This imperative final ending is used when the speaker requests some action from the listener or tells the listener to do something, This final ending is used with the honorific suffix “A
Trang 2LESSON 1 Greetings <1) 3 LESSON B Stores {D -
Greetings <2) 3 Stores <2)
Classroom <2) 5 Telephone <2) 15
LESSON 3 Studying Korean Language (1) 5 LESSON 11 Appointment <1)
Studying Korean Language 2) - 6 Appointment <2)
LESSON 4 In the Restaurant (1) 6 LESSON 12 Traffic (1)
In the Restaurant <2) 7 Traffic <2)“ 18
Family 3) « 9 Friends (2) 19
Dates and Days <2) 10 Hometown <2)
On the Street 2) 12 Boarding House (2)
Trang 3* re
Trang 4This marker comes after a noun to indicate that the noun is the subject of the sentence When the noun ends in a
consonant, use -9]* When it ends in a vowel, use “7P
2, Quint?
BAS Asso} Ale ASA AAP “o]epol ey SAojo] <urjye7} Voll - aye} sch
This is an interrogative form which ‘-©|¢P combines with “4U7}’ This is the copula which links a subject with its
predicate The copula ‘-0]C} attaches to a noun and functions like a verb It is used to indicate the identity(equality)
of a subject and a predicate, or to designate an object or a thing
@) 9249| 39JL]2b Is this a book?
3, -QUch
ABA AA <oltpol ASB SAojo) <uucp7} #e|2| <9JtIdt7} ad
This is a declarative form which -©]FƑ' combines with '-HL|Ỳ
This marker indicates the topic or theme of a sentence, and also expresses contrast and emphasis It can’t be attached
to the subject and object markers When the noun ends in a consonant, use ‘2’, and when the noun ends in a vow-
el, use =’.
Trang 5io 00 = AW
() 3E #2 289Jdd I am a Korean
2; s†t}t‡7} 3tr} gpelell#2- nJ#u]t A banana is cheap A pineapple is expensive
2 —0|/7t 0Ha|LIr†
'ottirtE ‹5|r†9| #248o|r† 35 9o] #34 42} -9|/7†7E #elA| 2E8=|nl, 382218 #†§ tr AES Fae}
sị at) 7} #9]|2) 9hddQd7E sịn, RY SAojn] <7} Boal ‘oh yu 77} Ach
The negative of the copula “9]CP is -0]/7} O} JCP The structure of a sentence consists of a subject and '-9]/7} 9}
tt,
3l #}49] stgqud: I am not a student
'3]r*E #9l2† #2lft8 %5EALL #98 +02E0 9l## %
3792| #2j8l2l 8h#-# L}ctdfrk <el/2PS† 82] 2Ael <9|/2† 3)r}/6l9] #82 21# 2sgId
to be located (in a place)’ and ‘to have’ The negative of this verb is QiC} ‘not to exist’
He} SHOES “ALA CPo|ch “BPS “AEP S| BbcHo|
“Q)tP has meanings ‘to exist’, ‘
This marker connects two noun on an equal basis( English ‘A and B’)
I eat bread and milk
() AS Bsht HS Fede
@ 419) 3⁄2‡ö‡x 91247} ##u|t There are many desks and chairs in the classroom
SE SHE AAO FE FHO}AjoHA| Kolo} ÿ2e]AI9]A]
3 —0|
Sots 2lsJ #s] 448 teHlc 3l+24) 42}e]d
This marker expresses static location(‘in, at’)
) At alo] VEU
My friend is in the classroom,
Trang 6LESSON 2 Classroom <2>
1, 0|/-/ZI
“9|21/221/2)2)9 ZI2Idl32‡# ^Fšo| 328 dai 2l2|‡t, (e]2)9 #‡2‡9|2| 722 2215, 32, 2Ð8)$,
RE BANA 7F42I 99JA| ln] BR AS, “AWS So} Aho] BS YW AS yepch
These are the demonstrative pronouns, which always precede the noun they modify ‘©]4l’ designates something close
to the speaker, ‘14’ designates something close to the listener or refers to something already mentioned or known to
both the speaker and the listener, and ‘77’ designates something far away from both the speaker and the listener
() 929) #319112 What is this?
2, =a/&Llrt, =a/&L|?I?
©H/$t]f†'E 9£ #9l# teHlc 2Ì#$3 4ä39)e|e]Jtt catJ†PE 413 52Ì9} 8892)9| 9140] #3le| 8 dị 2
Ol Step Wao] MS WY Aalth cn/¿@uJd†9| 9 #3 áä9|n|E <4 /-Gu7ro|ep
This is a formal style declarative sentence-final ending When the verb stem ends in a vowel, use “HUT, When the
verb stem ends in a consonant, use GUC} The question final ending is '-HL]7}/-#t]7}?'
Formal endings are used in official conversations or in situations characterized by some formality or distance
This is a case marker which attaches to a noun to indicate that it is the object of the sentence, When the noun ends
in a consonant, use ‘-S’, and when the noun ends in a vowel, use “3
() ZlE $3 #ÿm)d I study Korean
Trang 7This imperative final ending is used when the speaker requests some action from the listener or tells the listener to do
something, This final ending is used with the honorific suffix “A]-’, so when the verb stem ends in a vowel, you use
“AJA|_2’, and when the verb stem ends in a consonant you use “©.4]A]2’
2, =A| BCH (— -2] ORAS)
Vel Feo] Het BAIS GEE BA Selolc}
This attaches to action verb stems to form negative commands and negative suggestion
Suggestion -(2) BAe -A| #A|t†
U: ya, 22) oH 2 B: No, Don’t shut it
3 © 74! SAt (c irregular verbs)
otto] oe BUS Sx: BS oy cro] ere wpeh,
HOR Bie BA S Uh, Sep SS BE PoE +9) 0208 02 6REtk
Verb stems ending in ‘=’ change to ‘@’ when followed by an ending beginning with a vowel
3 However there are ‘2’ regular verbs which never change their stems These regular verbs are “W}, "CP, and others
-al'© 9|## #øls 7ktl/©rl'fe| BAS} Sel SAIS YEAHS #2}e|d
This marker ‘-l’ is attached to a place word and is followed by ‘WEP or ‘2CP or their compounds It indicates a
specific destination.
Trang 8() #‡m9| 4d I go to school
2, =
“EE Oe Ao] CHE Ash Sst, ce zo] RAIS slnlg 7E #424e|tk
This marker attaches to nouns to indicate unity, sameness or identity
3 -(Đ)=72?
©(9)7‡8?+ 3219| 9l## #tr 9l#3 #89In|# 41852)91 9]29| 9| 328 -87‡8?7} +e|m, 9|
g sgl -=718?7} ^sIrl
This pattern attaches to the verb stem to express supposition or intention It is used to ask someone’s view or
opinion, When the subject is first-person singular(1), it is answered in “(2)4JA|2’, and when the subject is first-person
plural(we), it is answered in “(9)HA]|CƑ,
() 7}: 3l7t #8 đ8718? A: Shall I close the door?
U: Yl, BS Bos B: Yes, Please close the door
t† : Yl, See B: Yes, Let’s study now
4 —=(©)HA|L
“(9)HA|EPE 9# ##9| 22-8 #4o|n|z 4)3526 52a] VHHo| 319 <82|tP7‡ Hola, gow <wAlep7}
9q
This is a propositive (Let’s) final ending which is used when the speaker wants the listener to perform some action
together When the verb stem ends in a vowel, use “4 A|CP, and when the verb stem ends in a consonant, use $4]
tỳ,
@) #178 9l#^ltd Let’s eat bulgogi
(3) Atte 321đ Let’s go to the restaurant
yAAla] SANs FE qsbajoyAl wo] +sId 413ø2}9| 51đe| 'È, +9] oh 4, 7, — Tol <9),
ah] ei 01027} Hele} Wow solar: Sehye} sag Arh,
This informal style verb-final ending attaches to a verb stem and is used frequently in conversation with close friends
Depending on your intonation, this form can express declaratives, interrogatives, imperatives or suggestions.
Trang 9OH HF SHO |
Suggestion (2) a At} -o|/-oE8
Verb stems ending in ‘OP, ‘2 take “O}’: verb stems ending in ‘|, -?, ©* and *©]' take ‘-0].2’, The verb stem “8+”
takes‘-©]2’, In general ‘8}0].2” is preferredly used as contraction form ‘é}}.2’,
When a verb stem final vowel and the initial vowel of this ending come together, the following contractions and dele-
tions take place
When the copula “0]CP combines with this ending, it comes out as ‘-0]9]] if the attached noun ends in a con- sonant or °9|8” if it ends in a vowel
“(©)A]B? is an attached form of “(2)A)’ to the imperative form, -}.2./}.2.”
2 —m 4rt
on MCPE YS Yes BA Brjoleh #2ÿ2le] dlelel #247) -132J s24 s†zHe e|n|z: +gIrt 2l@89lAlE
191419 °|E'Ø9]2lE 2913)9] #e|7} ch 3414 Fo} ofl: <x Ao} seeps Ach
This form attaches to action verb stems and expresses the speaker's desire or wish for the realization of the concept denoted by the verb
Usually this pattern is limited to the first person subject(I, we) in declarative sentences, and to the second person sub- jects (you) in questions
Lope BBA AAS, AGS] oln|s 7pm gle} Bebsfo] Ao}t: ao} ge}
‘The particle <2}, preceded by a noun, may indicate possession, relationship, origin, static location, etc
Trang 10
‘oP, use *-9f : when the verb stem ends in any other vowel, use “QJ If the verb base is 'ð}-, use '-%]-.(ð%]-—+* H-)
@) #I7† #&wd It rained
(2) ANd ol] Bol) Usk ch I was at home last week
@) Atoll BAS Bech I wrote a letter to my mother
3 —0
-ð|'£ 2l# LEhll #4] 9| 21249) Wis vIetlE 24#4eltk
‘This is the marker, which attaches to nouns indicating time
@) W ##t 2l3J #&ud I went to sleep at 11 o'clock at night
SAAS BAS UE BAe] Aol, Asolo) Sto] Uoltt PAS Eby ZApolep
This marker ‘-oj]A|? is ‘at’ or ‘in’, indicating the place where an action takes place The particle '-9]2Ì" is attached to
a noun, and is always followed by an action verb
@) 89]2l VES Bs ch I met my teacher on the street
Another meaning is ‘from’, indicating a starting point, separation, source, cause, etc
(1) THe] URAL Zola He came from America
2, ~A| 8t
<7] 8r= #428 the: 9dle|ri #e|e| eJ2|s| 9l 3g9| ?⁄3# %enl, 213 %⁄24865|s† eh ek + HAP
= 8 3486|z† tt
This form attaches to the verb stem to form a negative It is not used for imperatives or suggestions
(0) 199 #tme] 721 92t} Tomorrow Tim riot going’ eo seh6l
Q 2 Hye als a2] such That student doesn’t do his homework
# ‘Qk? is an adverb placed in front of verbs to express negation
Trang 11stot ÿEaoI |
Q 92S ot obyuch I don’t drink milk,
In the case of structures like ‘N +3}}, ‘@F is placed between the noun and ‘3}C} In such a case, it is usual to place
a particle after the noun,
() 2 ARES BRS ot Buch ‘That person doesn’t speak
2) fo} $o] „an = ot teh ‘The children don't study
3 2 SAt (2 verbs)
ojzto} apa|ep mạ ‹97† m8 Bet 42s) 82tr
In case -©}/9) is followed by the final vowel ‘o’ of the verbstem, ‘©’ is deleted We choose “OF2, -9f-, -OFA)’ or © O12, -Q-, -O}A}’ by the previous vowel of ‘2’ When the previous vowel of ‘2’ is ‘Of, 2’ we can choose “98, - -0}4)" but the other vowels comes before ‘2’ we can choose -9|8, -$}-, -9]2l),
(1) AE Sto] BS 2 aja I will go to travel this weekend
2 -ð†m (#0|)
CHE ARIF Qa ofd BES Go] McK #e| 3Ir} -ðk0 Ø9|zls #8 # + 3d
This marker is used after nouns designating people, and this express the meaning
‘together with’, and is followed by a verb
(@) Apa Zo} PIs yeleuch T ate lunch with my friend
(2) usin Zo] Asch T went with my mother
Trang 12These particles attach to nouns denoting time or place in order to express the starting point and finishing point
(t) DAE] 1A] FS Bch We have class from 9 until 1 o’clock
(2) +l#9| =2‡ztl 4I#l2}Z2@ut† When I arrive in Seoul I'll call you
3 —A| BE (— —Ã| B†A|EI)
BSG Fao] He BAAS GEE #4 #9le)d
This attaches to action verb stems to form negative commands and negative suggestion
() 7: 3# ##”18? Shall we close the window?
Us ofa, 32 w^)d No, Let’s not close it
4 4 S74! SAt (s irregular verbs)
1212) ups} wa] ero] BSS EE Boo] ee wee,
‘The final consonant ‘4’ of the stem, when followed by a vowel, changes to ‘9°
This pattern attaches to an action verb stem to indicate a goal or purpose Verb stems ending in a vowel take “(2) #4]
7¥EH2Ch’, and verb stems ending in a consonant take {2.2} 7}t}(2cp’,
(2) & sete] Zale Let’s go (out) for (to have) a drink
Trang 13@) Wữ 9z] 2JqdoJ Ar} Bola I went out to get something to eat
4 °9‡©|§ Ble A Aol sede I went to my friend’s house to look for the child
2 —(9)Al-
EA ozo] BO] BTS] FAS eels 419]89|nle|ti
This is the honorific suffix which attaches to any verb stem and expresses respect If the verb stem ends in a vowel, the suffix has the form “AJ-’, and if the verb stem ends in a consonant, it has the form °.9A]-, ©'®.A]- * raises, hon- ors or exalts the subject of the sentence
(0) #34#s| s4qd The teacher is coming
There are also some verbs which do not use ‘©-A]-’ and instead change the verb stem entirely
Mat > SRA to sleep
Q) Q2%o#z 72 Turn to right
2 = SAt (2 verbs)
SAN] zo] «a WAOe Bike SAE BSoln|o] 34898 c, H, 2) 9l2| =2] ae
Verb stems which end in ‘@” drop the ‘@’ when followed by an ending beginning with ‘t, 4" or 7
(2) #dl#^2l4sl2l s48 Bo] Buch They sell a lot of things at Namdaemun market
(3) bo} Se] SoA) ech The children are playing outside
Trang 14495, #99) 2L49| 217124925 #3 $3 5ẽskc AAlMfolch Alzael SAS UES FAG S +>
Th MBAS] Fl FYA| Foj7t Sse} AYA SYaS wpp2) ele
This pattern 3!’ is used when one subject performs one action and then a second one It is attached directly to the stem of the first action verb, and is then followed by a second verb
AVE] FY] oF Uelo] | mf ^Ð#šF< s149)n|e]rt
This conjunctive ending attaches to a verb stem to indicate that the action of the first clause is reason for the action
of the second clause When this ending is used to express cause, the second clause cannot contain an imperative or
a suggestion,
3 -9]-/-9}° and “Al cannot be used before -0]A]/-of A),
2 U7} SHA] PALS 24'@u|t It was raining, so I bought an umbrella
2 —Altt
99 d8 9152|, -L ÿ]s| wtdlslE dl## 5191 dị 2L82H= 9149|v|e|ri
This conjunctive ending attaches to a verb base and has the function of affirming or admitting the action or state of the preceding clause, but implying something opposite or countervailing in the following clause (English ‘but’)
(1) ##- 1|‡ZÌt #249| #°}8 It’s expensive, but good
@ "#2 82lWt ve et sha The wind is blowing, but it isn’t raining
999)'42} gỊo] so) zl#o|t} €HÌE tịch BA} Sopole yh 7S UES SAF <elopy} aes Befoleh 7L4
& HOM G Ags Baolch