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An Introduction to the Anatomical Organization of the Nervous System CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM GRAY MATTER ORGANIZATION Neural Cortex Centers Gray matter on Collections of PERI

SINH LY TUY SONG

An Introduction to the Anatomical

Organization of the Nervous System

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM GRAY MATTER ORGANIZATION Neural Cortex Centers

Gray matter on Collections of PERIPHERAL the surface of neuron cell bodies NERVOUS SYSTEM the brain in the CNS; each GRAY MATTER center has specific

Ganglia Nuclei functions

neuron cell bodies neuron cell bodies Higher Centers

typically in the PNS in the interior of The most complex

the CNS centers in the brain WHITE MATTER

WHITE MATTER ORGANIZATION

Nerves

Bundles of axons Tracts Columns

in the PNS Bundles of CNS Several tracts that

axons that share form an anatomically

a common origin distinct mass and destination

| Centers and tracts that connect

V4 ` the brain with other organs and

| ra LÃ _ systems in the body

{ ;

Ascending (sensory) pathway

Descending (motor) pathway

Gross Anatomy of the Adult Spinal Cord

The Spinal Cord and Spinal Meninges

The Spinal Cord and Spinal Meninges

The Cervical Spinal Cord

vertebra La Interspinous

ligament Lumbar puncture

Cauda needle equinain —Xš

subarachnoid = Filum

(a)

Cauda equina

The Sectional Organization of the Spinal Cord

Lateral

white <

column

Posterior median sulcus

⁄ From dorsal root Posterior white column

sensory

Visceral motor

\ : motor

— (a) Anterior white column median fissure Anterior

The Sectional Organization of the Spinal Cord

Posterior median sulcus

Posterior Dura gray horn

Anterior gray Pia mater Anterior median Ventral

commissure fissure root

root

ganglion

(b)

A Peripheral Nerve

Perineurium ^ (around one /—

Peripheral Distribution of Spinal Nerves

Postganglionic fibers

to smooth muscles, glands, etc., of back

To skeletal

muscles of body wall, limbs

Postganglionic fibers to smooth muscles, glands, etc., of body wall, limbs

Postganglionic Gray ramus fibers to smooth

Rami (postganglionic) muscles, glands,

communicantes visceral organs

(preganglionic) KEY

Visceral motor commands

(a) Motor fibers

Ventral root

Dorsal root ganglion Dorsal root

Visceral motor Somatic

Peripheral Distribution of Spinal Nerves

Peripheral Nerves and Nerve Plexus

Lesser occipital nerve

Great auricular nerve

Transverse cervical nerve

Lumbar | à~ Ulnar nerve plexus | 1, | l lliohypogastric nerve

Lạ X' llioinguinal nerve

plexus Sẽ ANY ` \ cutaneous nerve

Obturator nerve

The Brachial Plexus

Cranial nerves Great auricular

nerve Accessory

Sternothyroid muscle

The Branchial Plexus

Dorsal scapular nerve

Suprascapular nerve

Radial nerve

c T¡

Radial nerve

Ulnar nerve

Median nerve Anterior Posterior (b) Distribution of cutaneous nerves

Figure 13.13a, b

The Branchial Plexus

Nerve to subclavius

Superior trunk

The Lumbar and Sacral Plexuses

Lumbosacral trunk

lliohypogastric

on LUMBAR seeding

ag > PLEXUS gluteal nerve

Lumbosacral Posterior femoral

(a) The lumbar plexus, anterior view (b) The sacral plexus, anterior view

The Lumbar and Sacral Plexuses

Genitofemoral nerve Biennial

Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve „ _

ee Inferior \ Ps Femoral nerve gluteal nerve i LÔ | Sciatic nerve Lu

Superior gluteal nerve - a i :

| + ¬ Obturator | Posterior femoral

Pudendal nerve———'/ “(Ff nerve cutaneous nerve

Sural nerve Wey ; Fibular

nerve ; 1 Tibial nerve

nerve (c) Nerves of the lumbar and & bol Bi (d) Nerves of the sacral plexus,

—

sacral plexus, anterior view =~ ~~ posterior view

The Organization of Neuronal Pools

Components of a Reflex Arc

STEP 1: STEP 2: —

orsa

A iva oe Activation of a löbi a

stimulus and Seo ror to the brain

activation by collateral

of receptor A

REFLEX ARC

Methods of Classifying Reflexes

determined by ee processing the spinal cord

development REFLEXES site

Neural Organization and Simple Reflexes

Components of the Stretch Reflex

The Patellar Reflex

Stretch Muscle spindle

Stimulus —~ _

Intrafusal Fibers

Gamma efferent from CNS

The Flexor and Crossed Extensor Reflexes

KEY To other segments

— Sensory neuron _ Motor neuron

The Babinski Reflexes

(a) Plantar reflex (b) Babinski sign