Tiêu chuẩn iso 07240 15 2014

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Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 7240-1 apply.

Abbreviated terms

FDCIE fire detection control and indicating equipment

Compliance

To ensure compliance with ISO 7240, detectors must meet specific requirements Clause 4 should be verified through visual inspection or engineering assessment, followed by testing in accordance with Clause 5 to confirm all test criteria are met Additionally, Clauses 7 and 8 require verification through visual inspection to ensure proper adherence to standards.

Design considerations

Detectors shall be so designed that the signal(s) from the smoke sensor(s), combined with the signal(s) from the heat sensor(s), release an alarm signal.

NOTE In some cases, an alarm signal can result from only one element, but the overall fire performance is dependent on signals from more than one sensor being combined in some form of signal processing.

Smoke-response value of detectors using scattered or transmitted light

Detectors that utilize scattered or transmitted light must conform to one of the two response threshold value bands outlined in Table 1 Additionally, they must meet the corresponding end-of-test conditions for the test fires, as detailed in section 5.22.

Table 1 — Smoke-response value for detectors using scattered or transmitted light

Smoke-response value in smoke tunnel

Test fires end-of-test conditions dB/m TF1 TF2 dB/m TF3 dB/m TF4 dimensionless TF5 dimensionless TF8 dB/m

NOTE The smaller the m value, the higher the sensitivity of the detectors.

Individual alarm indication

Each detector must be equipped with an integral red visual indicator to identify the individual detector releasing an alarm until the alarm condition is reset Visual indicators for other detector conditions should be clearly distinguishable from alarm indications, except when the detector is in service mode For detachable detectors, the visual indicator can be integrated with either the base or the detector head, ensuring clear and effective alarm identification.

NOTE The alarm condition is reset manually at the FDCIE.

The visual indicator must be visible from a distance of 6 meters under ambient light conditions up to 500 lux It should be observable at an angle of up to 5° from the detector's axis in any direction, ensuring close-range visibility Additionally, the indicator must be visible at an angle of at least 45° from the detector's axis in at least one direction, guaranteeing visibility from wider angles for effective detection and safety compliance.

Indication of other conditions

Where the detector visually indicates other status conditions, they shall be clearly distinguishable from the alarm indication.

Connection of ancillary devices

Where the detector provides for connections to ancillary devices (e.g remote indicators, control relays), open- or short-circuit failures of these connections shall not prevent the correct operation of the detector.

Monitoring of detachable detectors

For detachable detectors, a means shall be provided for a remote monitoring system to detect the removal of the head from the base, in order to give a fault signal (e.g the FDCIE).

Manufacturer’s adjustments

It shall not be possible to change the manufacturer’s settings except by special means (e.g the use of a special code or tool), or by breaking or removing a seal.

On-site adjustment of response behaviour

When a detector includes provisions for on-site adjustment of its response value, it must meet specific compliance requirements For all settings where the manufacturer claims conformity, the detector must comply with ISO 7240 standards, and access to adjustment means should only be possible through a code, special tool, or by removing the detector from its base or mounting Conversely, settings not covered by the manufacturer's compliance claim should only be accessible using a code or special tool, and it must be clearly marked on the detector or related data that using these settings results in non-compliance with ISO 7240 standards.

4.9.2 Adjustments can be carried out at the detector or at the FDCIE.

If means are provided, either remotely or internally, to switch off signals from a sensing element or to adjust the detector's sensitivity so that it no longer complies with the requirements of ISO 7240, this status change must be communicated to the Fire Detection and Control Indicating Equipment (FDCIE).

Copyright International Organization for Standardization

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Response to slowly developing fires

Providing drift compensation, such as adjustments for sensor drift caused by dirt buildup in the detector, must not significantly reduce the detector's sensitivity to slowly developing fires This ensures that fire detection capabilities remain effective while maintaining accuracy over time, according to standards outlined in Annex A.

Since conducting tests with very gradual increases in smoke density is impractical, the detector's response to slow smoke density increases shall be evaluated through analysis of the circuit and software, as well as physical tests and simulations.

The detector is considered compliant if it meets specific performance criteria during assessment Specifically, when the rate of increase in smoke density exceeds 25% of the initial uncompensated response, the alarm time must not surpass 1.6 times the ratio of the initial response to the rate plus 100 seconds Additionally, the total compensation range should ensure that the compensated response remains below 60% of the initial response, and the fully compensated smoke response should not exceed the initial value by more than 60%.

Protection against ingress of foreign bodies

4.11.1 The detector shall be so designed that a sphere of diameter larger than (1,3 ± 0,05) mm cannot pass into the smoke measuring chamber.

This requirement is designed to limit insect entry into the smoke measuring chamber of the detector, enhancing its accuracy and reliability While this measure reduces the risk of insects contaminating the chamber, it does not completely prevent their access Implementing extremely small access holes could lead to issues such as clogging caused by dust and debris, which may impair detector performance Therefore, a balanced approach is necessary to restrict insect entry without compromising the functionality of the smoke detector.

It might therefore be necessary to take other precautions against false alarms due to the entry of small insects.

Manufacturers must demonstrate the resistance of detectors lacking physical protection against foreign body ingress, verifying their ability to withstand adverse effects caused by such ingress, as specified in section 4.11.2.

Software-controlled detectors

The requirements of 4.12.2, 4.12.3, and 4.12.4 shall be met for detectors that rely on software control in order to fulfil the requirements of this part of ISO 7240.

The manufacturer must prepare comprehensive documentation that provides an overview of the software design, ensuring it meets ISO 7240 standards This documentation should include detailed descriptions suitable for inspection, covering at least a functional description of the main program flow, such as flow diagrams or structograms.

1) a brief description of the modules and the functions that they perform,

2) the way in which the modules interact,

3) the overall hierarchy of the program,

4) the way in which the software interacts with the hardware of the detector, and

Effective module management involves clear procedures for calling modules and handling interrupt processing to ensure seamless operation It is essential to accurately describe memory areas allocated for different functions, such as program code, site-specific data, and runtime data, to optimize performance and security Additionally, uniquely identifying the software and its version is crucial for maintaining compatibility, tracking updates, and ensuring reliable system operation.

The manufacturer must prepare comprehensive design documentation that is accessible for inspection while safeguarding confidentiality This documentation should include an overview of the entire system configuration, encompassing all hardware and software components, as well as detailed descriptions of each program module.

1) the name of the module,

2) a description of the tasks performed, and

This article outlines essential documentation requirements, including a detailed description of interfaces that specify data transfer types, valid data ranges, and validation procedures to ensure data integrity It emphasizes the need to provide comprehensive source code listings—either hard copy or machine-readable—containing all global and local variables, constants, and labels, along with thorough comments to clarify program flow Additionally, the article highlights the importance of documenting any software tools employed during design and implementation, such as CASE-Tools and compilers, to ensure transparency and reproducibility of the development process.

NOTE This detailed documentation can be reviewed at the manufacturers’ premises.

To ensure the reliability of the detector, the software must have a modular structure, facilitating easier maintenance and updates Interface designs for both manually and automatically generated data should prevent invalid data from causing errors during operation, ensuring robust performance Additionally, the software must be designed to eliminate the risk of program deadlock, maintaining smooth and continuous detector functionality.

4.12.4 Storage of programs and data

The program required to comply with ISO 7240, along with essential data like manufacturer’s settings, must be stored in non-volatile memory to ensure data integrity Writing to these memory areas is restricted and can only be performed using specialized tools or codes, preventing modifications during the detector’s normal operation This safeguards the device’s configuration and ensures reliable performance in fire detection systems.

Site-specific data must be stored in memory capable of retaining information for at least two weeks without external power supply If power is lost, provisions should be in place to automatically renew or recover the data within one hour of power restoration Compliance with ISO 2014 standards is essential to ensure data integrity and system reliability.

General

Unless otherwise specified in the test procedure, testing should be conducted only after the test specimen has stabilized in the standard atmospheric conditions outlined in IEC 60068-1 Proper stabilization ensures consistent and accurate test results, adhering to international testing standards.

— air pressure: 86 kPa to 106 kPa.

5.1.1.2 The temperature and humidity shall be substantially constant for each environmental test where the standard atmospheric conditions are applied.

Mount the specimen using the manufacturer’s recommended attachment method, ensuring proper compliance If multiple mounting methods are provided, select the method that is most unfavorable for each test to ensure conservative and accurate results.

When a test method requires a specimen to be operational, it must be connected to appropriate supply and monitoring equipment that meet the manufacturer's specifications Supply parameters should be set within the manufacturer’s recommended ranges and maintained consistently throughout the testing process Typically, the chosen parameter values should be the nominal or mean values within the specified ranges to ensure accurate and reliable test results.

To ensure proper detection of alarm or fault signals during testing, connect the specimen to any necessary ancillary devices, such as wiring to an end-of-line device for non-addressable detectors This connection enables accurate recognition of fault signals, complying with testing procedures and safety standards.

5.1.3.2 The details of the supply and monitoring equipment and the alarm criteria used shall be given in the test report (Clause 6).

5.1.4.1 Unless otherwise stated, the tolerances for the environmental test parameters shall be as given in the basic reference standards for the test (e.g the relevant part of IEC 60068).

5.1.4.2 If a specific tolerance or deviation limit is not specified in a requirement or test procedure, then a tolerance of ±5 % shall be applied.

5.1.5 Measurement of the smoke-response value

To measure the smoke-response value (A_sr), install the specimen in its normal operating position within the smoke tunnel described in Annex B, using its standard attachment methods The specimen's orientation relative to the airflow should be the least sensitive position identified during the directional dependence of smoke response test (section 5.3), unless the test procedure specifies a different orientation.

5.1.5.2 Before commencing each measurement, purge the smoke tunnel with clean air to ensure that the tunnel and the specimen are free from the test aerosol.

5.1.5.3 The air velocity in the proximity of the specimen shall be (0,2 ± 0,04) m/s unless otherwise specified in the test procedure.

5.1.5.4 Unless otherwise specified in the test procedure, the air temperature in the tunnel shall be

(23 ± 5) °C and shall not vary by more than 5 K and not faster than 0,2 K/min for all the measurements on a specimen.

5.1.5.5 Connect the specimen to its supply and monitoring equipment as described in 5.1.3, and allow it to stabilize for at least 15 min, unless otherwise specified by the manufacturer.

5.1.5.6 Introduce the test aerosol as specified in B.3 into the tunnel at such a rate that the increase of aerosol density is as follows:

— for detectors using scattered or transmitted light, in decibels per metre per min:

 m t where m is the aerosol density in dB/m; t is the time in min.

— for detectors using ionization, per minute:

 y t where y is a dimensionless variable; t is the time in min.

NOTE These ranges are intended to allow the selection of a convenient rate, depending upon the sensitivity of the detector, to get a response in a reasonable time.

5.1.5.7 The initially selected rate of increase in aerosol density shall be similar for all measurements on a particular detector type.

5.1.5.8 Record the aerosol density (m or y) at the moment the specimen gives an alarm This shall be taken as the smoke-response value.

5.1.6 Measurement of the heat-response value

Install the specimen intended for heat-response measurement in a heat tunnel according to Annex C, ensuring it is positioned in its normal operating orientation using standard attachment methods The specimen's orientation relative to airflow should be the least sensitive, as identified in the directional dependence of heat response test (section 5.4), unless differently specified in the test protocol.

5.1.6.2 Connect the specimen to its supply and monitoring equipment as specified in 5.1.3, and allow it to stabilize for at least 15 min, unless otherwise specified by the manufacturer.

5.1.6.3 Before the test, stabilize the temperature of the air stream and the specimen at (25 ± 2) °C The air flow shall be maintained at a constant mass flow equivalent to a velocity of (0,8 ± 0,1) m/s at 25 °C.

5.1.6.4 Raise the air temperature until the heat sensor produces a signal (this might be a fire signal), as specified by the manufacturer The rate of rise of the air temperature and the associated tolerances shall correspond to one of the values, except for 0,2 K/min, 1 K/min and 30 K/min, as specified in ISO 7240-5 The choice of the rate within the range of 3 K/min to 20 K/min shall be specified by the manufacturer.

For testing purposes, manufacturers may provide specimens with specialized outputs or modified software that signal when internal temperature thresholds are reached due to air temperature changes It is crucial that these output signals are routed through the detector’s amplification path to ensure accurate and reliable detection.

5.1.6.6 Record the temperature at which this signal is produced, T (s) This shall be taken as the heat- response value.

5.1.7.1 Provide the following for testing in compliance with this part of ISO 7240:

— for detachable detectors: 23 detector heads and bases;

— for non-detachable detectors: 23 specimens;

— the data specified in Clause 7 and Clause 8.

Submitted specimens are considered representative of the manufacturer’s normal production concerning their construction and calibration, ensuring that their mean smoke-response value in reproducibility tests accurately reflects the overall production mean Additionally, the deviation limits established for the reproducibility test should be applicable to the manufacturer’s entire production, confirming consistency and reliability in smoke-response performance.

Test the specimens according to the procedures outlined in Table 2 For the reproducibility of the smoke response test (section 5.5), identify the four specimens that exhibit the least sensitive smoke response—those with the highest smoke response values—and assign them numbers 18 to 23 The remaining specimens should then be numbered from 1 to 17 in any arbitrary order.

Test Subclause Specimen no(s) to be tested

Repeatability of smoke response 5.2 one chosen arbitrarily

Directional dependence of smoke response 5.3 one chosen arbitrarily

Directional dependence of heat response 5.4 one chosen arbitrarily

This article discusses the reproducibility of smoke response in detectors, emphasizing that the test applies solely to devices utilizing scattered or transmitted light principles To optimize testing efficiency, it is allowed to use the same specimen across multiple EMC tests, with the understanding that intermediate functional tests may be omitted for repeated specimens, provided a comprehensive functional test is performed at the end However, it is important to note that if a failure occurs, identifying the specific test exposure responsible is not possible Additionally, the test includes measurement and assessment criteria that are applicable to other tests, especially for detectors equipped with multiple smoke sensors.

Test Subclause Specimen no(s) to be tested

Reproducibility of heat response 5.6 all specimens

Lower limit of heat response 5.7 1

Damp heat, steady state (endurance) 5.14 7

Sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) corrosion (endurance) 5.15 8

Conducted disturbances induced by electromagnetic fields

Slow high energy voltage surge (operational) 5.20 16 b

Detectors with more than one smoke sensor – Optional test c 5.21 17

This article discusses fire sensitivity testing for detectors that operate on a scattered or transmitted light principle, emphasizing that the test is specific to such models For cost-effective testing, it is allowed to reuse the same specimen across multiple EMC tests, with the full functional test deferred until all tests are completed However, reusing specimens means that in case of test failure, it may be difficult to determine which specific exposure caused the issue Additionally, the test outlines measurement and assessment criteria applicable to detectors equipped with multiple smoke sensors, ensuring comprehensive evaluation of multi-sensor fire detection devices.

The test results shall be reported in accordance with Clause 6.

Repeatability of smoke response

To show that the detector has stable behaviour with respect to its sensitivity even after a number of alarm conditions.

5.2.2.1 Mount the specimen in accordance with 5.1.2 and connect it to supply and monitoring equipment in accordance with 5.1.3.

To measure the smoke-response value of the specimen, conduct six tests following the procedure outlined in 5.1.5 The specimen's orientation relative to the airflow can be arbitrary; however, it must be consistent across all six measurements to ensure accurate and comparable results.

5.2.2.3 Designate the maximum of the measured smoke-response values as y max or m max and the minimum value as y min or m min

5.2.3.1 The ratio of the smoke-response values y max : y min or m max : m min shall be not greater than 1,6.

5.2.3.2 The lower smoke-response value y min shall be not less than 0,2.

5.2.3.3 The lower smoke-response value, m min , shall be not less than

— 0,05 dB/m for detectors with a declared smoke-response value band of 0,05 < m < 0,3, or

— 0,2 dB/m for detectors with a declared smoke-response value band of 0,2 < m < 0,6.

5.2.3.4 The higher smoke-response value, m max, shall be not greater than

Directional dependence of smoke response

To show that the sensitivity of the detector is not unduly dependent on the direction of air flow around the detector.

To measure the smoke-response value of the specimen, conduct eight tests according to section 5.1.5, rotating the specimen 45° around its vertical axis between each measurement This ensures the readings are taken at eight different orientations relative to the airflow, providing accurate and comprehensive assessment results.

5.3.2.4 Record the orientations for which the maximum and minimum smoke-response values were measured.

Directional dependence of heat response

To show that the sensitivity of the detector is not unduly dependent on the direction of air flow around the detector.

5.4.2.2 Stabilize the specimen at 25 °C before each measurement.

The heat-response value of the specimen should be measured eight times following the procedure in 5.1.6, with a temperature rise rate of 10 K/min During testing, the specimen must be rotated 45° about its vertical axis between each measurement, ensuring that all eight measurements are taken at different orientations relative to the airflow direction This method provides comprehensive data on the specimen's thermal behavior under various angular positions.

5.4.2.4 Record the heat-response value at each of the eight orientations.

5.4.2.5 Designate the maximum of the measured heat-response value as T max and the minimum value as T min

Record the orientations with the highest and lowest heat-response values, identifying the least sensitive heat orientation as the one with the maximum response time, and the most sensitive heat orientation as the one with the minimum response time.

The ratio of (T max – 25):(T min – 25) shall be not greater than 1,6.

Reproducibility of smoke response

To show that the smoke sensitivity of the detector does not vary unduly from specimen to specimen.

5.5.2.3 Calculate the mean of these smoke-response values and designate it as y or m as appropriate.

The smoke-response ratios are regulated to ensure safety and compliance Specifically, the ratio of maximum to average smoke-response values (y max : y or m max : m) must not exceed 1.33 Additionally, the ratio of the smoke-response values to their minimums (y : y min or m : m min) should not be greater than 1.5 These limits are essential for maintaining consistent smoke behavior in fire safety testing.

5.5.3.4 The higher smoke-response value, m max , shall be not greater than

Reproducibility of heat response

To show that the heat sensitivity of the detector does not vary unduly from specimen to specimen.

5.6.2.3 Measure the heat-response value of the specimen as specified in 5.1.6, at a rate of rise of

The ratio of T max : T min shall be not greater than 1,3.

Lower limit of heat response

To show that detectors in the absence of smoke, are not more sensitive to heat alone, than is permitted in ISO 7240-5.

Measure the heat-response value of the specimen in its most sensitive orientation utilizing the methods specified in sections 5.3 and ISO 7240-5:2012, 5.4 Ensure the test parameters align with those designated for class A1 detectors according to ISO 7240-5:2012.

NOTE The minimum static response temperature needs to be greater than that which is required to comply with the dry heat (operational) test (5.11).

In the static response temperature test outlined in section 5.3 of ISO 7240-5:2012, the specimen must not trigger an alarm at temperatures below the minimum static response temperature specified in Table 1 for class A1 detectors This ensures that detectors only activate within their designated temperature thresholds, maintaining reliable fire detection performance according to ISO standards.

The specimen must not generate an alarm at any rate of air temperature rise faster than the lower response time limits specified in Table 4 of ISO 7240-5:2012 for class A1 detectors This ensures conformity with ISO 7240-5:2012 standards for reliable fire detection performance.

Air movement

This article demonstrates that the detector's sensitivity is not significantly impacted by variations in airflow rates, ensuring reliable operation even in conditions with drafts or brief gusts It highlights that the device maintains its accuracy without being prone to false alarms caused by transient air movements, making it a dependable safety solution.

Measure the smoke-response value of the specimen in both the most and least sensitive orientations, as outlined in section 5.1.5 Assign the highest response as y(0,2)max or m(0,2)max, and the lowest response as y(0,2)min or m(0,2)min, to accurately assess the specimen's sensitivity under different conditions.

5.8.2.3 Repeat these measurements but with an air velocity in the proximity of the detector of

(1 ± 0,2) m/s Designate the smoke-response values in these tests as y (1,0)max and y (1,0)min or m (1,0)max and m (1,0)min

For detectors containing an ionization chamber, the specimen should be exposed to aerosol-free airflow at a velocity of (5 ± 0.5) m/s in its most sensitive orientation for a duration of 5 to 7 minutes After this initial test, a waiting period of at least 10 minutes is required before exposing the specimen to a gust of air at the same velocity This procedure ensures accurate assessment of the detector's sensitivity and performance under controlled air flow conditions.

(10 ± 1) m/s for a period of not less than 2 s and not more than 4 s.

5.8.2.4 Record any signal that is emitted.

— for detectors using scattered or transmitted light: 0 625 0 2 0 2 1 6

5.8.3.2 For ionization-chamber detectors, the detector shall not emit either a fault signal or an alarm signal during the test with aerosol free-air.

Dazzling

This test demonstrates that the detector's sensitivity is not significantly affected by nearby artificial light sources It is specifically applicable to detectors that utilize scattered or transmitted light, whereas ionization chamber detectors are generally unlikely to be influenced by such conditions.

5.9.2.1 Mount the apparatus for the dazzling test (see Annex D) in the smoke tunnel as specified in B.1.

5.9.2.2 Install the specimen in the apparatus in the least sensitive orientation and connect it to its supply and monitoring equipment in accordance with 5.1.3.

5.9.2.3 Measure the smoke-response value of the specimen as specified in 5.1.5.

5.9.2.4 Switch the four lamps ON simultaneously for 10 s and then OFF for 10 s Repeat this 10 times.

5.9.2.5 Switch the four lamps ON again and, after at least 1 min, measure the smoke-response value as specified in 5.1.5, with the lamps ON.

5.9.2.6 Switch the four lamps OFF.

5.9.2.7 Repeat 5.9.2.3 to 5.9.2.6, but with the detector rotated 90° in one direction (either direction can be chosen), from the least sensitive orientation.

5.9.2.8 For each orientation, designate the maximum smoke-response value as m max and the minimum smoke-response value as m min

During the switching sequence and when all lamps are ON for at least one minute, the specimen must not emit any alarm or fault signals This ensures proper functionality and accuracy during testing procedures Monitoring these conditions is essential for maintaining system reliability and compliance with safety standards.

For each orientation, the ratio of the smoke response values m max : m min shall be not greater than 1,6.

Variation in supply parameters (voltage)

To show that, within the specified range(s) of the supply parameters (e.g voltage), the sensitivity of the detector is not unduly dependent on these parameters.

5.10.2.1 Measure the smoke-response value of the specimen as specified in 5.1.5, at the upper and lower limits of the supply parameter (e.g voltage) range(s) specified by the manufacturer.

5.10.2.3 Measure the heat-response value of the specimen as specified in 5.1.6, at a rate of rise of

20 K/min, at the upper and lower limits of the supply parameter (e.g voltage) range(s) specified by the manufacturer.

Some detectors require only the DC voltage supplied as their primary parameter, making voltage stability crucial for proper operation Conversely, other detectors, such as analogue addressable types, demand careful consideration of signal levels and timing to ensure accurate detection and system reliability.

If necessary, the manufacturer might need to provide suitable supply equipment to allow the supply parameters to be changed as required.

5.10.3.1 The ratio of the smoke response values y max : y min or m max : m min shall be not greater than 1,6.

5.10.3.5 The ratio of T max : T min shall be not greater than 1,3.

Dry heat (operational)

To demonstrate the ability of the detector to function correctly at high ambient temperatures.

5.11.2.2 State of the specimen during conditioning

Mount the specimen in the smoke tunnel as specified in B.1, positioning it in its least sensitive orientation Ensure the initial air temperature is maintained at (25 ± 5) °C Connect the specimen to its supply and monitoring equipment following the guidelines in section 5.1.3.

— temperature: starting at an initial air temperature of (23 ± 5) °C, increase the air temperature to

(55 ± 2) °C at a rate not exceeding 1 K/min;

— duration: maintain the maximum temperature for 2 h.

Monitor the specimen to detect any alarm or fault signals.

5.11.2.5.1 Measure the smoke-response value in accordance with 5.1.5, but at a temperature of

In the smoke response testing, identify and record the higher value as y max or m max, and the lower value as y min or m min, based on the two measurements taken for the specimen during both the test and reproducibility test (5.5).

NOTE For this test, the minimum static response of the heat sensor needs to be greater than (55 ± 2) °C.

5.11.3.1 No alarm or fault signals shall be produced during conditioning, until the smoke-response value is measured.

Cold (operational)

To demonstrate the ability of the detector to function correctly at low ambient temperatures appropriate to the anticipated service environment.

Use the test apparatus and conduct the procedures as specified in IEC 60068-2-1, Test Ab, but carry out the conditioning procedure as specified in 5.12.2.2 to 5.12.2.5.

Mount the specimen as specified in 5.1.2 and connect it to its supply and monitoring equipment as specified in 5.1.3.

5.12.2.5.1 After the recovery period of between 1 h and 2 h at standard atmospheric conditions, measure the smoke-response value as specified in 5.1.5.

In the smoke response tests, designate the higher value measured for the specimen as y max or m max, and the lower value as y min or m min, using the greater of the initial and reproducibility test results for accurate assessment.

5.12.2.5.3 Measure the heat-response value as specified in 5.1.6, at a rate of rise of 20 K/min.

5.12.2.5.4 Designate the greater of the heat-response values measured in this test and for the same specimen in the reproducibility test (5.6) as T max and the lesser as T min

5.12.3.1 No alarm or fault signals shall be produced during the conditioning.

5.12.3.2 The ratio of the smoke response values y max : y min or m max : m min shall not be greater than 1,6.

Damp heat, cyclic (operational)

To demonstrate the ability of the detector to function correctly at high relative humidity (with condensation), which can occur for short periods in the anticipated service environment.

Use the test apparatus and conduct the procedure as specified in IEC 60068-2-30, Test Db, using the Variant 1 test cycle and with 5.13.2.2 to 5.13.2.5.

In the testing procedure, the greater of the smoke-response values observed in both the current test and the reproducibility test (section 5.5) should be designated as y max or m max, while the lesser value should be identified as y min or m min This ensures accurate recording and comparison of smoke-response data for each specimen, adhering to standardized testing protocols.

5.13.3.2 The ratio of the smoke response values y max : y min or m max : m min shall not be greater than 1,6.

Damp heat, steady-state (endurance)

This article highlights the detector's durability in long-term humidity exposure, emphasizing its ability to maintain performance despite environmental challenges It demonstrates the detector's resistance to changes in electrical properties caused by moisture, minimizes chemical reactions involving humidity, and withstands galvanic corrosion, ensuring reliable operation in demanding service environments.

Use the test apparatus and conduct the procedure as specified in IEC 60068-2-78, but carry out the conditioning procedure specified in 5.14.2.2 to 5.14.2.3.

Mount the specimen as specified in 5.1.2, but do not supply it with power during the conditioning.

In testing protocols, identify the highest smoke response value observed for a specimen across both the initial and reproducibility tests, designating it as y max or m max Conversely, select the lowest recorded response as y min or m min This ensures accurate assessment of the specimen’s maximum and minimum smoke responses under consistent testing conditions.

5.14.3.1 No alarm of fault signal shall be attributable to the endurance conditioning when the specimen is connected to the supply and monitoring equipment.

Sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) corrosion (endurance)

To demonstrate the ability of the detector to withstand the corrosive effects of sulfur dioxide as an atmospheric pollutant.

Use the test apparatus and conduct the procedure generally as specified in IEC 60068-2-42, Test Kc, but carry out the conditioning specified in 5.15.2.2 to 5.15.2.3.

Mount the specimen according to the instructions in section 5.1.2, ensuring proper setup During conditioning, do not supply power to the specimen; instead, connect it with untinned copper wires of appropriate diameter These wires should be connected to sufficient terminals to facilitate final measurements without the need for additional connections, ensuring accurate and efficient testing.

5.15.2.4.1 Immediately after the conditioning, subject the specimen to a drying period of 16 h at

40 °C, ≤ 50 % RH, followed by a recovery period of 1 h to 2 h at standard laboratory conditions.

5.15.2.4.2 After the recovery period, measure the smoke-response value as specified in 5.1.5.

In the testing protocol, the greater of the smoke response values from both the primary test and the reproducibility test is designated as y max or m max, while the lesser value is identified as y min or m min This approach ensures accurate assessment of smoke response levels by considering the highest and lowest measurements obtained for each specimen across multiple tests Properly recording these values is essential for reliable analysis and compliance with safety standards.

5.15.2.4.4 Measure the heat-response value as specified in 5.1.6.

Designate the greater of the heat-response value measured in this test and for the same specimen in the reproducibility test (5.6) as T max and the lesser as T min

5.15.3.1 No alarm of fault signal shall be attributable to the endurance conditioning when the specimen is connected to the supply and monitoring equipment.

Shock (operational)

To demonstrate the immunity of the detector to such mechanical shocks that are likely to occur, albeit infrequently, in the anticipated service environment.

Use the test apparatus and perform the procedure generally as specified in IEC 60068-2-27, Test Ea, but carry out the conditioning as specified in 5.16.2.2 to 5.16.2.4.

Mount the specimen as specified in 5.1.2, and connect it to its supply and monitoring equipment as specified in 5.1.3.

5.16.2.3.1 For specimens with a mass ≤4,75 kg, apply the following conditioning:

— shock pulse type: half sine;

— peak acceleration: 10 × (100 – 20M) m/s 2 (where M is the mass of the specimen, in kilograms);

5.16.2.3.2 Do not test specimens with a mass >4,75 kg.

5.16.2.5.1 After the conditioning, measure the smoke-response value as specified in 5.1.5.

In the testing process, the greater smoke response value observed in both the initial test and the reproducibility test should be designated as y max or m max, while the lower value should be labeled as y min or m min This ensures accurate comparison and assessment of smoke response performance according to the specified testing standards.

5.16.2.4.4 Designate the greater of the heat-response value measured in this test and for the same specimen in the reproducibility test (5.6) as T max and the lesser as T min

Impact (operational)

The detector's immunity to mechanical impacts on its surface is demonstrated by its ability to withstand such forces encountered in normal service environments This ensures reliable performance under typical operational conditions and confirms its durability against everyday mechanical shocks.

The test apparatus must include a swinging hammer with a rectangular-section aluminium alloy head made of Al Cu4SiMg, complying with ISO 209 standards and treated to a solution- and precipitation-treated condition The impact face of the hammer should be chamfered at a 60° angle to the horizontal when in the striking position, with the hammer shaft held vertically A suitable apparatus for this test is detailed in Annex E, ensuring proper compliance with ISO testing requirements.

To ensure accurate testing, securely mount the specimen to the apparatus using its standard mounting method and position it so that the upper half of the impact face strikes the specimen when the hammer is in its vertical, horizontal-moving position Select the azimuthal direction and impact point relative to the specimen based on the area most likely to compromise its normal functioning, thereby simulating realistic impact conditions.

5.17.2.2.2 Connect the specimen to its supply and monitoring equipment as specified in 5.1.3.

In the testing process, identify the higher smoke-response value measured for each specimen across both the current test and the reproducibility test, designating this as y max or m max Conversely, assign the lower value as y min or m min to ensure accurate comparison and data consistency.

Vibration, sinusoidal (operational)

To demonstrate the immunity of the detector to vibration at levels considered appropriate to the normal service environment.

Use the test apparatus and perform the procedure as specified in IEC 60068-2-6, Test Fc, but carry out the conditioning specified in 5.18.2.2 to 5.18.2.4.

5.18.2.2.1 Mount the specimen as specified in 5.1.2 and connect it to its supply and monitoring equipment as specified in 5.1.3.

Apply vibration sequentially to each of the three mutually perpendicular axes, ensuring that at least one of these axes is perpendicular to the specimen's normal mounting plane for accurate testing.

— frequency range: 10 Hz to150 Hz;

— number of sweep cycles: 1/axis.

Vibration operational and endurance tests can be combined by subjecting the specimen to operational test conditions followed by endurance test conditions along one axis before moving to the next axis This streamlined approach ensures efficient testing, requiring only one final measurement to assess the specimen’s performance.

After conditioning, measure the smoke-response value as specified in section 5.1.5 Record the higher value between this test and the reproducibility test (section 5.5) as y max or m max, and the lower value as y min or m min.

Vibration, sinusoidal (endurance)

To demonstrate the ability of the detector to withstand the long-term effects of vibration at levels appropriate to the service environment.

Use the test apparatus and perform the procedure as specified in IEC 60068-2-6, Test Fc, but carry out the conditioning specified in 5.19.2.2 to 5.19.2.3.

5.19.2.2.1 Mount the specimen as specified in 5.1.2, but do not supply it with power during conditioning.

Apply the vibration sequentially to each of the three mutually perpendicular axes, ensuring that one of these axes is perpendicular to the specimen's normal mounting axis.

— frequency range: 10 Hz to 150 Hz;

— number of sweep cycles: 20/axis.

5.19.2.3.2 The vibration operational and endurance tests can be combined such that the specimen is subjected to the operational test conditioning followed by the endurance test conditioning in one axis before changing to the next axis Only one final measurement need then be made.

Identify the higher smoke-response value between the current test and the reproducibility test for the same specimen, designating it as y max or m max Conversely, the lower value should be labeled as y min or m min, ensuring accurate comparison and record-keeping of smoke-response data.

5.19.2.4.4 Designate the greater of the heat-response values measured in this test and for the same specimen in the reproducibility test (5.6) as T max and the lesser as Tmin.

Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)

Perform EMC immunity testing according to EN 50130-4 standards, including electrostatic discharge, radiated electromagnetic field exposure, conducted disturbances induced by electromagnetic fields during operation, fast transient bursts in operational scenarios, and slow high-energy voltage surges These tests ensure equipment reliability and safety in electromagnetic environments.

For these tests, compliance criteria must adhere to EN 50130-4 standards The functional test, required during both initial and final measurements, is a key component of the assessment.

1) measure the smoke response value as described in 5.1.5;

Identify the higher value of the smoke-response measurement from both the current test and the reproducibility test for the same specimen, designating this as y max or m max Conversely, the lower measurement should be labeled y min or m min This comparison ensures accurate assessment of smoke response consistency and is essential for reliable material testing.

3) measure the heat-response value as specified in 5.1.6;

In this test, T max is designated as the higher heat-response value observed both during the initial measurement and the reproducibility test for the same specimen, while T min is identified as the lower value The specimen must be tested under the specified operating conditions outlined in section 5.1.3 Acceptance criteria for the functional test after conditioning stipulate that the specimen must meet the defined performance standards to ensure it functions correctly post-conditioning.

1) the ratio of the smoke response values y max : y min or m max : m min shall not be greater than 1,6;

2) the ratio of T max : T min shall be not greater than 1,3.

Detectors with more than one smoke sensor — Optional test

To demonstrate the stability of each smoke sensor and its associated circuitry.

The manufacturer shall provide a measurement technique that allows individual assessment of the response of each sensor with its associated circuitry (e.g the detector can provide outputs of the response data for each sensor, or a method can be provided for switching off each sensor independently).

To ensure accurate measurements, it is recommended that the sensor's predetermined signal reliably indicates aerosol density within ±50% of the value established during the reproducibility of the smoke response test (5.5) Ideally, these response measurements should be conducted simultaneously with smoke-response evaluations or separately on additional or specially prepared detectors to monitor specific events or signals, enabling consistent and reliable detection performance.

For cost-effective testing, specially prepared detectors can be reused across multiple tests, with intermediate sensor response measurements between tests being discarded Instead, final measurements are recorded at the end of the entire test sequence on each detector However, this approach may make it difficult to identify which specific test exposure caused a detector failure.

5.21.2.1 Mount the specimen as specified in 5.1.2 and connect it to its supply and monitoring equipment as specified in 5.1.3.

5.21.2.2 Measure the smoke-response value as specified in 5.1.5, making the following adjustments to the procedure as required.

For smoke detectors that include at least one scattered or transmitted light sensor along with an ionization sensor, manufacturers must consistently record the smoke-response value as either 'm' or 'y' across all relevant tests This applies to testing procedures outlined in sections 5.2, 5.3, 5.5, and 5.8 to 5.20, ensuring standardized and accurate performance assessment.

— If the smoke detector incorporates only scattered light or transmitted light sensors, then the smoke- response value shall be recorded as m for the tests in 5.2, 5.3, 5.5, and 5.8 to 5.20.

— If the smoke detector incorporates only ionization sensors, then the smoke-response value shall be recorded as y for the tests in 5.2, 5.3, 5.5, and 5.8 to 5.20.

During smoke detector testing, record smoke-response values for each sensor, capturing aerosol density—either scattering/transmitted light (m) or ionization (y)—at the moment a predetermined event occurs This event can be defined as either the detector signaling an alarm solely due to that sensor or the sensor generating a specific signal through its circuitry, ensuring comprehensive evaluation of each smoke sensor’s performance.

Response measurements for individual sensors shall meet the ratio requirements specified for the smoke-response values for the tests in 5.2, 5.3, 5.5, and 5.8 to 5.20.

NOTE The requirements specifying minimum smoke-response values are not applicable to the response measurements made on the individual sensors.

Fire sensitivity

To show that the detector has adequate sensitivity to a broad spectrum of fire types as required for general application in fire detection systems for buildings.

The specimens are mounted in a standard fire test room (see Annex F) and are exposed to a series of test fires designed to produce smoke and heat.

5.22.3.1.1 Subject the specimens to the six test fires TF1, TF2, TF3, TF4, TF5, and TF8, as specified in Annexes G to L.

To ensure a valid test fire, the development of the fire must produce profile curves of m against y and m against time (t) that remain within specified limits until all specimens generate an alarm signal or the end-of-test condition is reached, whichever occurs first If these criteria are not met, the test is considered invalid and must be repeated.

```,`,`,,``,,````,,,,,``,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - can be necessary, to adjust the quantity, condition (e.g moisture content) and arrangement of the fuel in order to obtain valid test fires.

Mount the six specimens (Nos 18 to 23) on the fire test room ceiling in the designated area (see Annex F) following the manufacturer’s instructions Ensure they are positioned in the least sensitive orientation relative to the assumed airflow from the center of the room to optimize test accuracy.

5.22.3.2.2 Connect each specimen to its supply and monitoring equipment, as specified in 5.1.3, and allow it to stabilize in its quiescent condition before the start of each test fire.

Detectors that dynamically adjust their sensitivity based on ambient conditions may need special reset procedures and stabilization periods It is essential to follow the manufacturer's guidance to ensure these detectors are properly reset and stabilized before testing Proper reset and stabilization ensure that the detector's initial state accurately reflects its normal quiescent condition, leading to reliable and consistent test results.

The stability of the air and temperature plays a crucial role in controlling smoke flow within the room, especially during low thermal lift test fires such as TF2 and TF3 Maintaining a temperature difference of less than 2°C between the floor and ceiling is essential for consistent results Additionally, local heat sources like lights and heaters should be avoided to prevent convection currents that could disrupt smoke behavior If occupants must be present at the start of a test fire, they should leave promptly to minimize air disturbance, ensuring accurate and reliable test conditions.

5.22.3.3.1 Before each test fire, ventilate the room with clean air until it is free from smoke, and so that the conditions listed below can be obtained.

Before starting the test, turn off the ventilation system and securely close all doors, windows, and other openings Allow the indoor air to stabilize and ensure that specific conditions are met to guarantee accurate test results Maintaining a controlled environment is essential for reliable and consistent testing conditions.

5.22.3.4 Recording of the fire parameters and response values

During each test fire, it is essential to record the fire parameters listed in Table 3 as a function of time from the start of the test These parameters should be documented either continuously or at a minimum frequency of once per second to ensure accurate data collection and analysis.

5.22.3.4.2 The alarm signal produced by the supply and monitoring equipment shall be taken as the indication that a specimen has responded to the test fire.

5.22.3.4.3 Record the time of response (alarm signal) of each specimen, along with ΔT a , y a , and m a , the fire parameters at the moment of response A response of the detector after the end-of-test condition has been reached shall be ignored.

All six specimens shall generate an alarm signal in each test fire before the specified end-of-test condition is reached.

The test report shall contain as a minimum the following information: a) identification of the detector tested; b) a reference to this part of ISO 7240 (i.e ISO 7240-15); c) assessment of requirements specified in Clause 4; d) results of the tests specified in Clause 5, including:

1) the individual smoke-response values, heat-response values, and the minimum, maximum, and arithmetic mean values where appropriate,

2) conditioning period and the conditioning atmosphere,

3) temperature and the relative humidity in the test room throughout the test,

This section covers the specifications for supply and monitoring equipment, including alarm criteria to ensure reliable system performance It also evaluates the marking requirements outlined in Clause 7, ensuring clear identification and compliance Additionally, it assesses data requirements specified in Clause 8 to maintain data integrity and system efficiency Any deviations from ISO 7240 standards or referenced international standards are documented, along with details of optional operations, ensuring comprehensive adherence and flexibility in system implementation.

Each detector must be clearly marked with essential information, including a reference to ISO 7240-15, the manufacturer or supplier’s name or trademark, and the specific model designation (type or number) to ensure proper identification and compliance with safety standards.

EXAMPLE (0,05 to 0,3) dB/m or (0,2 to 0,6) dB/m.

This article highlights the importance of proper wiring terminal designations, which ensure clarity and safety in electrical connections It also emphasizes the need for manufacturers to include identifiable marks or codes, such as serial numbers or batch codes, to trace the date or batch of manufacture, thereby enhancing quality control and accountability Properly labeled terminal designations and identifiable markings are essential for accurate installation, maintenance, and traceability in electrical systems.

7.2 For detachable detectors, the marking of the detector head shall include items a), b), c), d), and f) and the base shall be marked with at least items c) and e).

7.3 Where any marking on the device uses symbols or abbreviations not in common use, these should be explained in the data supplied with the device.

7.4 The marking shall be visible during installation and shall be accessible during maintenance.

7.5 The markings shall not be placed on screws or other easily removable parts.

7.6 For detectors containing radioactive materials, attention is drawn to the marking provisions of the relevant national requirements and OECD recommendations.

Detectors must be supplied with comprehensive technical, installation, and maintenance documentation to ensure proper handling, installation, and operation If all relevant information is not included with each detector, a reference to the appropriate data sheet should be provided alongside or on the detector This documentation is essential for correct installation and ongoing maintenance, ensuring the detector’s optimal performance and compliance with safety standards.

To ensure proper detector operation, it is essential to specify the requirements for correct signal processing This includes providing a comprehensive technical specification of the signals, referencing the relevant signaling protocol, or citing appropriate types such as FDCIE Clear definitions in these areas optimize detector performance and facilitate seamless integration into the system.

8.3 Installation and maintenance data shall include reference to an in situ test method to ensure that detectors operate correctly when installed.

NOTE Additional information can be required by organizations certifying that detectors produced by a manufacturer conform to the requirements of this part of ISO 7240. © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved 29

normative) Glowing smouldering cotton fire (TF3)

A.1 Principles of compensation for detector drift

A simple detector functions by comparing the sensor signal to a fixed alarm threshold When the sensor's smoke density reaches this preset threshold, the detector triggers an alarm The specific smoke response value is determined by the smoke density at which the alarm activates Notably, this type of detector uses a fixed alarm threshold that does not vary based on the rate of change of the sensor signal over time, ensuring a straightforward and reliable detection process.

Sensor signals in clean air can vary over the detector's lifespan due to factors like dust contamination and component aging These long-term effects can cause signal drift, increasing sensitivity and potentially leading to false alarms Regular monitoring and maintenance are essential to ensure sensor accuracy and reliable alarm performance.

Providing compensation for sensor drift is essential to maintain a stable smoke response over time This can be achieved by adjusting the alarm threshold upward to counteract the upward drift in sensor output, ensuring more consistent and reliable smoke detection functionality Implementing such compensation techniques helps improve sensor accuracy and reduces false alarms, ultimately enhancing overall safety.

A.1.4 Any compensation for drift will reduce the sensitivity of the detector to slow changes in the sensor output, even if these changes are caused by a real, but gradual, increase in smoke level The objective of 5.9 and this Annex is to ensure that the compensation does not reduce the sensitivity to a slowly developing fire to an unacceptable degree.

This clause assumes that a fire posing a serious threat to life or property will cause the sensor output to change at a rate of at least 25% of the initial uncompensated smoke response value per hour Specifically, at the minimum rate of 0.25 A sr,u per hour, the detector must activate within a maximum of 4 hours without any compensation However, the response to slower rates of change below 0.25 A sr,u per hour is not specified, and there are no requirements for the detector to respond to these gradual changes.

To ensure flexibility in how compensation is achieved, section 4.10 stipulates that the alarm time for all rates of change exceeding 0.25 A s_r,u per hour must not surpass 1.6 times the alarm time without compensation Specifically, at the minimum applicable rate of 0.25 A s_r,u per hour, the maximum allowed alarm time for a compensated alarm is 6.4 hours, calculated as 1.6 multiplied by 4 hours.

A.2.1 If the threshold increases in a linear fashion with time in response to a rise in the sensor signal, and if the extent of the compensation is not limited, then the maximum rate of compensation allowed, as can be seen from Figure A.1, is described by Formula (A.1)

A.2.2 At this compensation rate the sensor output will reach the compensated threshold in exactly 6,4 h.

Y alarm threshold relative to A sr,u

1 alarm threshold, for linear compensation at 0,094 Asr,u per hour

2 sensor output, 0,25 A sr,u per hour

Figure A.1 — Linear compensation — Limiting case

Although it has been assumed above that the threshold is compensated linearly and continuously, the process need not be either linear or continuous For example, the stepwise adjustment shown in Figure A.2 also meets the requirement since, in this case, an alarm is reached in 6 h, which is less than the limiting value of 6,4 h. © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved 31

1 alarm threshold, for stepwise compensation

Figure A.2 — Stepwise compensation — Limiting case

The compensation rate does not need to be limited to 0.094 A sr,u per hour if the total compensation does not exceed 0.6 A sr,u A combination of a relatively rapid compensation rate with a slower or zero rate, as illustrated in Figure A.3, can still meet alarm requirements within 6.4 hours or less Ultimately, the maximum rate of compensation is determined by the constraints of the test fires, ensuring effective performance within safety parameters.

1 alarm threshold, high-rate, limited-extent compensated

Figure A.3 — High-rate, limited-extent compensation

A.5 Avoidance of the nonlinear region

According to section A.5.1, while there is flexibility in compensating for slow changes in detector sensitivity, it is essential to ensure the sensor operates within its linear response range If compensation extends the sensor output into its nonlinear region, the detector's sensitivity may significantly degrade, compromising its effectiveness Proper management of this compensation process is crucial to maintain reliable smoke detection performance.

Consider a detector with a transfer characteristic illustrated in Figure A.4, where both axes are expressed in response threshold values (A sr,u) The nonlinearity inherent in this characteristic leads to a reduction in actual sensitivity at higher stimulus levels To address this, compensation should be limited to less than 1.1 times the response threshold value (A sr,u), ensuring reliable detection without excessive adjustment.

Figure A.4 — Example of nonlinear transfer characteristic

Smoke tunnel for smoke-response value measurements

This annex highlights the key properties of smoke tunnels essential for ensuring repeatable and reproducible smoke-response measurements of smoke detectors While it is impractical to specify and measure every parameter influencing these measurements, it is crucial to consider the background information provided in section B.2 This background information should be carefully taken into account when designing and using a smoke tunnel for measurements, in compliance with ISO 7240 standards.

The smoke tunnel must feature a horizontal working section with a designated working volume where temperature and airflow meet specific test conditions, regularly verified through measurements at multiple points within the volume This working volume should be sufficiently large to fully enclose the detector and sensing components, ensuring accurate testing The section is designed to accommodate the specified dazzling apparatus, with alarms mounted in their normal positions on a flat board aligned with the airflow, ensuring at least 20 mm clearance from the detector edges Additionally, the alarm-mounting must not obstruct airflow between the board and tunnel ceiling, maintaining optimal test conditions.

Means must be provided to produce an essentially laminar airflow at the specified velocities of approximately 0.2 ± 0.04 m/s or 1.0 ± 0.2 m/s through the working volume The system should allow precise temperature control at the required levels and enable temperature increases at a controlled rate not exceeding 1 K per minute.

Both aerosol density measurements, expressed as m in decibels per metre for detectors utilizing scattered or transmitted light, and y (dimensionless) for ionization-based detectors, must be conducted within the working volume near the detector.

B.1.5 Means shall be provided for the introduction of the test aerosol such that a homogeneous aerosol density is obtained in the working volume.

Tiêu đề	Fire Detection And Alarm Systems — Part 15: Point-type Fire Detectors Using Smoke And Heat Sensors
Trường học	University of Alberta
Thể loại	Tiêu chuẩn
Năm xuất bản	2014
Thành phố	Switzerland

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Số trang	74
Dung lượng	2,86 MB