differentiation of embryonic stem cells

Preparation and Assay of Enzymes Edited by SIDNEYP.. Preparation and Assay of Enzymes Edited by SIDNEYP.. Preparation and Assay of Enzymes Edited by SIDNEYP.. Preparation and Assay of En

Since their isolation over twenty years ago, embryonic stem (ES) cellshave come to play a prominent role in many different fields in biomedicalresearch While used extensively for gene targeting studies for the generation

of ‘‘knock-out mice,’’ it is their capacity to differentiate into a wide array oflineages in culture that has most recently captured the attention of basicscientists, clinical researchers, and the lay public The capacity of an ES cell

to differentiate into almost any cell type in a culture dish offersunprecedented opportunities for studies in lineage commitment anddevelopment, gene function, and cancer In addition, the development ofhuman ES cells in 1998 has expanded the potential uses of the in vitrodifferentiation approach to include the generation of specific cell types forcell replacement therapy and regenerative medicine

It has been known for some time that mouse ES cells can differentiate inculture and generate derivatives of the three primary germ cell layers:ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm In many of these early studies,however, differentiation was not well controlled and the cultures oftenconsisted of mixtures of tissues Significant advances in the methodologies

of ES cell differentiation have been made in recent years, and it is nowpossible to generate relatively pure populations of cells from a number ofdifferent lineages in a reproducible fashion These new approaches haveenabled investigators to begin to use the system to probe the molecularevents regulating early lineage commitment, as well as to generatepopulations appropriate for cell replacement therapy in preclinical models.With the establishment of human ES cells, the challenge for those in the field

of stem cell and developmental biology is to now translate the informationfrom the mouse to the human system

In this volume, we have brought together a comprehensive collection ofthe most up-to-date methods for the differentiation of both mouse andhuman ES cells into a broad spectrum of lineages Together with thedifferentiation protocols, we have solicited a select set of protocols thathighlight approaches for gene discovery and lineage selection using ES cells.The chapters are written by leaders in the field from the internationalcommunity and provide technical details that will enable the reader toestablish and maintain ES cell cultures and induce their differentiation into alarge number of different lineages

We hope that this volume on Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cellswill find its way into many laboratories and proves to be useful at the bench

xv

for investigators world-wide We are extremely grateful to the many authorsfor their excellent contributions to this volume and their patience in dealingwith publication schedules Finally, we extend our appreciation to ShirleyLight at Academic Press who organized the assembly of this and hundreds

of other volumes of Methods in Enzymology over several decades

Table of Contents

C ONTRIBUTORS TO V OLUME 365 ix

P REFACE xv

V OLUMES IN S ERIES xvii

Section I Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells

Early Commitment Steps and Generation of Chimeric Mice

1 Lineage Specific Differentiation of Mouse ES Cells:

Formation and Differentiation of Early Primitive

Ectoderm-like (EPL) Cells

J OY R ATHJEN AND

P ETER D R ATHJEN 3

2 Differentiation of F1 Embryonic Stem Cells into

Viable Male and Female Mice by Tetraploid

Embryo Complementation

K EVIN E GGAN AND

R UDOLF J AENISCH 25

Differentiation to Mesoderm Derivatives: Hematopoietic and Vascular

3 Hematopoietic Commitment of ES Cells in

Culture

M ARION K ENNEDY AND

G ORDON M K ELLER 39

4 In Vitro Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem

Cells: Hematopoietic and Vascular Cell Types

S ATOMI N ISHIKAWA , AND

S HIN -I CHI N ISHIKAWA 59

5 In Vitro Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem

Cells to Hematopoietic Cells on an OP9 Stromal

6 In Vitro Differentiation of Mouse ES Cells:

Hematopoietic and Vascular Development

J OSEPH B K EARNEY AND

V ICTORIA L B AUTCH 83

7 In Vitro Differentiation of Mouse ES Cells into

Hematopoietic, Endothelial, and Osteoblastic

Cell Lineages: The Possibility of In Vitro

Organogenesis

M OTOKAZU T SUNETO ,

T OSHIYUKI Y AMANE ,

H IROMI O KUYAMA ,

H IDETOSHI Y AMAZAKI , AND

S HIN -I CHI H AYASHI 98

v

8 Development of Hematopoietic Repopulating

Cells from Embryonic Stem Cells

M ICHAEL K YBA ,

R ITA C R P ERLINGEIRO ,

AND G EORGE Q D ALEY 114

9 The In Vitro Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic

Stem Cells into Neutrophils

J ONATHAN G L IEBER ,

G ORDON M K ELLER , AND

G S COTT W ORTHEN 129

10 Development and Analysis of Megakaryocytes

from Murine Embryonic Stem Cells

K OJI E TO ,

A NDREW L L EAVITT ,

T ORU N AKANO , AND

S ANFORD J S HATTIL 142

11 Development of Lymphoid Lineages from

Embryonic Stem Cells In Vitro

S ARAH K C HO AND

J UAN C ARLOS

Z U´N˜IGA -P FLU¨CKER 158

12 Probing Dendritic Cell Function by Guiding the

Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells

P AUL J F AIRCHILD ,

K ATHLEEN F N OLAN , AND

H ERMAN W ALDMANN 169

13 Gene Targeting Strategies for the Isolation of

Hematopoietic and Endothelial Precursors from

14 Establishment of Multipotent Hematopoietic

Progenitor Cell Lines from ES Cells Differentiated

In Vitro

L EIF C ARLSSON ,

E WA W ANDZIOCH ,

P ERPE´TUA P INTO DO O´,

AND A˚ SA K OLTERUD 202

15 Vasculogenesis and Angiogenesis from In Vitro

Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells

O LIVIER F ERAUD ,

M ARIE -H E´LE`NE P RANDINI ,

AND D ANIEL V ITTET 214 Other Derivatives of Mesoderm

16 ES Cell Differentiation to the Cardiac Lineage K ENNETH R B OHELER 228

17 Bone Nodule Formation via In Vitro

Differentiation of Murine Embryonic Stem Cells

20 In Vitro Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells

into Hepatocytes

T AKASHI H AMAZAKI AND

N AOHIRO T ERADA 277

21 Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells

into Pancreatic and Hepatic Cells

G ABRIELA K ANIA ,

P RZEMYSLAW B LYSZCZUK ,

J AROSLAW C ZYZ ,

A NNE N AVARRETE -S ANTOS ,

AND A NNA M W OBUS 287 Differentiation to Ectoderm Derivatives

22 Generating CNS Neurons from Embryonic, Fetal,

and Adult Stem Cells

25 Isolation and Culture of Embryonic Germ Cells M ARIA P D E M IGUEL AND

P ETER J D ONOVAN 353

Section III Gene Discovery by Manipulation of

Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells

26 Gene Trap Mutagenesis in Embryonic Stem Cells W EISHENG V C HEN AND

P HILIPPE S ORIANO 367

27 Gene Trap Vector Screen for Developmental

Genes in Differentiating ES Cells

H EIDI S TUHLMANN 386

28 Gene-Based Chemical Mutagenesis in Mouse

Embryonic Stem Cells

Y IJING C HEN ,

J AY L V IVIAN , AND

T ERRY M AGNUSON 406

Section IV Differentiation of Monkey and Human

Embryonic Stem Cells

29 Growth and Differentiation of Cynomolgus

Monkey ES Cells

H IROFUMI S UEMORI AND

N ORIO N AKATSUJI 419

30 Isolation, Characterization, and Differentiation of

Human Embryonic Stem Cells

31 Factors Controlling Human Embryonic Stem Cell

J OSEPH I TSKOVITZ -E LDOR ,

AND L IOR G EPSTEIN 461

A UTHOR I NDEX 475

S UBJECT I NDEX 501

Contributors to Volume 365

Article numbers are in parentheses following the names of contributors.

Affiliations listed are current.

M ICHAL A MIT (32), Department of

Physiology and Biophysics, Bruce

Rappa-port Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel

Institute of Technology, 2 Efron Street,

POB 9649, Haifa 31096, Israel

H ITOMI A OKI (24), Department of Tissue and

Organ Development, Regeneration and

Advanced Medical Science, Gifu University

Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu,

500-8705, Japan

V ICTORIA L B AUTCH (6), Department of

Biology and Program in Genetics,

Univer-sity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill,

CB#3280, Chapel Hill, North Carolina

27599

N ISSIM B ENVENISTY (31), Department of

Genetics, The Silberman Institute of Life

Sciences, The Hebrew University,

Jerusa-lem 91904, Israel

P RZEMYSLAW B LYSZCZUK (21), In Vitro

Differentiation Group, Institute of Plant

Genetics and Crop Plant Research,

Cor-rensstr 3, Gatersleben, D-06466, Germany

K ENNETH R B OHELER (16), Molecular

Car-diology Unit, Laboratory of Cardiovascular

Science, National Institute on Aging, NIH

5600 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore,

Maryland 21224

S ARAH K B RONSON (17), Department of

Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Penn

State College of Medicine, The Milton

S Hershey Medical Center, H166, 500,

University Drive, Hershey, Pennsylvania

17033-0850

L EIF C ARLSSON (14), Umea˚ Centre for

Mole-cular Medicine, Umea˚ University, 901 87

Umea˚, Sweden

W EISHENG V C HEN (26), Program in

Developmental Biology, Division of Basic

Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue N, A2-025, P.O Box 19024, Seattle, Washington 98109-1024

Y IJING C HEN (28), Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599

S ARAH K C HO (11), Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093

K YUNGHEE C HOI (13), Department of ogy & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Avenue, Box 8118, St Louis, Missouri 63110

Pathol-Y UN S HIN C HUNG (13), Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Avenue, Box 8118, St Louis, Missouri 63110

J AROSLAW C ZYZ (21), In Vitro Differentiation Group, Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research Corrensstr 3, Gatersleben, D-06466, Germany

G EORGE Q D ALEY (8), Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142- 1479

C HRISTIAN D ANI (19), Centre de Biochimie, Institut de Recherches Signalisation, Biolo- gie du Developpement et Cancer, Universite´

de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, UMR 6543 CNRS, Parc Valrose, Nice cedex 2, 06108 France

M ARIA P D E M IGUEL (25), Department of Microbiology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107

ix

P ETER J D ONOVAN (25), Kimmel Cancer

Center, Thomas Jefferson University,

Phil-adelphia, Pennsylvania 19107

B ILL E ADES (13), Department of Pathology &

Immunology, Washington University School

of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Avenue, Box

8118, St Louis, Missouri 63110

K EVIN E GGAN (2), Whitehead Institute for

Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center,

Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142

K OJI E TO (10), Division of Vascular Biology,

Department of Cell Biology, Scripps

Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey

Pines Road, VB-5, La Jolla, California

92037

P AUL J F AIRCHILD (12), Sir William Dunn

School of Pathology, University of Oxford,

South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK

O LIVIER F ERAUD (15), Laboratoire

Developpe-ment et VieillisseDeveloppe-ment de L’endothelium,

EMI INSERM 0219, DRDC/DVE, CEA

Grenoble, 17 rue des martyrs, 38054

Grenoble cedex 09, France

A DAM A F ILIPCZYK (30), Monash Institute of

Reproduction and Development, Monash

University, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton,

Victoria, 3168, Australia

S TUART T F RASER (4), Laboratory of

Molecular Mouse Genetics, Institute for

Toxicology, Johannes

Gutenberg-Univer-sity, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, Mainz

55131, Germany

L IOR G EPSTEIN (32), Cardiovascular Research

Laboratory, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of

Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of

Tech-nology, 2 Efron Street, POB 9649, Haifa

31096, Israel

A MIRA G EPSTEIN (32), Cardiovascular

Research Laboratory, Bruce Rappaport

Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel

Insti-tute of Technology, 2 Efron Street, POB

9649, Haifa 31096, Israel

T AKASHI H AMAZAKI (20), Department of

Pathology University of Florida College of

Medicine, P.O Box 100275, Gainesville, Florida 32610 0275

S USAN M H AWES (30) Monash Institute of Reproduction and Development, Monash University, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia

S HIN -I CHI H AYASHI (7), Division of ogy, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi- Machi, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan

Immunol-C LAUDIA H EGERT (18), Department of ical Molecular Biology, Medical University

Med-of Lu¨beck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, Lu¨beck, D-23538, Germany

I RIT H UBER (32), Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Biophysics and Physiology, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty

of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 2 Efron Street, POB 9649, Haifa 31096, Israel

K ATSUHIKO I SHIZAKI (24), Department of Tissue and Organ Development, Regenera- tion and Advanced Medical Science, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 500-8705, Japan

J OSEPH I TSKOVITZ -E LDOR (32), Department

of Physiology and Biophysics, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion- Israel Institute of Technology, 2 Efron Street, POB 9649, Haifa 31096, Israel

R UDOLF J AENISCH (2), Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142

L M ARTIN J AKT (4), RIKEN Centre for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima- minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan 650-0047

G ABRIELA K ANIA (21), In Vitro Differentiation Group, Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Corrensstr 3, Gatersleben, D-06466, Germany

J OSEPH B K EARNEY (6), Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North

Carolina at Chapel Hill CB#3280, Chapel

Hill, North Carolina 27599

I ZHAK K EHAT (32), Cardiovascular Research

Laboratory, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of

Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of

Tech-nology, 2 Efron Street, POB 9649 Haifa

31096, Israel

G ORDON M K ELLER (3,9), Carl C Icahn

Center for Gene Therapy and Molecular

Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine,

1425 Madison Avenue, Box 1496, New York,

New York 10029-6574

M ARION K ENNEDY (3), Carl C Icahn Institute

for Gene Therapy and Molecular Medicine,

Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1425

Madison Avenue, Box 1496, New York,

New York 10029-6574

J ONG -H OON K IM (22), Laboratory of

Mole-cular Biology, NINDS, National Institutes

of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4092

K ENJI K ITAJIMA (5), Department of Molecular

Cell Biology, Research Institute for

Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1

Yamadaoka, Suita Osaka, Osaka 565-0871,

Japan

R AJA K ITTAPPA (22), Laboratory of Molecular

Biology, NINDS, National Institutes of

Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4092

A˚ SA K OLTERUD (14), Umea˚ Centre for

Mole-cular Medicine, Umea˚ University, 901 87

Umea˚, Sweden

J AN K RAMER (18), Department of Internal

Medicine I, University of Lu¨beck, Lu¨beck,

D-23538, Germany

T AKAHIRO K UNISADA (24), Department of

Tissue and Organ Development,

Regenera-tion and Advanced Medical Science, Gifu

University Graduate School of Medicine,

Gifu 500-8705, Japan

M ICHAEL K YBA (8), Center for Developmental

Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center,

Dallas, Texas 75390-9133

A NDREW L L ASLETT (30), Monash Institute of

Reproduction and Development, Monash

University, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia

A NDREW L L EAVITT (10), Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Internal Medi- cine, University of California at San Fran- cisco, San Francisco, California 94143

J ONATHAN G L IEBER (9), Department of Medicine, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, Colorado 80206

T ERRY M AGNUSON (28), Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599

R ON M C K AY (22), Laboratory of Molecular Biology, NINDS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4092

T SUTOMU M OTOHASHI (24), Department of Tissue and Organ Development, Regenera- tion and Advanced Medical Science, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 500-8705, Japan

T ORU N AKANO (5,10), Department of cular Cell Biology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita Osaka, Osaka 565-0871, Japan

Mole-N ORIO N AKATSUJI (29), Department of opment and Differentiation, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto Univer- sity, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan

Devel-A NNE N AVARRETE -S ANTOS (21), Department

of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University, Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), D-06108, Germany

S ATOMI N ISHIKAWA (4), RIKEN Centre for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima- minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan

S HIN -I CHI N ISHIKAWA (4), RIKEN Centre for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima- minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan 650-0047

K ATHLEEN F N OLAN (12), Sir William Dunn

School of Pathology, University of Oxford,

South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK

M INETARO O GAWA (4), Department of Cell

Differentiation, Institute of Molecular

Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto

Uni-versity, Japan

M ITSUHIRO O KADA (4), Department of Cell

Differentitation, Institute of Molecular

Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto

Uni-versity, Kumamoto, Japan 650-0047

H IROMI O KUYAMA (7), Biotechnology

Research Laboratories, Takara Bio Inc.,

Otsu, Siga 520-2193, Japan

D AVID P ANCHISION (22), Laboratory of

Mole-cular Biology, NINDS, National Institutes

of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4092

M ARTIN F P ERA (30), Monash Institute of

Reproduction and Development, Monash

University, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton,

Victoria 3168, Australia

R ITA C R P ERLINGEIRO (8), ViaCell Inc, 26

Landsdowne St, Cambridge, MA 2139

P ERPE´TUA P INTO DO O´ (14), Umea˚ Centre

for Molecular Medicine, Umea˚ University,

901 87 Umea˚, Sweden

M ARIE -H E´LE`NE P RANDINI (15), Laboratoire

Developpement et Vieillissement de

L’en-dothelium, EMI INSERM 0219, DRDC/

DVE, CEA Grenoble, 17 rue des martyrs,

38054 Grenoble cedex 09, France

J OY R ATHJEN (1), Department of Molecular

Biosciences and ARC Special Research

Centre for the Molecular Genetics of

Deve-lopment, Adelaide University, Molecular

Life Sciences/335, Adelaide, 5005, Australia

P ETER D R ATHJEN (1), Department of

Mole-cular Biosciences and ARC Special

Research Centre for the Molecular Genetics

of Development, Adelaide University,

Mole-cular Life Sciences/335, Adelaide, 5005,

Australia

J U¨RGEN R OHWEDEL (18) Department of

Medical Molecular Biology, Medical

University of Lu¨beck, Ratzeburger Allee

160, Lu¨beck, D-23538, Germany

E IKO S AKAI -O GAWA (5), Department of cular Cell Biology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita Osaka, Osaka 565-0871, Japan

Mole-M AYA S CHULDINER (31), Department of Genetics, The Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University, Jerusa- lem 91904, Israel

S ANFORD J S HATTIL (10), Division of Vascular Biology, Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, VB-5, La Jolla, California 92037

A USTIN G S MITH (23), Institute for Stem Cell Research, University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, Scotland EH9 3JQ, UK

P HILIPPE S ORIANO (26), Program in mental Biology, Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center,

Develop-1100 Fairview Avenue N, A2-025, P.O Box

19024, Seattle, Washington 98109-1024

H EIDI S TUHLMANN (27), Department of Cell Biology, Division of Vascular Biology, Scripps Research Institute, Mail CVN-26,

10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037

H IROFUMI S UEMORI (29), Stem Cell Research Center, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan

M AKOTO T ANAKA (5), Department of cular Cell Biology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita Osaka, Osaka 565-0871 Japan

Mole-N AOHIRO T ERADA (20), Department of Pathology, University of Florida College

of Medicine, P.O Box 100275, Gainesville, Florida 32610-0275

M OTOKAZU T SUNETO (7), Division of nology, Department of Molecular and

Cellular Biology, School of Life Science,

Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86

Nishi-Machi, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503,

Japan

P HI V ILLAGEOIS (19), Centre de Biochimie,

Institut de Recherches Signalisation,

Biologie du Developpement et Cancer,

Universite´ de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, UMR

6543 CNRS, Parc Valrose, Nice cedex 2,

06108 France

D ANIEL V ITTET (15), Laboratoire

Developpe-ment et VieillisseDeveloppe-ment de L’endothelium,

EMI INSERM 0219, DRDC/DVE, CEA

Grenoble, 17 rue des martyrs, 38054

Gre-noble cedex 09, France

J AY L V IVIAN (28), Department of Genetics,

University of North Carolina at Chapel

Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599

H ERMAN W ALDMANN (12), Sir William Dunn

School of Pathology, University of Oxford,

South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK

E WA W ANDZIOCH (14), Umea˚ Centre for

Molecular Medicine, Umea˚ University, 901

87 Umea˚, Sweden

B RIGITTE W DZIEKONSKI (19), Centre de

Bio-chimie, Institut de Recherches Signalisation,

Biologie du Developpement et Cancer,

Universite´ de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, UMR

6543 CNRS, Parc Valrose, Nice cedex 2,

06108 France

A NNA M W OBUS (21), In Vitro Differentiation

Group, Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop

Plant Research, Corrensstr 3, Gatersleben,

D-06466, Germany

G S COTT W ORTHEN (9), Department of

Medicine, National Jewish Medical and

Research Center, 1400 Jackson Street,

Denver, Colorado 80206

T OSHIYUKI Y AMANE (7,24), Department of

Pathology, Stanford University School of

Medicine, B259 Beckman Center, Stanford, California 94305

J UN Y AMASHITA (4), RIKEN Centre for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima- minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan

H IDETOSHI Y AMAZAKI (7), Division of erative Medicine and Therapeutics, Depart- ment of Genetic Medicine and Regenerative Therapeutics, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Tottori Univer- sity Graduate School of Medical Science, and Division of Immunology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-Machi, Yonago, Tot- tori 683-8503, Japan

Regen-Q I -L ONG Y ING (23), Institute for Stem Cell Research, University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, Scotland, EH9 3JQ, UK

N AOKO Y OSHIMURA (24), Department of Tissue and Organ Development, Regenera- tion and Advanced Medical Science, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 500-8705, Japan

W EN J IE Z HANG (13), Department of ogy & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Avenue, Box 8118, St Louis, Missouri 63110

Pathol-J IE Z HENG (5), Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yama- daoka, Suita Osaka, Osaka 565-0871, Japan

J UAN C ARLOS Z U´N˜IGA -P FLU¨CKER (11), Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada

METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY

VOLUMEI Preparation and Assay of Enzymes

Edited by SIDNEYP COLOWICK ANDNATHANO KAPLAN

VOLUMEII Preparation and Assay of Enzymes

Edited by SIDNEYP COLOWICK ANDNATHANO KAPLAN

VOLUMEIII Preparation and Assay of Substrates

Edited by SIDNEYP COLOWICK ANDNATHANO KAPLAN

VOLUMEIV Special Techniques for the Enzymologist

Edited by SIDNEYP COLOWICK ANDNATHANO KAPLAN

VOLUMEV Preparation and Assay of Enzymes

Edited by SIDNEYP COLOWICK ANDNATHANO KAPLAN

VOLUMEVI Preparation and Assay of Enzymes (Continued)Preparation and Assay of Substrates

Special Techniques

Edited by SIDNEYP COLOWICK ANDNATHANO KAPLAN

VOLUMEVII Cumulative Subject Index

Edited by SIDNEYP COLOWICK ANDNATHANO KAPLAN

VOLUMEVIII Complex Carbohydrates

Edited by ELIZABETHF NEUFELD ANDVICTORGINSBURG

VOLUMEIX Carbohydrate Metabolism

Edited by WILLISA WOOD

VOLUMEX Oxidation and Phosphorylation

Edited by RONALDW ESTABROOK ANDMAYNARDE PULLMAN

VOLUMEXI Enzyme Structure

Edited by C H W HIRS

VOLUMEXII Nucleic Acids (Parts A and B)

Edited by LAWRENCEGROSSMAN ANDKIVIEMOLDAVE

xvii

VOLUMEXIII Citric Acid Cycle

Edited byJ M LOWENSTEIN

VOLUMEXIV Lipids

Edited byJ M LOWENSTEIN

VOLUMEXV Steroids and Terpenoids

Edited byRAYMONDB CLAYTON

VOLUMEXVI Fast Reactions

Edited byKENNETHKUSTIN

VOLUMEXVII Metabolism of Amino Acids and Amines(Parts A and B)

Edited byHERBERT TABOR ANDCELIAWHITETABOR

VOLUMEXVIII Vitamins and Coenzymes (Parts A, B, and C)Edited byDONALD B MCCORMICK,ANDLEMUELD WRIGHT

VOLUMEXIX Proteolytic Enzymes

Edited byGERTRUDE E PERLMANN ANDLASZLO LORAND

VOLUMEXX Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis (Part C)Edited byKIVIE MOLDAVE ANDLAWRENCEGROSSMAN

VOLUMEXXI Nucleic Acids (Part D)

Edited byLAWRENCEGROSSMAN ANDKIVIEMOLDAVE

VOLUMEXXII Enzyme Purification and Related TechniquesEdited byWILLIAMB JAKOBY

VOLUMEXXIII Photosynthesis (Part A)

Edited byANTHONYSANPIETRO

VOLUMEXXIV Photosynthesis and Nitrogen Fixation (Part B)Edited byANTHONYSANPIETRO

VOLUMEXXV Enzyme Structure (Part B)

Edited byC H W HIRS AND SERGEN TIMASHEFF

VOLUMEXXVI Enzyme Structure (Part C)

Edited byC H W HIRS AND SERGEN TIMASHEFF

VOLUMEXXVII Enzyme Structure (Part D)

Edited by C H W HIRS ANDSERGEN TIMASHEFF

VOLUMEXXVIII Complex Carbohydrates (Part B)

Edited by VICTOR GINSBURG

VOLUMEXXIX Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis (Part E)

Edited by LAWRENCEGROSSMAN ANDKIVIEMOLDAVE

VOLUMEXXX Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis (Part F)

Edited by KIVIEMOLDAVE ANDLAWRENCEGROSSMAN

VOLUMEXXXI Biomembranes (Part A)

Edited by SIDNEYFLEISCHER ANDLESTERPACKER

VOLUMEXXXII Biomembranes (Part B)

Edited by SIDNEYFLEISCHER ANDLESTERPACKER

VOLUMEXXXIII Cumulative Subject Index Volumes I–XXX

Edited by MARTHAG DENNIS ANDEDWARDA DENNIS

VOLUMEXXXIV Affinity Techniques (Enzyme Purification: Part B)Edited by WILLIAM B JAKOBY ANDMEIRWILCHEK

VOLUMEXXXV Lipids (Part B)

Edited by JOHNM LOWENSTEIN

VOLUMEXXXVI Hormone Action (Part A: Steroid Hormones)

Edited by BERTW O’MALLEY ANDJOELG HARDMAN

VOLUMEXXXVII Hormone Action (Part B: Peptide Hormones)

Edited by BERTW O’MALLEY ANDJOELG HARDMAN

VOLUMEXXXVIII Hormone Action (Part C: Cyclic Nucleotides)

Edited by JOELG HARDMAN ANDBERTW O’MALLEY

VOLUMEXXXIX Hormone Action (Part D: Isolated Cells, Tissues, andOrgan Systems)

Edited by JOELG HARDMAN ANDBERTW O’MALLEY

VOLUMEXL Hormone Action (Part E: Nuclear Structure and Function)Edited by BERTW O’MALLEY ANDJOELG HARDMAN

VOLUMEXLI Carbohydrate Metabolism (Part B)

Edited byW A WOOD

VOLUMEXLII Carbohydrate Metabolism (Part C)

Edited byW A WOOD

VOLUMEXLIII Antibiotics

Edited byJOHNH HASH

VOLUMEXLIV Immobilized Enzymes

Edited byKLAUS MOSBACH

VOLUMEXLV Proteolytic Enzymes (Part B)

Edited byLASZLOLORAND

VOLUMEXLVI Affinity Labeling

Edited byWILLIAMB JAKOBY ANDMEIR WILCHEK

VOLUMEXLVII Enzyme Structure (Part E)

Edited byC H W HIRS AND SERGEN TIMASHEFF

VOLUMEXLVIII Enzyme Structure (Part F)

Edited byC H W HIRS AND SERGEN TIMASHEFF

VOLUMEXLIX Enzyme Structure (Part G)

Edited byC H W HIRS AND SERGEN TIMASHEFF

VOLUMEL Complex Carbohydrates (Part C)

Edited byVICTORGINSBURG

VOLUMELI Purine and Pyrimidine Nucleotide MetabolismEdited byPATRICIAA HOFFEE ANDMARYELLENJONES

VOLUMELII Biomembranes (Part C: Biological Oxidations)Edited bySIDNEYFLEISCHER ANDLESTERPACKER

VOLUMELIII Biomembranes (Part D: Biological Oxidations)Edited bySIDNEYFLEISCHER ANDLESTERPACKER

VOLUMELIV Biomembranes (Part E: Biological Oxidations)Edited bySIDNEYFLEISCHER ANDLESTERPACKER

VOLUMELV Biomembranes (Part F: Bioenergetics)

Edited by SIDNEYFLEISCHER ANDLESTERPACKER

VOLUMELVI Biomembranes (Part G: Bioenergetics)

Edited by SIDNEYFLEISCHER ANDLESTERPACKER

VOLUMELVII Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence

Edited by MARLENEA DELUCA

VOLUMELVIII Cell Culture

Edited by WILLIAM B JAKOBY ANDIRAPASTAN

VOLUMELIX Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis (Part G)

Edited by KIVIEMOLDAVE ANDLAWRENCEGROSSMAN

VOLUMELX Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis (Part H)

Edited by KIVIEMOLDAVE ANDLAWRENCEGROSSMAN

VOLUME61 Enzyme Structure (Part H)

Edited by C H W HIRS ANDSERGEN TIMASHEFF

VOLUME62 Vitamins and Coenzymes (Part D)

Edited by DONALDB MCCORMICK ANDLEMUELD WRIGHT

VOLUME63 Enzyme Kinetics and Mechanism (Part A: Initial Rate andInhibitor Methods)

Edited by DANIELL PURICH

VOLUME64 Enzyme Kinetics and Mechanism (Part B: Isotopic Probes andComplex Enzyme Systems)

Edited by DANIELL PURICH

VOLUME65 Nucleic Acids (Part I)

Edited by LAWRENCEGROSSMAN ANDKIVIEMOLDAVE

VOLUME66 Vitamins and Coenzymes (Part E)

Edited by DONALDB MCCORMICK ANDLEMUELD WRIGHT

VOLUME67 Vitamins and Coenzymes (Part F)

Edited by DONALDB MCCORMICK ANDLEMUELD WRIGHT

VOLUME68 Recombinant DNA

Edited byRAYWU

VOLUME69 Photosynthesis and Nitrogen Fixation (Part C)Edited byANTHONYSANPIETRO

VOLUME70 Immunochemical Techniques (Part A)

Edited byHELENVANVUNAKIS ANDJOHNJ LANGONE

VOLUME71 Lipids (Part C)

Edited byJOHNM LOWENSTEIN

VOLUME72 Lipids (Part D)

Edited byJOHNM LOWENSTEIN

VOLUME73 Immunochemical Techniques (Part B)

Edited byJOHNJ LANGONE ANDHELENVANVUNAKIS

VOLUME74 Immunochemical Techniques (Part C)

Edited byJOHNJ LANGONE ANDHELENVANVUNAKIS

VOLUME75 Cumulative Subject Index Volumes XXXI, XXXII,XXXIV–LX

Edited byEDWARDA DENNIS ANDMARTHAG DENNIS

VOLUME76 Hemoglobins

Edited byERALDOANTONINI, LUIGIROSSI-BERNARDI,AND

EMILIACHIANCONE

VOLUME77 Detoxication and Drug Metabolism

Edited byWILLIAMB JAKOBY

VOLUME78 Interferons (Part A)

Edited bySIDNEYPESTKA

VOLUME79 Interferons (Part B)

Edited bySIDNEYPESTKA

VOLUME80 Proteolytic Enzymes (Part C)

Edited byLASZLOLORAND

VOLUME81 Biomembranes (Part H: Visual Pigments and Purple

Membranes, I)

Edited by LESTERPACKER

VOLUME82 Structural and Contractile Proteins (Part A: ExtracellularMatrix)

Edited by LEONW CUNNINGHAM ANDDIXIEW FREDERIKSEN

VOLUME83 Complex Carbohydrates (Part D)

Edited by VICTOR GINSBURG

VOLUME84 Immunochemical Techniques (Part D: Selected Immunoassays)Edited by JOHNJ LANGONE ANDHELENVANVUNAKIS

VOLUME85 Structural and Contractile Proteins (Part B: The ContractileApparatus and the Cytoskeleton)

Edited by DIXIEW FREDERIKSEN ANDLEONW CUNNINGHAM

VOLUME86 Prostaglandins and Arachidonate Metabolites

Edited by WILLIAM E M LANDS ANDWILLIAML SMITH

VOLUME87 Enzyme Kinetics and Mechanism (Part C: Intermediates,Stereochemistry, and Rate Studies)

Edited by DANIELL PURICH

VOLUME88 Biomembranes (Part I: Visual Pigments and Purple

Membranes, II)

Edited by LESTERPACKER

VOLUME89 Carbohydrate Metabolism (Part D)

Edited by WILLISA WOOD

VOLUME90 Carbohydrate Metabolism (Part E)

Edited by WILLISA WOOD

VOLUME91 Enzyme Structure (Part I)

Edited by C H W HIRS ANDSERGEN TIMASHEFF

VOLUME92 Immunochemical Techniques (Part E: Monoclonal Antibodiesand General Immunoassay Methods)

Edited by JOHNJ LANGONE ANDHELENVANVUNAKIS

VOLUME93 Immunochemical Techniques (Part F: Conventional

Antibodies, Fc Receptors, and Cytotoxicity)

Edited byJOHNJ LANGONE ANDHELENVANVUNAKIS

VOLUME94 Polyamines

Edited byHERBERT TABOR ANDCELIAWHITETABOR

VOLUME95 Cumulative Subject Index Volumes 61–74, 76–80

Edited byEDWARDA DENNIS ANDMARTHAG DENNIS

VOLUME96 Biomembranes [Part J: Membrane Biogenesis: Assembly andTargeting (General Methods; Eukaryotes)]

Edited bySIDNEYFLEISCHER ANDBECCAFLEISCHER

VOLUME97 Biomembranes [Part K: Membrane Biogenesis: Assembly andTargeting (Prokaryotes, Mitochondria, and Chloroplasts)]

Edited bySIDNEYFLEISCHER ANDBECCAFLEISCHER

VOLUME98 Biomembranes (Part L: Membrane Biogenesis: Processing andRecycling)

Edited bySIDNEYFLEISCHER ANDBECCAFLEISCHER

VOLUME99 Hormone Action (Part F: Protein Kinases)

Edited byJACKIED CORBIN AND JOELG HARDMAN

VOLUME100 Recombinant DNA (Part B)

Edited byRAYWU, LAWRENCEGROSSMAN,ANDKIVIEMOLDAVE

VOLUME101 Recombinant DNA (Part C)

Edited byRAYWU, LAWRENCEGROSSMAN,ANDKIVIEMOLDAVE

VOLUME102 Hormone Action (Part G: Calmodulin and

Calcium-Binding Proteins)

Edited byANTHONYR MEANS ANDBERTW O’MALLEY

VOLUME103 Hormone Action (Part H: Neuroendocrine Peptides)

Edited byP MICHAELCONN

VOLUME104 Enzyme Purification and Related Techniques

(Part C)

Edited byWILLIAMB JAKOBY

VOLUME105 Oxygen Radicals in Biological Systems

Edited by LESTERPACKER

VOLUME106 Posttranslational Modifications (Part A)

Edited by FINNWOLD AND KIVIEMOLDAVE

VOLUME107 Posttranslational Modifications (Part B)

Edited by FINNWOLD AND KIVIEMOLDAVE

VOLUME108 Immunochemical Techniques (Part G: Separation andCharacterization of Lymphoid Cells)

Edited by GIOVANNIDISABATO, JOHNJ LANGONE,ANDHELENVAN

VUNAKIS

VOLUME109 Hormone Action (Part I: Peptide Hormones)

Edited by LUTZBIRNBAUMER ANDBERTW O’MALLEY

VOLUME110 Steroids and Isoprenoids (Part A)

Edited by JOHNH LAW ANDHANSC RILLING

VOLUME111 Steroids and Isoprenoids (Part B)

Edited by JOHNH LAW ANDHANSC RILLING

VOLUME112 Drug and Enzyme Targeting (Part A)

Edited by KENNETHJ WIDDER ANDRALPHGREEN

VOLUME113 Glutamate, Glutamine, Glutathione, and Related CompoundsEdited by ALTONMEISTER

VOLUME114 Diffraction Methods for Biological Macromolecules (Part A)Edited byHAROLDW WYCKOFF, C H W HIRS,ANDSERGEN TIMASHEFF

VOLUME115 Diffraction Methods for Biological Macromolecules (Part B)Edited byHAROLDW WYCKOFF, C H W HIRS,ANDSERGEN TIMASHEFF

VOLUME116 Immunochemical Techniques (Part H: Effectors and

Mediators of Lymphoid Cell Functions)

Edited by GIOVANNIDISABATO, JOHNJ LANGONE,ANDHELENVAN

VUNAKIS

VOLUME117 Enzyme Structure (Part J)

Edited by C H W HIRS ANDSERGEN TIMASHEFF

VOLUME118 Plant Molecular Biology

Edited byARTHURWEISSBACH ANDHERBERTWEISSBACH

VOLUME119 Interferons (Part C)

Edited bySIDNEYPESTKA

VOLUME120 Cumulative Subject Index Volumes 81–94, 96–101

VOLUME121 Immunochemical Techniques (Part I Hybridoma Technologyand Monoclonal Antibodies)

Edited byJOHNJ LANGONE ANDHELENVANVUNAKIS

VOLUME122 Vitamins and Coenzymes (Part G)

Edited byFRANKCHYTIL ANDDONALDB MCCORMICK

VOLUME123 Vitamins and Coenzymes (Part H)

Edited byFRANKCHYTIL ANDDONALDB MCCORMICK

VOLUME124 Hormone Action (Part J: Neuroendocrine Peptides)

Edited byP MICHAELCONN

VOLUME125 Biomembranes (Part M: Transport in Bacteria,

Mitochondria, and Chloroplasts: General Approaches and TransportSystems)

Edited bySIDNEYFLEISCHER ANDBECCAFLEISCHER

VOLUME126 Biomembranes (Part N: Transport in Bacteria, Mitochondria,and Chloroplasts: Protonmotive Force)

Edited bySIDNEYFLEISCHER ANDBECCAFLEISCHER

VOLUME127 Biomembranes (Part O: Protons and Water: Structure andTranslocation)

Edited byLESTERPACKER

VOLUME128 Plasma Lipoproteins (Part A: Preparation, Structure, andMolecular Biology)

Edited byJEREP SEGREST ANDJOHNJ ALBERS

VOLUME129 Plasma Lipoproteins (Part B: Characterization, Cell Biology,and Metabolism)

Edited byJOHNJ ALBERS ANDJEREP SEGREST

VOLUME130 Enzyme Structure (Part K)

Edited by C H W HIRS ANDSERGEN TIMASHEFF

VOLUME131 Enzyme Structure (Part L)

Edited by C H W HIRS ANDSERGEN TIMASHEFF

VOLUME132 Immunochemical Techniques (Part J: Phagocytosis andCell-Mediated Cytotoxicity)

Edited by GIOVANNIDISABATO ANDJOHANNESEVERSE

VOLUME133 Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence (Part B)

Edited by MARLENEDELUCA ANDWILLIAMD MCELROY

VOLUME134 Structural and Contractile Proteins (Part C: The ContractileApparatus and the Cytoskeleton)

Edited by RICHARDB VALLEE

VOLUME135 Immobilized Enzymes and Cells (Part B)

Edited by KLAUS MOSBACH

VOLUME136 Immobilized Enzymes and Cells (Part C)

Edited by KLAUS MOSBACH

VOLUME137 Immobilized Enzymes and Cells (Part D)

Edited by KLAUS MOSBACH

VOLUME138 Complex Carbohydrates (Part E)

Edited by VICTOR GINSBURG

VOLUME139 Cellular Regulators (Part A: Calcium- and Binding Proteins)

Calmodulin-Edited by ANTHONY R MEANS ANDP MICHAELCONN

VOLUME140 Cumulative Subject Index Volumes 102–119, 121–134

VOLUME141 Cellular Regulators (Part B: Calcium and Lipids)

Edited by P MICHAELCONN ANDANTHONYR MEANS

VOLUME142 Metabolism of Aromatic Amino Acids and Amines

Edited by SEYMOURKAUFMAN

VOLUME143 Sulfur and Sulfur Amino Acids

Edited by WILLIAM B JAKOBY ANDOWENGRIFFITH

VOLUME144 Structural and Contractile Proteins (Part D: ExtracellularMatrix)

Edited byLEONW CUNNINGHAM

VOLUME145 Structural and Contractile Proteins (Part E: ExtracellularMatrix)

Edited byLEONW CUNNINGHAM

VOLUME146 Peptide Growth Factors (Part A)

Edited byDAVID BARNES ANDDAVIDA SIRBASKU

VOLUME147 Peptide Growth Factors (Part B)

Edited byDAVID BARNES ANDDAVIDA SIRBASKU

VOLUME148 Plant Cell Membranes

Edited byLESTERPACKER AND ROLANDDOUCE

VOLUME149 Drug and Enzyme Targeting (Part B)

Edited byRALPHGREEN ANDKENNETHJ WIDDER

VOLUME150 Immunochemical Techniques (Part K: In Vitro Models of

B and T Cell Functions and Lymphoid Cell Receptors)

Edited byGIOVANNI DISABATO

VOLUME151 Molecular Genetics of Mammalian Cells

Edited byMICHAELM GOTTESMAN

VOLUME152 Guide to Molecular Cloning Techniques

Edited bySHELBY L BERGER ANDALANR KIMMEL

VOLUME153 Recombinant DNA (Part D)

Edited byRAYWU ANDLAWRENCEGROSSMAN

VOLUME154 Recombinant DNA (Part E)

Edited byRAYWU ANDLAWRENCEGROSSMAN

VOLUME155 Recombinant DNA (Part F)

Edited byRAYWU

VOLUME156 Biomembranes (Part P: ATP-Driven Pumps and RelatedTransport: The Na, K-Pump)

Edited bySIDNEYFLEISCHER ANDBECCAFLEISCHER

VOLUME157 Biomembranes (Part Q: ATP-Driven Pumps and RelatedTransport: Calcium, Proton, and Potassium Pumps)

Edited by SIDNEYFLEISCHER ANDBECCAFLEISCHER

VOLUME158 Metalloproteins (Part A)

Edited by JAMES F RIORDAN ANDBERTL VALLEE

VOLUME159 Initiation and Termination of Cyclic Nucleotide

Action

Edited by JACKIED CORBIN ANDROGERA JOHNSON

VOLUME160 Biomass (Part A: Cellulose and Hemicellulose)

Edited by WILLISA WOOD ANDSCOTTT KELLOGG

VOLUME161 Biomass (Part B: Lignin, Pectin, and Chitin)

Edited by WILLISA WOOD ANDSCOTTT KELLOGG

VOLUME162 Immunochemical Techniques (Part L: Chemotaxis andInflammation)

Edited by GIOVANNIDISABATO

VOLUME163 Immunochemical Techniques (Part M: Chemotaxis andInflammation)

Edited by GIOVANNIDISABATO

VOLUME164 Ribosomes

Edited by HARRYF NOLLER, JR.,ANDKIVIE MOLDAVE

VOLUME165 Microbial Toxins: Tools for Enzymology

Edited by SIDNEYHARSHMAN

VOLUME166 Branched-Chain Amino Acids

Edited by ROBERTHARRIS ANDJOHNR SOKATCH

VOLUME167 Cyanobacteria

Edited by LESTERPACKER ANDALEXANDERN GLAZER

VOLUME168 Hormone Action (Part K: Neuroendocrine Peptides)

Edited by P MICHAELCONN

VOLUME169 Platelets: Receptors, Adhesion, Secretion (Part A)

Edited by JACEK HAWIGER

VOLUME170 Nucleosomes

Edited byPAULM WASSARMAN AND ROGERD KORNBERG

VOLUME171 Biomembranes (Part R: Transport Theory: Cells and ModelMembranes)

Edited bySIDNEYFLEISCHER ANDBECCAFLEISCHER

VOLUME172 Biomembranes (Part S: Transport: Membrane Isolation andCharacterization)

Edited bySIDNEYFLEISCHER ANDBECCAFLEISCHER

VOLUME173 Biomembranes [Part T: Cellular and Subcellular Transport:Eukaryotic (Nonepithelial) Cells]

Edited bySIDNEYFLEISCHER ANDBECCAFLEISCHER

VOLUME174 Biomembranes [Part U: Cellular and Subcellular Transport:Eukaryotic (Nonepithelial) Cells]

Edited bySIDNEYFLEISCHER ANDBECCAFLEISCHER

VOLUME175 Cumulative Subject Index Volumes 135–139, 141–167

VOLUME176 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (Part A: Spectral Techniquesand Dynamics)

Edited byNORMAN J OPPENHEIMER ANDTHOMASL JAMES

VOLUME177 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (Part B: Structure andMechanism)

Edited byNORMAN J OPPENHEIMER ANDTHOMASL JAMES

VOLUME178 Antibodies, Antigens, and Molecular Mimicry

Edited byJOHNJ LANGONE

VOLUME179 Complex Carbohydrates (Part F)

Edited byVICTORGINSBURG

VOLUME180 RNA Processing (Part A: General Methods)

Edited byJAMESE DAHLBERG AND JOHNN ABELSON

VOLUME181 RNA Processing (Part B: Specific Methods)

Edited byJAMESE DAHLBERG AND JOHNN ABELSON

VOLUME182 Guide to Protein Purification

Edited by MURRAYP DEUTSCHER

VOLUME183 Molecular Evolution: Computer Analysis of Protein andNucleic Acid Sequences

Edited by RUSSELLF DOOLITTLE

VOLUME184 Avidin–Biotin Technology

Edited by MEIR WILCHEK ANDEDWARDA BAYER

VOLUME185 Gene Expression Technology

Edited by DAVIDV GOEDDEL

VOLUME186 Oxygen Radicals in Biological Systems (Part B: OxygenRadicals and Antioxidants)

Edited by LESTERPACKER ANDALEXANDERN GLAZER

VOLUME187 Arachidonate Related Lipid Mediators

Edited by ROBERTC MURPHY ANDFRANKA FITZPATRICK

VOLUME188 Hydrocarbons and Methylotrophy

Edited by MARYE LIDSTROM

VOLUME189 Retinoids (Part A: Molecular and Metabolic Aspects)Edited by LESTERPACKER

VOLUME190 Retinoids (Part B: Cell Differentiation and Clinical

Applications)

Edited by LESTERPACKER

VOLUME191 Biomembranes (Part V: Cellular and Subcellular Transport:Epithelial Cells)

Edited by SIDNEYFLEISCHER ANDBECCAFLEISCHER

VOLUME192 Biomembranes (Part W: Cellular and Subcellular Transport:Epithelial Cells)

Edited by SIDNEYFLEISCHER ANDBECCAFLEISCHER

VOLUME193 Mass Spectrometry

Edited by JAMES A MCCLOSKEY

VOLUME194 Guide to Yeast Genetics and Molecular Biology

Edited byCHRISTINEGUTHRIE ANDGERALDR FINK

VOLUME195 Adenylyl Cyclase, G Proteins, and Guanylyl Cyclase

Edited byROGERA JOHNSON ANDJACKIED CORBIN

VOLUME196 Molecular Motors and the Cytoskeleton

Edited byRICHARDB VALLEE

VOLUME197 Phospholipases

Edited byEDWARDA DENNIS

VOLUME198 Peptide Growth Factors (Part C)

Edited byDAVID BARNES,J P MATHER,ANDGORDON H SATO

VOLUME199 Cumulative Subject Index Volumes 168–174, 176–194

VOLUME200 Protein Phosphorylation (Part A: Protein Kinases: Assays,Purification, Antibodies, Functional Analysis, Cloning, and Expression)Edited byTONY HUNTER ANDBARTHOLOMEWM SEFTON

VOLUME201 Protein Phosphorylation (Part B: Analysis of ProteinPhosphorylation, Protein Kinase Inhibitors, and Protein Phosphatases)Edited byTONY HUNTER ANDBARTHOLOMEWM SEFTON

VOLUME202 Molecular Design and Modeling: Concepts and Applications(Part A: Proteins, Peptides, and Enzymes)

Edited byJOHNJ LANGONE

VOLUME203 Molecular Design and Modeling: Concepts and Applications(Part B: Antibodies and Antigens, Nucleic Acids, Polysaccharides, and Drugs)Edited byJOHNJ LANGONE

VOLUME204 Bacterial Genetic Systems

Edited byJEFFREYH MILLER

VOLUME205 Metallobiochemistry (Part B: Metallothionein and RelatedMolecules)

Edited byJAMESF RIORDAN ANDBERTL VALLEE

VOLUME206 Cytochrome P450

Edited byMICHAELR WATERMAN AND ERICF JOHNSON

VOLUME207 Ion Channels

Edited by BERNARDORUDY ANDLINDAE IVERSON

VOLUME208 Protein–DNA Interactions

Edited by ROBERTT SAUER

VOLUME209 Phospholipid Biosynthesis

Edited by EDWARDA DENNIS AND DENNIS E VANCE

VOLUME210 Numerical Computer Methods

Edited by LUDWIGBRAND ANDMICHAEL L JOHNSON

VOLUME211 DNA Structures (Part A: Synthesis and Physical Analysis

of DNA)

Edited by DAVIDM J LILLEY ANDJAMESE DAHLBERG

VOLUME212 DNA Structures (Part B: Chemical and ElectrophoreticAnalysis of DNA)

Edited by DAVIDM J LILLEY ANDJAMESE DAHLBERG

VOLUME213 Carotenoids (Part A: Chemistry, Separation, Quantitation,and Antioxidation)

Edited by LESTERPACKER

VOLUME214 Carotenoids (Part B: Metabolism, Genetics,

and Biosynthesis)

Edited by LESTERPACKER

VOLUME215 Platelets: Receptors, Adhesion, Secretion (Part B)

Edited by JACEK J HAWIGER

VOLUME216 Recombinant DNA (Part G)

VOLUME219 Reconstitution of Intracellular Transport

Edited by JAMES E ROTHMAN

VOLUME220 Membrane Fusion Techniques (Part A)

Edited byNEJAT DU¨ZGU¨NES

VOLUME221 Membrane Fusion Techniques (Part B)

Edited byNEJAT DU¨ZGU¨NES

VOLUME222 Proteolytic Enzymes in Coagulation, Fibrinolysis, andComplement Activation (Part A: Mammalian Blood Coagulation Factorsand Inhibitors)

Edited byLASZLOLORAND AND KENNETHG MANN

VOLUME223 Proteolytic Enzymes in Coagulation, Fibrinolysis, andComplement Activation (Part B: Complement Activation, Fibrinolysis, andNonmammalian Blood Coagulation Factors)

Edited byLASZLOLORAND AND KENNETHG MANN

VOLUME224 Molecular Evolution: Producing the Biochemical DataEdited byELIZABETHANNEZIMMER, THOMASJ WHITE, REBECCAL CANN,ANDALLANC WILSON

VOLUME225 Guide to Techniques in Mouse Development

Edited byPAULM WASSARMAN AND MELVINL DEPAMPHILIS

VOLUME226 Metallobiochemistry (Part C: Spectroscopic and PhysicalMethods for Probing Metal Ion Environments in Metalloenzymes andMetalloproteins)

Edited byJAMESF RIORDAN ANDBERTL VALLEE

VOLUME227 Metallobiochemistry (Part D: Physical and SpectroscopicMethods for Probing Metal Ion Environments in Metalloproteins)

Edited byJAMESF RIORDAN ANDBERTL VALLEE

VOLUME228 Aqueous Two-Phase Systems

Edited byHARRYWALTER ANDGO¨TEJOHANSSON

VOLUME229 Cumulative Subject Index Volumes 195–198, 200–227

VOLUME230 Guide to Techniques in Glycobiology

Edited byWILLIAMJ LENNARZ ANDGERALDW HART

VOLUME231 Hemoglobins (Part B: Biochemical and Analytical Methods)Edited byJOHANNESEVERSE, KIM D VANDEGRIFF,AND

ROBERTM WINSLOW

VOLUME232 Hemoglobins (Part C: Biophysical Methods)

Edited by JOHANNESEVERSE, KIMD VANDEGRIFF,ANDROBERTM

WINSLOW

VOLUME233 Oxygen Radicals in Biological Systems (Part C)

Edited by LESTERPACKER

VOLUME234 Oxygen Radicals in Biological Systems (Part D)

Edited by LESTERPACKER

VOLUME235 Bacterial Pathogenesis (Part A: Identification and Regulation

of Virulence Factors)

Edited by VIRGINIAL CLARK ANDPATRIKM BAVOIL

VOLUME236 Bacterial Pathogenesis (Part B: Integration of PathogenicBacteria with Host Cells)

Edited by VIRGINIAL CLARK ANDPATRIKM BAVOIL

VOLUME237 Heterotrimeric G Proteins

Edited by RAVIIYENGAR

VOLUME238 Heterotrimeric G-Protein Effectors

Edited by RAVIIYENGAR

VOLUME239 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (Part C)

Edited by THOMASL JAMES AND NORMANJ OPPENHEIMER

VOLUME240 Numerical Computer Methods (Part B)

Edited by MICHAEL L JOHNSON AND LUDWIGBRAND

VOLUME241 Retroviral Proteases

Edited by LAWRENCEC KUO ANDJULESA SHAFER

VOLUME242 Neoglycoconjugates (Part A)

Edited by Y C LEE ANDREIKOT LEE

VOLUME243 Inorganic Microbial Sulfur Metabolism

Edited by HARRYD PECK, JR.,ANDJEANLEGALL

VOLUME244 Proteolytic Enzymes: Serine and Cysteine

Peptidases

Edited by ALAN J BARRETT

VOLUME245 Extracellular Matrix Components

Edited byE RUOSLAHTI ANDE ENGVALL

VOLUME246 Biochemical Spectroscopy

Edited byKENNETHSAUER

VOLUME247 Neoglycoconjugates (Part B: Biomedical Applications)Edited byY C LEE ANDREIKOT LEE

VOLUME248 Proteolytic Enzymes: Aspartic and Metallo PeptidasesEdited byALANJ BARRETT

VOLUME249 Enzyme Kinetics and Mechanism (Part D: Developments inEnzyme Dynamics)

Edited byDANIEL L PURICH

VOLUME250 Lipid Modifications of Proteins

Edited byPATRICK J CASEY ANDJANICEE BUSS

VOLUME251 Biothiols (Part A: Monothiols and Dithiols, Protein Thiols,and Thiyl Radicals)

Edited byLESTERPACKER

VOLUME252 Biothiols (Part B: Glutathione and Thioredoxin Thiols inSignal Transduction and Gene Regulation)

Edited byLESTERPACKER

VOLUME253 Adhesion of Microbial Pathogens

Edited byRONJ DOYLE AND ITZHAKOFEK

VOLUME254 Oncogene Techniques

Edited byPETERK VOGT AND INDERM VERMA

VOLUME255 Small GTPases and Their Regulators (Part A: Ras Family)Edited byW E BALCH, CHANNINGJ DER,ANDALANHALL

VOLUME256 Small GTPases and Their Regulators (Part B: Rho Family)Edited byW E BALCH, CHANNINGJ DER,ANDALANHALL

VOLUME257 Small GTPases and Their Regulators (Part C: ProteinsInvolved in Transport)

Edited byW E BALCH, CHANNINGJ DER,ANDALANHALL

VOLUME258 Redox-Active Amino Acids in Biology

Edited by JUDITH P KLINMAN

VOLUME259 Energetics of Biological Macromolecules

Edited by MICHAEL L JOHNSON AND GARYK ACKERS

VOLUME260 Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Genetics (Part A)

Edited by GIUSEPPEM ATTARDI ANDANNECHOMYN

VOLUME261 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Nucleic Acids

Edited by THOMASL JAMES

VOLUME262 DNA Replication

Edited by JUDITH L CAMPBELL

VOLUME263 Plasma Lipoproteins (Part C: Quantitation)

Edited by WILLIAM A BRADLEY, SANDRAH GIANTURCO,AND

JEREP SEGREST

VOLUME264 Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Genetics (Part B)

Edited by GIUSEPPEM ATTARDI ANDANNECHOMYN

VOLUME265 Cumulative Subject Index Volumes 228, 230–262

VOLUME266 Computer Methods for Macromolecular Sequence

Analysis

Edited by RUSSELLF DOOLITTLE

VOLUME267 Combinatorial Chemistry

Edited by JOHNN ABELSON

VOLUME268 Nitric Oxide (Part A: Sources and Detection of NO; NOSynthase)

Edited by LESTERPACKER

VOLUME269 Nitric Oxide (Part B: Physiological and Pathological

Processes)

Edited by LESTERPACKER

VOLUME270 High Resolution Separation and Analysis of BiologicalMacromolecules (Part A: Fundamentals)

Edited by BARRYL KARGER ANDWILLIAMS HANCOCK

VOLUME271 High Resolution Separation and Analysis of BiologicalMacromolecules (Part B: Applications)

Edited byBARRYL KARGER ANDWILLIAM S HANCOCK

VOLUME272 Cytochrome P450 (Part B)

Edited byERICF JOHNSON ANDMICHAELR WATERMAN

VOLUME273 RNA Polymerase and Associated Factors (Part A)Edited bySANKAR ADHYA

VOLUME274 RNA Polymerase and Associated Factors (Part B)Edited bySANKAR ADHYA

VOLUME275 Viral Polymerases and Related Proteins

Edited byLAWRENCEC KUO, DAVIDB OLSEN,ANDSTEVENS

CARROLL

VOLUME276 Macromolecular Crystallography (Part A)

Edited byCHARLESW CARTER, JR.,ANDROBERTM SWEET

VOLUME277 Macromolecular Crystallography (Part B)

Edited byCHARLESW CARTER, JR.,ANDROBERTM SWEET

VOLUME278 Fluorescence Spectroscopy

Edited byLUDWIGBRAND ANDMICHAELL JOHNSON

VOLUME279 Vitamins and Coenzymes (Part I)

Edited byDONALD B MCCORMICK, JOHNW SUTTIE,ANDCONRAD

WAGNER

VOLUME280 Vitamins and Coenzymes (Part J)

Edited byDONALD B MCCORMICK, JOHNW SUTTIE,ANDCONRAD

WAGNER

VOLUME281 Vitamins and Coenzymes (Part K)

Edited byDONALD B MCCORMICK, JOHNW SUTTIE,ANDCONRAD

WAGNER

VOLUME282 Vitamins and Coenzymes (Part L)

Edited byDONALD B MCCORMICK, JOHNW SUTTIE,ANDCONRAD

WAGNER

VOLUME283 Cell Cycle Control

Edited by WILLIAM G DUNPHY

VOLUME284 Lipases (Part A: Biotechnology)

Edited by BYRONRUBIN AND EDWARDA DENNIS

VOLUME285 Cumulative Subject Index Volumes 263, 264, 266–284,286–289

VOLUME286 Lipases (Part B: Enzyme Characterization and Utilization)Edited by BYRONRUBIN AND EDWARDA DENNIS

VOLUME287 Chemokines

Edited by RICHARDHORUK

VOLUME288 Chemokine Receptors

Edited by RICHARDHORUK

VOLUME289 Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis

Edited by GREGGB FIELDS

VOLUME290 Molecular Chaperones

Edited by GEORGEH LORIMER ANDTHOMASBALDWIN

VOLUME291 Caged Compounds

Edited by GERARDMARRIOTT

VOLUME292 ABC Transporters: Biochemical, Cellular, and MolecularAspects

Edited by SURESHV AMBUDKAR ANDMICHAELM GOTTESMAN

VOLUME293 Ion Channels (Part B)

Edited by P MICHAELCONN

VOLUME294 Ion Channels (Part C)

Edited by P MICHAELCONN

VOLUME295 Energetics of Biological Macromolecules (Part B)

Edited by GARYK ACKERS ANDMICHAEL L JOHNSON

VOLUME296 Neurotransmitter Transporters

Edited by SUSANG AMARA

VOLUME297 Photosynthesis: Molecular Biology of Energy CaptureEdited byLEEMCINTOSH

VOLUME298 Molecular Motors and the Cytoskeleton (Part B)

Edited byRICHARDB VALLEE

VOLUME299 Oxidants and Antioxidants (Part A)

Edited byLESTERPACKER

VOLUME300 Oxidants and Antioxidants (Part B)

Edited byLESTERPACKER

VOLUME301 Nitric Oxide: Biological and Antioxidant Activities (Part C)Edited byLESTERPACKER

VOLUME302 Green Fluorescent Protein

Edited byP MICHAELCONN

VOLUME303 cDNA Preparation and Display

Edited bySHERMAN M WEISSMAN

VOLUME304 Chromatin

Edited byPAULM WASSARMAN AND ALANP WOLFFE

VOLUME305 Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence (Part C)

Edited byTHOMASO BALDWIN AND MIRIAMM ZIEGLER

VOLUME306 Expression of Recombinant Genes in Eukaryotic SystemsEdited byJOSEPHC GLORIOSO ANDMARTINC SCHMIDT

VOLUME307 Confocal Microscopy

Edited byP MICHAELCONN

VOLUME308 Enzyme Kinetics and Mechanism (Part E: Energetics ofEnzyme Catalysis)

Edited byDANIEL L PURICH ANDVERNL SCHRAMM

VOLUME309 Amyloid, Prions, and Other Protein Aggregates

Edited byRONALDWETZEL

VOLUME310 Biofilms

Edited byRONJ DOYLE

VOLUME311 Sphingolipid Metabolism and Cell Signaling (Part A)Edited by ALFREDH MERRILL, JR.,ANDYUSUFA HANNUN

VOLUME312 Sphingolipid Metabolism and Cell Signaling (Part B)Edited by ALFREDH MERRILL, JR.,ANDYUSUFA HANNUN

VOLUME313 Antisense Technology (Part A: General Methods, Methods ofDelivery, and RNA Studies)

Edited by KRZYSZTOFPALCZEWSKI

VOLUME316 Vertebrate Phototransduction and the Visual Cycle

(Part B)

Edited by KRZYSZTOFPALCZEWSKI

VOLUME317 RNA–Ligand Interactions (Part A: Structural BiologyMethods)

Edited by DANIELW CELANDER ANDJOHNN ABELSON

VOLUME318 RNA–Ligand Interactions (Part B: Molecular BiologyMethods)

Edited by DANIELW CELANDER ANDJOHNN ABELSON

VOLUME319 Singlet Oxygen, UV-A, and Ozone

Edited by LESTERPACKER ANDHELMUTSIES

VOLUME320 Cumulative Subject Index Volumes 290–319

VOLUME321 Numerical Computer Methods (Part C)

Edited by MICHAEL L JOHNSON AND LUDWIGBRAND

VOLUME322 Apoptosis

Edited by JOHNC REED

VOLUME323 Energetics of Biological Macromolecules (Part C)

Edited by MICHAEL L JOHNSON AND GARYK ACKERS

VOLUME324 Branched-Chain Amino Acids (Part B)

Edited byROBERTA HARRIS AND JOHNR SOKATCH

VOLUME325 Regulators and Effectors of Small GTPases (Part D: RhoFamily)

Edited byW E BALCH, CHANNINGJ DER,ANDALANHALL

VOLUME326 Applications of Chimeric Genes and Hybrid Proteins (Part A:Gene Expression and Protein Purification)

Edited byJEREMYTHORNER, SCOTTD EMR,ANDJOHNN ABELSON

VOLUME327 Applications of Chimeric Genes and Hybrid Proteins (Part B:Cell Biology and Physiology)

Edited byJEREMYTHORNER, SCOTTD EMR,ANDJOHNN ABELSON

VOLUME328 Applications of Chimeric Genes and Hybrid Proteins (Part C:Protein–Protein Interactions and Genomics)

Edited byJEREMYTHORNER, SCOTTD EMIR,ANDJOHNN ABELSON

VOLUME329 Regulators and Effectors of Small GTPases (Part E: GTPasesInvolved in Vesicular Traffic)

Edited byW E BALCH, CHANNINGJ DER,ANDALANHALL

VOLUME330 Hyperthermophilic Enzymes (Part A)

Edited byMICHAELW W ADAMS AND ROBERTM KELLY

VOLUME331 Hyperthermophilic Enzymes (Part B)

Edited byMICHAELW W ADAMS AND ROBERTM KELLY

VOLUME332 Regulators and Effectors of Small GTPases (Part F: RasFamily I)

Edited byW E BALCH, CHANNINGJ DER,ANDALANHALL

VOLUME333 Regulators and Effectors of Small GTPases (Part G: RasFamily II)

Edited byW E BALCH, CHANNINGJ DER,ANDALANHALL

VOLUME334 Hyperthermophilic Enzymes (Part C)

Edited byMICHAELW W ADAMS AND ROBERTM KELLY

VOLUME335 Flavonoids and Other Polyphenols

Edited byLESTERPACKER

VOLUME336 Microbial Growth in Biofilms (Part A: Developmental andMolecular Biological Aspects)

Edited by THOMASL JAMES, VOLKER DO¨TSCH,ANDULISCHMITZ

VOLUME339 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance of Biological Macromolecules(Part B)

Edited by THOMASL JAMES, VOLKER DO¨TSCH,ANDULISCHMITZ

VOLUME340 Drug–Nucleic Acid Interactions

Edited by JONATHANB CHAIRES ANDMICHAEL J WARING

VOLUME341 Ribonucleases (Part A)

Edited by ALLENW NICHOLSON

VOLUME342 Ribonucleases (Part B)

Edited by ALLENW NICHOLSON

VOLUME343 G Protein Pathways (Part A: Receptors)

Edited by RAVIIYENGAR ANDJOHND HILDEBRANDT

VOLUME344 G Protein Pathways (Part B: G Proteins and Their

Regulators)

Edited by RAVIIYENGAR ANDJOHND HILDEBRANDT

VOLUME345 G Protein Pathways (Part C: Effector Mechanisms)

Edited by RAVIIYENGAR ANDJOHND HILDEBRANDT

VOLUME346 Gene Therapy Methods

Edited by M IANPHILLIPS

VOLUME347 Protein Sensors and Reactive Oxygen Species (Part A:Selenoproteins and Thioredoxin)

Edited by HELMUTSIES ANDLESTERPACKER

VOLUME348 Protein Sensors and Reactive Oxygen Species (Part B: ThiolEnzymes and Proteins)

Edited byHELMUTSIES ANDLESTER PACKER

VOLUME349 Superoxide Dismutase

Edited byLESTERPACKER

VOLUME350 Guide to Yeast Genetics and Molecular and Cell Biology(Part B)

Edited byCHRISTINEGUTHRIE ANDGERALDR FINK

VOLUME351 Guide to Yeast Genetics and Molecular and Cell Biology(Part C)

Edited byCHRISTINEGUTHRIE ANDGERALDR FINK

VOLUME352 Redox Cell Biology and Genetics (Part A)

Edited byCHANDANK SEN ANDLESTER PACKER

VOLUME353 Redox Cell Biology and Genetics (Part B)

Edited byCHANDANK SEN ANDLESTER PACKER

VOLUME354 Enzyme Kinetics and Mechanisms (Part F: Detection andCharacterization of Enzyme Reaction Intermediates) (in preparation)Edited byDANIEL L PURICH

VOLUME355 Cumulative Subject Index Volumes 321–354

(in preparation)

VOLUME356 Laser Capture Microscopy and Microdissection

(in preparation)

Edited byP MICHAELCONN

VOLUME357 Cytochrome P450, Part C (in preparation)

Edited byERICF JOHNSON ANDMICHAELR WATERMAN

VOLUME358 Bacterial Pathogenesis (Part C: Identification, Regulation,and Function of Virulence Factors)

Edited byVIRGINIAL CLARK ANDPATRIK M BAVOIL

VOLUME359 Nitric Oxide (Part D: Nitric Oxide Detection, Mitochondriaand Cell Functions, and Peroxynitrite Reactions)

Edited byENRIQUE CADENAS AND LESTERPACKER

VOLUME360 Biophotonics (Part A)

Edited by GERARDMARRIOTT ANDIANPARKER

VOLUME361 Biophotonics (Part B)

Edited by GERARDMARRIOTT ANDIANPARKER

VOLUME362 Recognition of Carbohydrates in Biological Systems (Part A:General Procedures)

Edited by YUONC LEE ANDREIKOT LEE

VOLUME363 Recognition of Carbohydrates in Biological Systems (Part B:Specific Applications)

Edited by YUONC LEE ANDREIKOT LEE

VOLUME364 Nuclear Receptors

Edited by DAVIDW RUSSELL ANDDAVIDJ MANGELSDORF

VOLUME365 Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells

Edited by PAULM WASSARMAN ANDGORDON M KELLER

VOLUME366 Protein Phosphatases

Edited by SUSANNEKLUMPP AND JOSEFKRIEGLSTEIN

VOLUME367 Liposomes (Part A) (in preparation)

Edited by NEJATDUZGUNES

VOLUME368 Macromolecular Crystallography (Part C) (in preparation)Edited by CHARLESW CARTER ANDROBERTM SWEET

VOLUME369 Combinatorial Chemistry (Part B) (in preparation)

Edited by GUILLERMOA MORALES ANDBARRYA BUNIN

VOLUME370 RNA Polymerases and Associated Factors (Part C) (inpreparation)

Edited by SANKARL ADHYA ANDSUSANGARGES

VOLUME371 RNA Polymerases and Associated Factors (Part D) (inpreparation)

Edited by SANKARL ADHYA ANDSUSANGARGES

VOLUME372 Liposomes (Part B) (in preparation)

Edited by NEJATDUZGUNES