-Tank Liquid Dark Colored Colored Lightly Water White Liquid No

*For Engineering Purposes

Trang 32

0 50000

Retrograde gas

Volatile oil

Wet gas

Dry

gas

Black oil

Field Identification

Trang 33

Primary Production Trends

Time Time

Time

Time Time

No liquid

Dry Gas

Wet Gas

Retrograde Gas

Volatile Oil

Trang 34

Exercise 1

 Based on the phase diagrams of volatile oil

and retrograde gas, describe some characteristic properties of these two reservoir fluids

 Name some applications of phase diagrams

in selecting surface facilities

Trang 35

Basic Properties of Natural Gas

▪ Equation-of-State (EOS)

▪ Apparent Molecular Weight of Gas Mixture

▪ Density of Gas Mixture

▪ Gas Specific Gravity

▪ Z-factor (Gas Compressibility or Gas Deviation Factor)

▪ Isothermal Compressibility

▪ Gas Formation Volume Factor

▪ Gas Viscosity

Trang 36

Gas Equation-Of-State (EOS)

Trang 37

Apparent Molecular Weight of a Gas Mixture

Normally, petroleum gas is a mixture of various light hydrocarbon (C 1 -C 4 ) For example:

Component Mole Percent Molecular Weight

Trang 38

Density of Gas Mixture

Gas density is calculated from the definition of

density and the EOS

Trang 39

Gas Specific Gravity

The specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the gas density to that of the air









Trang 40

Gas Deviation Factor (Z-factor)

Z-factor in the EOS accounts for the difference in

the behavior of natural gases in compared with ideal gases

Trang 41

Standing-Katz Chart

Step 1: Calculate pseudo-critical pressure and temperature

Step 2: Calculate pseudo-reduced pressure and temperature:

Step 3: Use Standings-Katz chart

Trang 42

Dranchuk & Abou-Kassem

Correlation

7210

0

; 6134

0

1056

0

; 1844

0

; 7361

0

5475

0

; 05165

0

; 01569

0

5339

0

; 0700

1

; 3265

0

1110

98

7

65

4

32

A A

A

A A

A

A A

Trang 44

Wichert-Aziz Correction Method

R , o





pc T T

pc pc pc

p T p



Corrected pseudo-critical temperature:

Corrected pseudo-critical pressure:

Pseudo-critical temperature adjustment factor

Trang 45

Given the following real gas composition,

Determine the density of the gas mixture at 1,000 psia and 110 F using Witchert-Aziz correction

method.

Trang 46

Sutton Correction Method

20.5

Step 2: Calculate the adjustment parameters:

Trang 47

Sutton Correction Method (cont.)

K

J

K K

J

K T

pc pc

Trang 48

Correlations for Pseudo Properties

of Real Gas Mixture

Trang 49

Isothermal Compressiblity of

Natural Gas Mixture

1 d d

g

V c

 

   

 

Isothermal pseudo-reduced compressibility:

Trang 50

Gas Isothermal Compressiblity Correlation by Matter, Brar & Aziz (1975)

pr pr r

r T

dz d c

Trang 51

Gas Formation Volume Factor

,

p T g

sc

V B

V



By definition, the gas FVF is

Combining the above equation with the EOS yields

p zT B

Trang 52

Gas Viscosity Correlation Method by Carr, Kobayashi and Burrows (1954)

Step 1: Calculate pseudo-critical properties and the

corrections to these properties for the presence of

nonhydrocarbon gases (CO 2 , H 2 S, N 2 )

Step 2: Obtain the (corrected) viscosity of the gas

mixture at one atmosphere and the temperature of

interest

Step 3: Calculate the pseudo-reduced pressure and

temperature, and obtain the viscosity ratio ( g / 1 )

viscosity ratio ( g / 1 )

Trang 53

Carr’s Atmospheric Gas Viscosity Correlation

Trang 54

Gas Viscosity Ratio Correlation

Trang 55

Standing’s Correlation for

Atmospheric Gas Viscosity

Trang 56

Dempsey’s Correlation for Gas

a5 = −3.49803305 a6 = 3.60373020 (10−1) a7 = −1.044324 (10−2) a8 = −7.93385648 (10−1) a9 = 1.39643306

a10 = −1.49144925 (10−1) a11 = 4.41015512 (10−3) a12 = 8.39387178 (10−2) a13 = −1.86408848 (10−1) a14 = 2.03367881 (10−2) a15 = −6.09579263 (10−4)

Trang 57

Exercise 4

A gas well is producing at a rate of 15,000 ft3/day from a gas reservoir at an average pressure of 2,000 psia and a temperature of 120°F The specific

Trang 58

Properties of Crude Oil

undersaturated crude oils

Trang 59

Crude Oil Density

The crude oil density is defined as the mass of a unit volume of the crude oil at a specified

pressure and temperature

3

(lb/ft )

o o

o

m V

Trang 60

Crude Oil Gravity

The specific gravity of a crude oil is defined as the ratio of the density of the oil to that of water

o API is usually used to reprensent the gravity of the crude oil as follow

Trang 61

Black Oil Model

Trang 62

Gas Solubility R s

R s is defined as the number of standard cubic feet

of gas dissolved in one stock-tank barrel of crude oil at certain pressure and temperature

The solubility of a natural gas in a crude oil is a

strong function of the pressure, temperature, API gravity, and gas gravity.

Trang 63

Gas Solubility R s

Trang 64

Oil formation volume factor B o

Trang 65

PVT Experiments for Black Oil

 Constant composition expansion – CCE

 Differential liberation test – DL

 Separator test - ST

Trang 66

CCE experiment

Trang 67

DL test

Trang 68

Separator test

Trang 69

PVT Experiments for Gas Condensate

 Constant composition expansion – CCE

 Constant volume depletion - CVD

Trang 70

CCE experiment

Trang 71

CVD experiment

Trang 72

Empirical Correlations for Oil

Trang 73

Standing’s Correlation for R s

Trang 74

Vasquez-Beggs’ correlation for R s

Trang 75

Glaso’s correlation for R s

1.2255 0.989

* 0.172

Trang 76

Al-Marhoun’s correlation for R s

Trang 77

Petrosky-Farshad’s correlation for R s

1.73184 0.8439

112.727

X b

Trang 78

Standing’s correlation for P b

Trang 79

Vasquez-Beggs’ correlation for P b

2 3

Trang 80

Glaso’s correlation for P b

Tiêu đề	Petroleum reservoir engineering
Tác giả	Mai Cao Lân
Trường học	HCMUT - Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering
Chuyên ngành	Petroleum Engineering
Thể loại	Lecture
Năm xuất bản	2017
Thành phố	Amsterdam

Định dạng
Số trang	248
Dung lượng	11,46 MB