ching - building construction illustrated 2e [bw] (1991)

In planning the design and construction of a building, we should caretully coneider the environmental forces which the physical conbext for the building— ite site — presents, A site’e ae

Trang 2

an: ae ¬ - ng

§ ma § Nang Ặ 3 Mang

RUN NO ge pty oS PPLE PE TE PA CAI

Library of Congress Cabziog Care Number 90- 25064

ISBN O-442-23498-8 (pbk.)

ISBN 0-442-00895-3 (hard)

All righte reserved, Ne part of thie work covered by the

copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any torm or

by any means — graphic, elecbronic, or mechanical, incivding

phobocopyina, recording, taping, or information storage and

retrieval eysbems — without written permission of the

publisher

Manvtactured in the United Stabes of America

Published by Van Nosbrand Kembold

15 Fifth Avenve

New York, New York 10003

Chapman and Hall

PuilÀina ¿ønsbruebion tllu2trabed / Francie DK Ching ;

with Cassandra Adams, — and ed,

" | includes bibliographical references and index

Trang 3

tana San On SB ake

ee pees ee DD Reg fhe eer EEE LEE GE EES lo WAC EE el ee Pane een ee

: ` -_ “ Na NaSaxế Xi vo B Rad Hoot £8 and § Saar coonad’ nh ÀẶÃ ch SA

3 x

x Ren ea

influenced py ibe relablonship to other systems While this second edition

retains this perspective, it updates information where appropriate, and includes coverage of basic structural obeel, reinforced concrete, ana curvain wall oyetems |b presents ae clearly 26 possivle the material and structural choices available to the designer, and how these choices affect

a building's form ana dimensions, and ite relabionship to ibe site Since

thie visual imagery 16 implicitly 2 very important element in the pre- sentation of the material, information in this gecond edition continues

to be conveyed primarily through graphic illustrations - This handbook 16 organized according to a building’s major components and syotems It begine with a look at the building sibe and the factors that influence a building’s location, orqanization, and omentation., Following this 6 a description of a building’s major systems, how they relabe to each other, and the structural forces a building must

be designed and conetructed to resist Each oucceeding chapter then deoribes a major building ayotem according te type of building material, structural geometry, and how each component interfaces with adjoining ystems The iast chapter and the avypendx provide reference information on building materiale and space planning The bibliography late sources which, if one is inberested in pursuing a subject further, can provide more in-depth information

Ib would be nearly impossible to cover all building materiale and

construction techniques, but the information presented here 2haulả

be applicable to most residential and light construction sibvatiens encountered today, Construction techmaves continue to change with the development of new vuilding materials, products, and obandards, What does nob change are the fundamental principles which underlie

the design and construction of a building Thia illuetrated quide

focuses an these principles, which should provide a veeful context for the application of new information in che preliminary planning and design of a building

Each building element, component, or system 16 described in berms

of ibe end uae, The specific form, quality, capability, and availability

of an element or component will vary with manufacturer and jecale

lỳ 12 theretore important to always follow the manvfacturer’s rec-

ommendations in the vee of a material and te pay careful abtention

to the building code requirements in effect tor a buildma’s use and location | 16 the user's responsibiliby bo judge the appropriateness of the information contained in thie book and how it 14 bo be veed Seek the expert advice of a professional when needed On the following Page i an outline of the basic considerations which may ve ayphed to almoobt any building material, component, or ayetem to measure ibe

appropriateness for a aiven design or construction situation,

Trang 4

the wiormabion in tise book can be cabegorized according to the following 122222:

MATERIALS cece eee ¢ Structural properties (see STRUCTURE below)

° Physical properties of , * Weight and aenerby

° Thermal expansion and conductivity

o Permeavility te waver vapor

0 Fire resiovance

° Acovetical valve

° Form, dimensional characteriotice, and visual properties

| + The eftecto of oun, wind, and rain

eFinish and maintenance requirements

e Method of manutacture and supply S5TKUGTUEE cà e Form and geometry: Imear, planar, or volumetric

CONSTRUCTION ,

«Forces to ve resolved » Compressive, tenaile, shear

» Vertical (downward or uplift), lateral, or angled

» Concentrated or uniformly aistribubed

0 Static dead and live loads; dynamic wind and

gelamic forces

o Tyres of connections required

| » Kinned, rigid, or roller joints |

e Butt, lay, or interlocking connection®

° Foundation, bearing, and Support requirements

e Structural requirements tor cantilevers, aveyended construction, and openings

¢ Modular conetraints, if any

° Method of fastening required

.,* Number and aizeo of the pieces to be assembled

o Mechanical (nails, acrews, balk2, rivets, clipe) ——

o Welded

o Adhesive

« Equipment, tole, and workmanship required

e Place of assembly: on-oibe or at the factory

THE CONSTRUCTION

À52EMPLY aoa fone

° Standardization of parte and pretabrication where advantageous

° work coordmation, erection time, and labor requirements

e Thermal expatioion characteriétics

Air Waber

e Ventilation and infilbration

° Permeability to water vapor

o Accommodation of mechanical and electrical

,e Fibnese for vse and purpose

° Safety, comfort, and healbh requirements

° Compliance with applicable building codes

e initial and lite coste

depth

equipment and syetemé

Trang 5

2 Ea " š wk 4 Ề Ÿ a8 SỐ lì ek ` moons ~Š < 8 ey eo aes see _ SES aes _ POEMS es / TS

Kì nề Sere - 4 Pres cà ỆnGHAN Âxxst ok § š TY § —

WALL SYSTEMS ROOF SYSTEMS DOORS s WINDOWS MOISTURE & THERMAL PROTECTION SPECIAL CONSTRUCTION

FINISH WORK - MECHANICAL s ELECTRICAL SYST NOTES ON MATERIA

APPENDIX

BIBLIOGRAPHY INDEA

EMS

Trang 7

In planning the design and construction of a building, we should

caretully coneider the environmental forces which the physical

conbext for the building— ite site — presents, A site’e aeoaraphic lacation, topography, plant material, climate,

and ‘orientation te the oun and prevailing winde all influence

decigions at a very early stage in the déaign process, These environmental forces can help shape a yuildina’s form,

articulate ibs enclosure, establieh ite relationship to the

ground plane, and suageot the way Ive interiwr spaces are

laid out,

In addition to environmental forces, there may exiet the

regulatory forces of zoning ordinances, These reaulations may prescribe acceptable uses for a yuilding site ae well ae limit the oize and shape of bhe building maeo and where

ib may ve located on the site

Included in thie chapter are site improvements which modity

a building oite for access and use, define the boundaries ot

exterior spaces, and relabe the vuilding te the surrounding ground plane, These contruction details typically are

closely related to the design of the building eel? and can

be seen to be logical extensions of the way the building 12 constructed, |

Trang 8

pox comet? oa ood et? a Nhat ane?

1) @ “HE BUILDING SITE: ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS: 82IL The soll type attects:

| © the type and aize of a building’ foundation syetem

TOPOGRAPHY = Land forme ana ground slopes affect:

e tne building toundation tyre

ø the building form and te relationohip to the around plane

e the site’ micro- climate: wind, temperature, solar radiation

sử làn, VEGETATION The typee and locations of plant materiale affect:

ae ` the stb€'2 micro- climate: solar radiation, wind, humidity,

air berperature ang purity

e the definition or vieval ecreening of exterior spaces

CLIMATIC FACTORS: The tollewing climatic tactore attect a buildings form,

orientation, and construction,

SN (it 2UN The øun I2 the source of;

a © solar radiation (heat gain)

ie

TA © natural light

* lu WY, \À

*

k VÀ A WIND The prevalence, direction, and velocity of wind attect:

ky TAY VẪ © air infiltration into a building (potential heab lose)

wo Ni © the ventilation of interior spaces and outdoor courts

a e the lateral load on a otructure

PRECIPITATION The prevalence and amount of precipibation affect:

a © the root form, i construction, and the resulting

gravity load on the structure

e the presence and drainage of water on a site

6 the choice of building materiale TEMPERATURE Air pemperaiure and thermal comfort are affected by all

of the above climatic factors,

SENSORY FACTORS: VIEWS The consideration of desirable and undesirable views will

help determine:

6 the building’ fenestration (dsor and window openings)

e the plant materiale used in landecaping the oite the level, quality, and source of sounde aftech:

e the aistribution and onentation of the building mass

e the choice of purlding materials and their assembly

e the sound control methods used

Trang 9

od)

oy AN OQ) q

Zoning ordinances govern the use and vulk af ZONING ORDINANCES REGULATE

puilẢin42 and obructures within a muntetpality or

land ude dietrict, These ordinances typically regulate:

@ how much of the land can be covered by a building THE BULK OF BUILDINGS >

se how far a pullding must be set back from each of ae me

° the total floor area that can ve constructed

A zoning ordinance may algo contain speeffie

requirements for access and off-street parking,

accessory obructures such ao fences and outdoor

gecks, and the projections from a building’s

facades such 26 balconies and roof overhangs, “^

The cumulative effect of zoning ordinances |

management of the density and pattern of

development within varievS land use zones,

Otner regulatory inetruments exiet which affect the BUILDING CODES

way buildings are sited and constructed, These statutes

~ commonly referred tw ae the puilding code—

establiah the relationship between:

e the fire- resistance rating of bo ebructure and ttagnrven se ae

s the allowable height and floor areas of the building, , )

and ite separation from neighboring structures

See Appendix for more information on puilding codes,

su, — k #Anerree= feetaerlendtrlesdx luiklvBiBlpkeinrNBdvh rớt tr con

Trang 10

(=o TƯỜNG ¿ Se ` VN SA Rg ERS, ya

STAI SERS VEN SST

To oupporb plant life, a gor mug:

e be capable of absorbing movbure

e supply the appropriate plan’ nutrients

obructure ilerefore derends ultimately on

the type of soil underlying the foundation and

the gotl’s strength under loading,

there are two broad classes of scile—

coareé-grained and fine-grained aoilé, Coarse-arainea ø0ll2 include aravelé ana sands which conglet of relatively large articles The individual parbicles of tine- grained soils are much emaller and often cannot be seen by the eye, The ail underlying 2 building site may actually coneiet

of superimposed layers, each of which

containe a mix of gail types

A øøll2 stability and otrength under loading depends largely on ite resistance

bø shear, which 4 a function of beth ibe

internal friction and 16> cohesiveness,

Coarse-grained sail with a relatively low

percentage of void spaces are more stale

ao 2a foundation material than silt or clay,

Clay ool, in particulary tend to be unstable 2inee they ohrink and well considerably

with changes in moisture conbent,

Relative gradients for

vare sail embankments

2n sloping eibes, and during the excavation of

a flat site, a soil’ potential for lateral

dieplacement should ve considered, The

natural angle of repose for dry, granular

oils tend to be ghallower than for more cohesive goile like compacted Clay

Trang 11

the ueual measure of a sale obrength io be vearing e in cold weather, the freezing ard

capacity in pounds per oquare foob, A foundation 2ubseAuenE thawing of gail can cause

ayetem must distribute a building’s loads in such a ground heaving, which places stress way thab the regultant unit load on the a0 doee nob ona builaing’ foundabion and sbruc-

sxceed the s0il4 bearing capacity and \@ unitorm under ture, The extent of thie frost actien

all portions of the atructure, While high pearing depends on the obes geographic

capaciby 20 present few problems, low vearing capac region and the eoil type, Fine-grained

ty 2oll2 may dictate the type of foundation and” load eoil6 are more susceptible to trot

1obrIbgbion, atbern far a yullding, which in turn affects action than coarse-grained sails,

Lhe building’s form, Unetable goilg usually render a ibe In any case, a buildings P42 unvuldable unless an elaborately engineered and expeneive- should always ve placed well below

foundation eyetem 16 put in place the 2ibe2 froat line

A gail’ permeability Should ale be

the table velow outlines, for reference only, the relative

gtrenathe of variaus soil types, Refer %2 the local taken ino account ta eneure that

building code for the allowable bearing capacibies of gurface and ground water can be

general classes of sails, Moat geile are In Fact 2 properly channeled away from the

combination of different eal types The sbratitica- building ebructure, Proper drainage

tian, compoeition, and density of the gail bed, ¡2 required to avoid deberioration of Variation in particle ize, and the presence or a gol bearing capacity and to mini-

absence of water are all important factors in mize the possibility of water leaking debermining a sail’ bearing capacity, When into a puildmag’s interior C2Ar22-

designing 2 sizable obructure ar when there are grained 2øll2 are more permeable unugual ‘lead conditions, ib io advigable te have a and drain bebber than fine-grained

2all2 engineer test borings taken trom the actual 20l2, Fine gilts and clays alee have abe, aréaber capiliarity which can cause

water be migrate upward above a site's waber table,

S0iL TYPE Presumed Bearing Capacity | Susceptibility to | Prain242

(Emz/fk°)! (kạ/m?)—- Frat Action (permeability?

Compact, vartially cemented gravels ile

well graded nth listie or rie tines “ 7 ob? nene excellent

compact an avel; gravel and sand 6 | 66 590 none excellent

hepa compact sand, 10086 gravels 4 3 49 060 slight Fair to good

| Coarse, lovee aand and gravel

mixtures; Fine, compact sand 2 29 2% alight fair to 4224

rine, jgose@ sand, Ary, obitf clay 2 Ì J2 532 high fair to poor

oats clay, soft, braken ohale 15 | 14 642 high ~ poor

| Organic 22114 UneutEable 22 a faunAabton material; can be highly unavable

due te bacterial decomposition and changes in moisture

Trang 12

haa Nướng GOOD s

x ms x 3

Đ § Nang š § Mang Srooaaa Koad oan Soooad! caooaf

ODD, ¬ xxx xxx Roane >

& §` Ss 8 88 gr Ss Sk 8 Bw Gooey, Đ = SYS `

Ee Saad Sadat Setad « 2 SR PF Ss ầ § 8 gs Là Fs `

` oc 8 8

11.6 | TOPOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE

All of the following factors affect variations in local climate:

e around elevation ° temperabure in the abmoophere decreases why

e land forms with albitude— erex inate ly °F for every Be

e site orientation and slope 400 feet in elevation (1°F = 0-B5Be °C) „ ⁄ /

e types of 4f2UHẢ cover vo Of |

e large bodies of water 2ky 3 a ⁄ /

o heavier cool air will bend to “wm Z7

settle into low-lying AreAe ng

day Vreeze| bo replace uparatt of warm over

land; can have cooling effect of up

@ disturbance of natural drainage to 10°F (86"C)

patberne should be avoided -

e particular attention should be

yaid to local flood vlame

e alwaye check for the height

o a ebe’s water table and

ite seaconal variations, ae

well as for possible under- grovnd otreame,

/

4

RY FA

9auAixvth Wb eis ate ce xé ® large bodies of water act a6

“ heat reservoire and tend to |

cavers tend te lower tem- elevate temperatures ; varlabione peratures by absorbing light-colored ourtaces ° they are generally warmer

insolation and encouraging reflect solar radiation than land in winter and cooler

; cooling by evavoration while dark evrfaces in summer

_— absorb and rebain e they are generally cooler than |

Inàlatian land during the day and |

warmer at night, generating | oftehore vreezes :

e the extent of thie moderating | influence depends on the aize- evening breeze and gurtace area of the body

x of water

Non :

|

Trang 13

2 be terraced or stepped with the slope

e ve cub inte the elope ——_

TTT Corte eh

TTT111 111111171 «=» amount: oP cob

_» 9ÈEruetur2 6 subject should appreximate «natural angle of repose

to Above-normal earth ameunt of Fill laa42

„ U9/ z† retaining walla and the use of plant mate-

+ yen lz242

“ 24¿4U2b2 provIsien should

ye made for channeling of

4rourid and surface waber rials, to prevent sail

MODERATE SLOPES: structures may

9 be elevated on piere or “mer

FLAT SLOPES: structures may

® 7£ glevated on piers or columns ————-—

L [|

Ề i

- ples and piere may be —» garth pads aid in

veed not only te elevate Araining gurtace

a otructure above the water away from

around viane but aise = ¿trueture

bo uppers otructuree aituated over unsuitable bearing gail

@ siton a raleed pad —@ ye dug inte earth and vermed

Boe]

height of sites seasonal

water table should be checked

to avoid the need to water- oroot the velow-arade

Structure

«earth verme may act a6 the puilding’s olde walle

Trang 14

*

Ra Bese, gas x oe già na sa Ề &

x 8 § Xe Ễ II xxx coooa™

Factors E2 canøtAer in the 26lecbiôn and Use

of tree in landscaping include:

e form, denotty, vexture, and color of the 10I242

e potential arowth height and opread

e sreed or rate of growth

e gize and depth of the root ebructure

e requirements for sail, water, sunlight, air and temperature

se similarly, 2 tree's toot 2brueVur2 m2y

interfere with underground utility lines

e the manner in which trees and other plant

fe adapb their forms te climabe provides clues to the waye buildings might do the

inealabion and encovraaing cooling by evap-

through a eunlit wall by providing ehade

and cooling the immediabe environ ment

Trang 15

the amount of ghade depends on the tree»

e orientation te tne oun

e proximity ta the building

° shape, epread, and height

° deciduovs trees provide shade and glare

probectisn during the gummen and let

golar radiation (a6 well ae glare) through

during the winter

evergreens provide shade throvghout

the year and help reduce snow glare

during the winter

2 reducing sky, ground, and snow glare

e providing wind protection

° foliage reduces wind-blown duet

e evergreens can form ettective windbreaks

during the winter and reduce a building’s

Neat (22222

eintercertina vrecivitation and

filbering be Or r

° aiding in a0il stabilization, Increasing ite

vermeéabillty to waber and air, and

preventing cresian

defining 2pace and directing views

* providing vieval screening and privacy

2 avbenvating airborne 22un42

2 7

HYP « trees shade a building meat

oe effectively fram the 22ubheasb

„ 2hHẢ the 2oukhweeE whan the morning and late afternoon

° gun hao 2 low altitude and

caste long shadows

A partially penetrable windbreak

can acbually extend leeward shadow

e the prebeotion provided i primarily 2 reduction in wind veloctty praluana 2n area of relative calm

T leeward wind ohadew

proximate area of protection indicated above

Trang 16

A buslding’s locabien, orientation, and torm eheuid take

advantage of the sun's thermal, hyaienic, and peycholoaica:

benefits, The sur’s radiation, however, may nov siways be beneficial, devendina on vhe building sibe’e climate, In determining 3 building’s form and orientation, the objective

chould ve te maincain 2 balance between underheabed

periods when oolar radiation ie beneficial and overheated periode when radiation should be avoided, The iona face oF

/ 2 building should normally face south if possible East and

| oummer weet exposures are generally warmer in eummer and

ebletice cooler in winter than eoubhern exposures,

Ar sd The oun’s pabh through the eky varies with the seasons and a

“yS fox Eyequinex 61112 latitude, ite 2lbibude ad bearing anglé range shoule ve bearing angle winter eolebice determined vefore calculating golar heat gain and ohading

(December 21) requirements for a specific site,

The table below pertains primarily bo wolated buildings The information presented should be considered

along with other contextual and programmatic requirements,

¢imerease eolar radiation abeorption

e reduce radiation, conduction, and evaporation heat lose

¢ provide wind provection

HOT- ARID REGIONS

reduce golar radiation and conduction heat gain

e promote cooling by evaporation veing water and plantings

« provide shade

7

Ul

| ¢ valance solar heat gain with shade

protection on a eeasonal pass _ e encourage air movement in hot weather;

temperate climate allowe protect from wind in cold weather

closed forme; building mase

encloeing cool air ponds

doorrabie

HOT- HUMID REGIONS

reduce eolar heat gain

e utilize wind to promote cooling

form may ve freely elongated

Ziong eaot-west axis te mini-

mize east and weet exposure

Trang 17

Shading devices shield a building’s exberior

surtaces and interior spaces from salar radiation

their effectiveness depends on their form ana

orientation relative te the oun’s angles, Exterior

shading devices are more efficient than these

located within a building's spaces since they

nbercéept the eun’e radiation pefore it can reacn

thé building’s surtaces,

Below are illuebrated basic types of oolar

ghading devices, Their orientation, form,

maberials, and construction may vary te suit

specific aibuations, Their visual quaibies

(pattern, bexbure, rhythm, and the shadows

they cast) contribute much to a building’s

appearance

Since a building’s exterior walle and roof are ite primary aheltering Clements againeb solar radiation, the materiale used in their conebruction should be considered in terme of their veflectiviby ana thermal conductwity, A material’ reflectivity

depends on ibe color and texture Light esiors and shiny gurtaces tend to reflect more radiation than dark, textured ones, Effective meulating materiale voually incorporate some form of captured

dead air space, Massive materiale such ae masonry

abeorb and store heat for a period of time, thue delaying hea’ transmission,

HORIZONTAL OVERHANGS emoat effective when

thay haye southern

ørlentabtan2e

HUNG LOUVERS

-lauyer2 hung from a olid overhang provide protection for low oun angles

° may inberfere with view

@ horizontal louvers parallel

ta wall permit air circulation near the wail and reduced conduction heat gain

2 may Pê operable to adapt

angie varied according te sun’s altitude range

oblinas and drages can provide

up ta 60% reductian int radiation depending on reflectivity

« héat-abeorving glass can absor¥ up ta 40 % of the

radiation reaching 169 surface

TREES- ADJACENT BUILDINGS

‘trees and adjacent Sructures may vroviae ghadé devending en bheir proximity, height, and

Trang 18

Frese solar design refers te veing the 2009 612791

to heat 2 vuilding’s interior spaces vhraugh nenme-

chanical meane, Rassive solar syoteme rely on the natural heat tranefer processes of conductien,

convection, and radiation for the collection, svorage,

dstribution, and control of golar enerny There are kwo base elemente in every passive oviar system:

@) south-facing glaee or transparent yiagvic tor sdlar collection

G) thermal mass for heat collection, storage, ana distribution, oriented te receive maximum solar expogure

f et of glazin concrete: 12-18 "16" The therm ermal mass allows the sun's heat to be |

rowed or each 6 jare brick: itt 14" aboorved and retained until ib 16 D2222, ana ZÌ62

fook of Floor area r Aøb@: Ð"~12” hzlps be reuzø tnwern2l bemper4Wure 1Ìuc2U2712n8

1 oe a aradotion Based on the relabionehiy bebween the ovr, one

3 224 by eun’e ulbraviciet interior opace, and the heat celleckion syeter,

tye there are three ways in which passive solar heating can be accompliohed: direct gain, ing irect

gain, and \oolabed gain

DIRECT GAIN: ° INDIRECT GAIN

A gee vert for coolin

Xà a é

Space for air circulation

interior apace, The ourtace ares of the steraae building’ exterior 2km, The oun’ radiation fut

nase, which ie incorporated inte the apace, shzulÄ Gerke te thermal wall ane ies t2 l2 OA vu

bẹ 1p to 2/8 of the tebal surface area of the ebwe in Ore ee the ovsce

4 for cooling ¥ aboorbed by the thermal wall ar ự

apace, Operarie nem for coving XY by conduction, and te some extent by convection,

SM LLL eee LURE

4

A sunroom or solarium can be introduced 26 2 eolated gain aysteme collect and pore heat aay

medium for heat gain, Thie sunevace \o separated from the living 6pace Ao air as ae ine ¿ in

From the main living apace lay a thermal storage i warmed by the oun, ib reese a é ving pace

wall from which heat le drawn ae needed, For to a thermal mase, Simultsneavely,, 600 er ain

coolma, the eunepace can be vented to the water 16 pulled from the storage botiom, creating

220V; anatural convection loop

Trang 19

the 9un’6 radiation provides not only heat but alec

light tor a building’s interior epaces, This daylaht

nas peychological benefit a6 well ae practical utility,

While intense, the gun's light will vary with the

bime of aay, trom season to season, and from place

22Ƒlace, lš ¿an ve diffused by cloud cover, haze, and

precipitation, and reflected from the ground and

other surraunding surfaces, The quantity and

quality of daylighting ina space are determined

primarily vy the size and orientation of ite

Window apeninge,

snorth-tacina windows letin

sat, diffusé skylight

morning and late

The level of illumination provided by daylight falle

off a6 ib penetrates an Interior space Generally,

the larger and higher 2 window ie, the more

~

daylight will enter a room, A veetul rule of thumb | \\\S\~

19 that daylighting can be effective for tack `

`

tuminabian uy tø'a depth of twice the height N\

N

reflection and detri bution of daylight Light - ` WN

colored surfaces reflect and distri bube light S

more etficiently but large areas oF shiny surfaces

Excessive brightness rabies can lead to glare and “y

impairment of visual performance There are two *

types of glare Vrect glare ig caused by the

excessive contrast between light in our normal

tield oF vision and the oubject of a vieval task, na

indirect glare is caused by a task surface = evlace windows adiacent

reflecting a light source inte our eyes, Glare ⁄ toade walle tor addreional can ve controlled vy the use of shading devices, — reflectance

the proper grientation of task surfaces, and

dilowina Aayiight to enter a apace From 2t least Nu JE

Trang 20

a high inlet would direct air Flow upward, Wind prevalence, velocity, temperature, and

resulting in @ loge af cooling ettect direction are important oibe considerations tn

all climatic regune In evaluating the wind’s

pobential effect on 2 building, be 2e2s¿n2Ì

and daily variatiane should be carefully conoidered,

law Ñ low pressure

\ Wind- induced ventilation of inberier spaces aide

Ñ (Ua in the air exchange necessary for health and

odor removal, In hob weabhen and eevecially in

\ SN NS humid climates, ventilation le beneficial for

convective or evaporative coaling,

Natural ventilation in buildings generated

roof overhange increase overhana over opening by differences In alr pressure ao well ae

incoming Flew of air direct 6 flow upward which temperature, The reo ulbing air flaw patterns

may be undesirable ave affected more by building geometry tran

— | — by air epeed,

SS e foethun of oublet has little effect on air Flow

¬— So pattern, bit should be high to let rising warm

alot in overhang lovvers can beneficially « oublet ahould be ae larye or larger than

equalizes external redirect and diffuse inlet for maximum air flow

Presoure air flow e interior partitions and large furnishings

may adversely alter air flow patterns

The ventilation cf concealed rec and crawl

| spaces l2 required to remeve moisture and

contrel condensation, |n heb weather, abtice ventilation can aleo reduce overhead radiant heat gain

A building should ve vutfered againat cold winde

to reduce air infilbration into ite interior and lower neat lose, A windbreak may be in the form

2-BH ft 12- 1B H | pierced ecreen incomplete barrier

Windbreaks reduce wind velocity and produce an area of A partially penetravle windecreen creates

rélatwe calm on their leeward eide, The extent of thie lego pressure aifferential, resulting in a larger wind shadow depends on a windbreaks height, denaihy, _wind shadow to the lee side of the screen,

devth, and orientation to the wind,

——

+t 7 Pt t

Wind creates preseure on the windward

olde of a building and ouction on i other

three sides, Wind alee produces euctien an

flat roofs, on the leeward aide of sloping

| roofs, and even on the windward ide of Hat root slaves up to 7:12 slopes > 72 roote with a pitch |ees than "7/12,

Trang 21

» flab roofe require either interior roof drains or

Scuppere along their perimeter

¢ water-cooled roots used in hob-dry climates must

support above normal roof loads

@ jn cold climates, flab roofs are oulject bo heavy

anow loade; layer of snow can act 26 additional

rain water, and if the

angle of the slope jo greater than oo", can alee alough off snow

3 gvernanae vrovect a building's exterior walls from

the weavhering effecte of oun and rain

® darpprooting or waterproofing i required for pelow-

qrade spaces when around water ie present

@ grouna waver ehould be drained away from a obructure’

foundation vo a nabural outfall, dry well, ar otorm

Arainase oyobem

tạ nabural surface dramage patterns are least disturbed

vy thing a structure off the ground vlane with piere

avoid waver leakage problems

® Fo preven oil erosion, planted ground covere should ve

grovided for wales with grades over 3% and for

around slaves with arades over 33%

? #2Ài2© 2F wa5er ¿an móẢerabe temperature vari-

AbiOn® and temper heir immediate envirgument

ain Noe-ary climates, even small bodies of water are

sesirav2, 2zvH Zøy¿nalaaieally and ghysically, for

rhein evanorative cooling ettect

® protection frym reflected glare should ve provided

Trang 22

LxzsuBct2bynq2302420407971007 5012kfmt UY ah Peitarnuebk INE se xe—mk: ` ỳ 3 S TY c§ SE SS š SF FS FPR E Ậ g

Q

3

FSF se Seas onan § ` CN gO x 3 2 as & x

` cometh a Shoot? ood? oa heath hoot

i ‡

A buildings window opening should be positioned are only to catiety navural light and ventilation requirement’ | but also to frame desirable views Depending on 2 22 | conbexb, these viewe máy Đê clove ov aebant in |

nature Even when aesivrable views are nenente ,

2 pleaeanE outlook can often ve created within 2

building site

oF

nw may ve created within 2 wall in 2 number

A nn tepend on she nabure of the view and be Way

từ 1© framel m the wAll2 construction, lý l2 impor 3

be nove that the olze and location of windows 2 ⁄ 2ttezb2 a ròtm)2 epaViA: quality, daylighting, an pobential heat lose or gain,

le punched window framed view 16 restricted orizontal band window \ rê r

~

k View ta ePllb

iow wall large view testers indoor - p

panoramic View extends window

Trang 23

Sound requires 2 odurce and a path, Undesirable

exterior gounde er noise are caused by vehicular

traffic, aireratt, and ether machinery The

sound eneray thay generate travele through

che air outward trom the source in all directions

¡1A ¿anbinu2ualy expanding wave, Thio ound

enerAy, however, lessens in intensity a6 ib

Aigpersed over a wide aréa Te reduce the

impact of exterir noise, therefore, the firet

consideration ohould be aistance~lecating a

guilding ao far from the noise source 22 poosible,

-When 2 ite’s conetrainte do net make thie

possible, then the interior spaces of a building

may ve ecreened trem the noise gource vy:

® building zones where nage can ve tolerated:

eg mechanical, service, and utility areae

@vhe construction of exterior walle and roof,

which are a vuilding’ primary varriere

againot exteriar noieé; door and window

Openings are the weak spate in these

barriers and should, if possible, ve onented

away from undesirable raise sources

® dense vlantings of trees and ohrube, which can

ve effective in diffusing or scattering sound

® 4f2%b or gravid covere, whioh are more

aboorptive than the hard, reflective ourfaces

Trang 24

For any single building site, 2 zoning ordinance will regulate vobh the tyres of achivity thab may occur

or tt and the bulk of the building (a) constructed te

hovee such activities, A special type of zoning ordinance to the Planned Unie Development, which allows a fairly large tract of land te be developed

ao a single entity for added Flexibility in the

placement, grouping, s12é, and use of structures,

% allowalle lob coverage = S22 oO TAKE ' + exw) might conetrain the allowable size and shape of 2 £16 important tw underevand how a Zoning ordinance

% dlowable total floor area = x81 ex “ building, The bulk ¿† 2 builẢina 2 reaulavz4

directly by specityina:

“NN how much of the land can be covered uy 2 building

structure ahd the total flor area thad may be

constructed, expressed ab percentages of the let

area othe maximum width and depth a buiiding may have,

expressed 36 percentages of the site's dimensions

e how tall the building ebructure can be

The size and shape of a building are alee controlled indirectly by opecitying how far a building must be

set back from each of the property lines,

In addition, existing easements and right-of- ways may further limit the buildable area of a site,

All of the above requirements, together with any

“ + restrictions on type and density ef use, define 2

< three-dimensional envelope veyond which a

bulldina’s velume may net extend, Check tne applicable zoning ordinance for specific require - ments

Trang 25

zoning ordinance may exiet in the form of tyeauired setback

exceptions or allowances, Exceptions to the

normal setback requirements are typically

a made for:

a ® projections of architectural features ouch eens

4 a6 roof overhangs, cornices, bay windows, and

a balconies

a ® accessory structures such ao low-level decko,

i fences, and detached carports

2 ® precedents seb by exieting, neighboring

4 structures

_ Tar aibes adjacent to public open spaces, -

d 6 sioving roofs, chimneys, and other rook

a projections may be allowed to extend beyond

3 the normal height limitation

@ the height limit may be directly related bo

the slope of a site

® 2 reduction in the setback requirements may

ve made tor sloping sites or for sites fronting

reduction | for 2l2ye<—_—†- 7

ln order to provide for adequate light, airy and space , alg Setback Z

and te enhance the streetscape and pedestrian a

environment, requirement’ may exiet for: setback Ì

® open evace accessible ta the public

® additional sébbacks if a structure rises

ị avove a certain height

® modulation of a building’s facades

Zoning ordinances may ales contain requirements

enat apply only to specific use categories 26 well as

procedures for requesting a variance from the

Trang 26

pages are some fundamental criteria fer

estimating the space required for read ways and

surface parking, Any planning of vehicuiar

access and parking must bake inte consideration the gate and convenient movement of pedestrian

about a abe and from parking te building

“PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS: Co wall ine mw

ˆ 1 numben øŸ yarkin4 2pac£s re4pIreẢ by zonn4 min: 1B

ordinance 1a based on byve of occupancy; may be

related to number of living unite or te floor

area ef building

number, eize, and location of spaces far the

handicapped; curb cuts and ramps for

separation of service and truck loading areas

access for emergency vehicles spch as fire trucks

aliowable width and location of curb cute, and

distance from public street inbersectione

clear sight lines for vehicles entering public roadway

control of access to parking areas

apace for landscaping; ecreening of parking areas

may be required by zoning ordinance

drainage of parking ourtaces; space for snow

removal

bus: 27' fire truck: 34 gemi-truck/traler: 28

car: 22! ]

ambulance: 30’ | bua: 54!

fire truck: 4o'

Trang 27

ge ey gee - SOD, ey ees, eo

Ñ ae acting ve vot Reese Rewer aR ee ee es CB gh pe be meee

ặ Adjust width for compact care

; and allow fer opening of car doors,

carrying of parcels, and handicapped

„ provide additional width for

- ( tree precedina column có Œ

Trang 28

liahly bexburéd pavements may require 2

øbsayer' (2%) glove for Arainage

T Tie

33

= 3}

52 20

7 PVT EEL ELLE, ELLE LEE AE ae CEE EET

SLOPES: O%- 3h preferred; 5% maximum

CLAM TOOT eee

RAMPS! 5% - B% ; use only where climatic

condltione permit

Faving promdes a wearing surface tor pedeoveian

ov vehicular braftic on a sive Ib 19 2 composibe structure whose thickness and construction are directly related te the type ana intensity &

traffic and loads to be carried, and the pearing capacity and permeabiltty of the gubgrade

aq Tie oubarade, which must ultimately carry the pavement load, should be undiaburbed eal or compacted fill gince ib 2l22 receives moleture From infiltration, tÈ should ve sloped to drain, 6) The base I2 2 foundation of well-qraded aggregate that tranofere the pavement joad to the gubgrade It aloo prevents the upward migravion

of capillary water, Heavy-duty leade may require

an additional layer a oubbase of coaréer 284reaabe ouch 26 crushed Stone

The pavement receives the traftic wear,

@ probects the vase, and transfers ite load te the vase obructure, There are two typeo of

pavement: flexible and rigid, Flexible pavements, euch à Pitumlin2u2 concrete or unie pavers on a gand setting bed, are somewhat reeilient and distripube leade to the oubgrade in 2 radiating

manner Rigid pavements, such a6 reinforced

concrete slave or paving unite morbared over 4 concrete olab, distribute their loade internally

and transfer them te the subgrade over a

broad area, Rigid pavements generally do nev

require a6 thick a base 26 flexible pavements

Flexible pavements require wood, oveel, ebone, masonry, or concrete edging bo restrain the horizontal movement of the paving material, Rigid pavements require reinforcement and ari extension of the base material along therr edges,

e Provide traction for ramp and pavemente In

areas subject to ley conditions,

@ Avoid surface irregularities for wheelchair

traffic

o Provide tactile warning stripe for the vievally impaired ab grade changes and hagardoie

vehicular areas,

Trang 29

PAVING MATERIALS; Conoult lacal supplier for availability of shapes, eizes, colors, bexbures, absorption properties,

compressive strength, and ineballation recommendations,

where required in high traffic Z : é 2

Areas ot over expansive soil << `

2 Sở ⁄⁄ we

compacted gubarade or N << MAG

Undieturbed sgl REX ROLE VN

FLEXIBLE BASE

Unit pavers 26 above." >

3⁄4" pituminaua setting bed —

compacted aggregate, if redid, : CN eee BIE ESP ciel arn

lo deeper than footing) ——

2x, 4x, or 6x pressuret ——_ rắm ar treated woad edge—~

Trang 30

S= weight of sail (oo lb/ft? bypical?

W= composite weight of wall acting through

kí

` Øverturrin4

wall about tee of base

22IÌl in frone of wall aide

in resioting lateral force of T

Settling

®

Retaining walis are used to create relatively leve,

areas and to aliow changes in elevabion which cannot be accompliened by graaine within he horizontal dimensions of a abe Trey must re constructed to relat the thrust of the sei!

being retained, Thie thrust can cause a revaining wall te fail in three ways

® Qverturning: The overturning moment (Mo) of bic

6oi| thrust (Tx H/a) must be countered by the

resioting moment (Mr) ef the composite weight

of the wall and any gail bearing on the base (Wxd), Using a safety factor of 2, Mp 2 “Mu

@ Siidina: The lateral thrust on the wall (7) must

be reslated by the composibe weight of the wali

@ Settling: The vearing capacity of the sail (BC) must nob be exceeded by the vertical force (We weight of the wall and any sail bearing on the base plue the vertical component of the sen thruøb for a wall with evreharge), Using a aatety

Footing ohevld extend 2! below

the lower grade on to below the

to Z trest line, whichever l2 am

⁄2 Patter refers to the sloping face af

a wall which can offset the illveiwn

of a vertical face leaning forward

% 2#@ facing page for proportioning guidelines

Trang 31

@ ø độ: —_ — li | Foe ea a > a `N TP ebone coping

@ OY ¿x6 pre - 1 WOKS 2 coor 4 r^‡, brick or

tasonry unit tone veneer

treated timbers laid w/ KDE | emu)

a overlapping Jainks and WNUK

spiked together or tied w/ Tee 8G

ä .HØKIZ0MTAL:TIMPEKWALL

3 — TrmWer, øbane, and brick may be used | aol |

4 for relatively low retaining walle, For

4 retaining walle over 4 feet high, | BRICK OR STONE VENEER WALT :

a reirtorced concrete lo more commonly base need not extend te

3 used, The proportioning guidelines fràE Ìing - provide 2 well-

¡ — below are for preliminary design only drained, compacted

ộ Consult a structural engineer for granular eubbase-

! final design, especially when a

retaining wall te built on poor gail DEY STONE WALT

3 2r gubject to surcharge or live loade,

Trang 32

tana San On AR,

` -_ “ Road’ ` Š Bead hook ` ẮX- ^^ .Ã Ặ Šẽh SA

f ĐỀ WEY %6| THẺ SiTE PLAN ch ; , { re 1 we ¡ 1 vn Ì ve

The ate plan illvetrabes the exieting natural and built features of a site and describes proposed conebruction

in relation te the existing features, Usually based on an engineer’ land survey, the sibe plan i essential

for studying the nfluence of environmental and regulabery factors on the planning, siting, and maseing of

Name and address of proverty owner

Address of property, if afferent trom owner's address

Legal description of property

North arrow and scale of drawing

Bench marke which esbablioh the reference pomte for

the location and elevations of new conetruction

Description of the aibe’e voundaries: dimensions of

property lines and their bearing relative to norbh,

angles of corners, radii of curves |

Project limits, if different from site boundaries

ldentitication of adjacent streets, alleys, and other

public right-of-ways

Location and dimensions oF any easements that

cross the site or other pertinent legal features

Dimensions of oebvacks required by the zoning

Location, shape, and size of otrucbures proposed

for conetruction, including toot overhangs ard otter projections

Location and dimensions of existing and proposed paved drives, parking areas, and walkways Exiebing ground clevatione and conteur lines, and, where regrading 16 necessary, new contour lines

Location of existing ubility lines (electric, 4ae,

water sewer) and proposed hookup ponte

Existing plant materiale to remain and these te

pe moved

Proposed landscaping features, such ae fencing

and planting®

Exietina water features, such ao drainage

ewales, creeks, or ehorélines

Keferences to other drawings and detatle

Trang 33

The chapter begine by outlining the major

types oF drawing which we use te aevelop

and communicate design ideas The eubject

of thie discussion then serves to illuetrate

a building a6 the embodiment of a number

necessarily related, coordinabed, and integrated ayabems, This series of luetrations provides a context for the following chapters, each of which takes

a major building component, illuetrates

te contruction in various materials, and descrives how it relates to other

components, Included in thie chapter to 2 brief ingroduetion to a building's etructure,

the syetem which beth figuratively and piysically heldo all of thé other building

Trang 34

Architectural drawinas make up the graphic

lanquage of building design and conebruction

In the design process, drawings are used bo

visusize possibilities, sbudy avernatives, and

preeent design ideas about the farm and

pracee of a building, For the execubion of a

desian, conatruction of “warking” Ảr2w1r1g2

are recegoary te accurately acseribe the

consiyuent parts of a building, arbicui ave

their relabionehips, and reveal how they a7

tesether

the ete plano 3 view looking down ab a butldin

trạm awzve, tluabratina t2 lecatien and orienta -

Lion on a plot of land and providing information

avout the site's topography, landscaping,

pelities, and aitework, S¢6 1,26

Conetruction drawinge consieb primarily of plan, section, and clevatien views, which are 2rhaarayhie projections onbe a perpendicular drawing ourtace, these are alee called mulbimiew drawings since 2 series of related views 6 required te understand

the three-dimensional form of a design ana 16s

conetituen’ parts, The main advantage of this type

of drawing, atid the reason why it 16 used in building construction, 16 that building elements are seen in

brue aize (to scale), shape, and orienbation when

viewed from a verpendicular acpect, Orthographic drawing’s main disadvantage 16 the Inherent ambiguity m the definition of depth or tre third dimension, For this reason, reliance on conventiene and eymbole % necessany for the description and underetanding of whatie drawn,

Orthographic plane, sections, and elevations are used nob only to vortray whole puilding forme bur aloo to describe the form and construction a

a building’s components, ouch ae m wali seobians, window debaile, and cabinet Arawind2 202 2+5,

otruction of the vertical walle and columns

that define these spaces

Trang 35

- 8 " CAN LAN xxx A, A, RO, SOOO,

Kanne Booty goss gg gots ‘ BBS Rik SES Sw SOE gooey Boss, gs goscag poe gos TC cac SOE ` eee fe _—

mi kì x § BS deg EOS TC sooo dnnnmad Saas 2» ` SN 3 § § [VY và xv Ävk CA TƯ 8 8 ào è Ả ý § xi si § § xi Kase comnts fa? end a dhe Soo SSS 8 a8 Sr x PP eS Pe 8 8 x ` ak > s Rak 8 = z

ry

| BEOTION Ao SOUTH ELEVATION

The puilding section v6 a horizontal view after a vertical Building elevations are horizontal views oF

i plane 6 cub through a building and the front portion a building’s exterior, usually taken from a

{ removed tt reveale the vertical and, in one Airection, pain’ of view perpendicular to the princi pal

| dhe horizontal dimeneione of a buildings spaces, vertical surfaces, They illustrate the size,

| While i dluetrates primarily the thickness and shave, and materiale of the exberior surfaces

#nebrueblan øf flasre, reefs, and walle, 6 may a6 well a6 the ete, proportion, and nature

| alge include exterior and interior elevations of the door and window openings within

| geen beyond the plane of the ext, them,

Trang 36

Isometric views are projected along x-, y-,

and z-axes which are |20° apart on tne -

picture ylane, verticals remain vertical,

then the x- and y-axes are each drawn

30° bo the horizontal, leometrice are nov

eubeob ba the dietorbion oF svlique views,

give 2 truer image of relative proportion,

and are drawn from a slighbly lower angle-

@ oriented ab some angic

to the horizontal (487455, 60730° 30°%@0°), The orientation we use aebermines how much we oee 2Ÿ sách } ylane

4°

Elevation obliques are similar but

All drawing % convention utilizing varying degrees of

abstraction The Yype of drawin4 thab comes closest te

communicating bhree-dimencwnal form as we naturally

perceive ib 1 an accurately drawn perspective, ite

pictorial valve, however cannot be taken advaritage

2È in conotruction drawings since cements within

the perevective are foreshortened and carmot Fe

scaled A tye of drawing that combines the

pictorial value of 2 perspective and the scalability

of othegraphic drawing? the paraline drawing,

For thie reason, whenever poseibie, graphic information

in thie bak i presented via paraline drawings,

On thie page are paraline news of the

building drawn orbhegraphically on the

revieus two pages, In 2 paraline drawing, arallel lines remain paralle) and dimensiones alonig the x-, y-, and z-axes can be arawn

te ecale, Nebe that forme in a paraline drawing are always seen tram above or below,

GEREN tab arse

Trang 37

| md SN lào 3 -Š Ä.š _ Ñ _ Ñ x So ỷÝ_ NNG R = es ook ee, ges NH ek, st es

R Cee, Ss sof ` 8 kì NÓ NA ` vn ` epee ene tet can Recta sere sae Bates ge _ ¬ eed bu -

3 “SS FE oS FSF Fe FE ES 8 88 RA Bess S88 x Ñ = 3 Ñ = he omadl conned? 3 Booka’ Sadho Saathoad <8 ` ÔỐỒ ộẶ/{Ã7 ch - ch ^^

We should be familiar with the various types of

| drawing conventions, Construction drawings

i consist primarily of plan, section, and elevation

views These orthegraphio drawings clearly

, lluetrate the shape of elements when perpen

; dicular te our line of aight and reveal their

i horizontal and vertical dimensiwns and

assembled in congtruction, The choice of winch

drawing type to use will depend ultimately on

bhe nature of what we want te ilvebrate,

Trang 38

Ngư Ủ Architecture and building conetruction are nob

‘ ` ` 4 ‘ necessarily one atid the same An understanding of

how the various elements, componente, an

systems of a building come together — and how they must be compatible and integrated with one another — le necessary during both the desian and conebruction of a building, Thie underetand ing, however, enables one to build archibecture bub

does not guarantee ib A working knowiedge 2Ÿ

building construction io only one of several cribical factors m the execution of architecture

When we 2pe2K ZŸ architecvure 2ø the art of

building, we should conoider conceptual eyatens

of order in addition be the physical ones of

@ the definition, ecale, proportion, and

organization of a building’e interior opaces

® the functional zoning of 2 building’e apaces according bo purpose and use

@ horizontal and vertical pabhe of

movement through 2 building’ interior

form, epace, liaht, color, texture, and ƒ

® ¿anbøxE: the building 2ø an inbaarated Ss

Trang 39

Sow PHY SNE PLE PE NE, EP SE EN HN | Cm

a SS Ñ An Soy EEE Ñ Ñ NGA Ñ EP EES R NHANG an CN ` TT <4 ẩn trinh Nưễn HỆ cầee Ss §e FS an 88 NA x se Sek 8 seg š ^^ “ ` - Ầ ae > Ñ ok ae = ` - we mm ,

® MECHANICAL SYSTEMS: HEATINGeVENTILATING° AIR CONDITIONING @ PLUMBING s ELECTRICAL

The mechanical eyeteme of a building are generally concealed Sy

from view and run vertically within wall spaces and horizontally b

within floor and roof systems, They must therefore ve | N ⁄

caretully integrated with each other 26 well ae with the ở

building’s form, structure, and spatial araamz2bizn

ordering of a building, On the following

page we will vegin te break a buiidma down inte these conetituent elements which will then ve elaborated on in succeedin

chapters, The focus of the remainder A thie chapter will ve 2 buildina’s structural system — the configuration of structural elements that literally and figuratively halde all of the other building syetems together,

Trang 40

A building can generally be broken dowr inte

the following ehysical syeteme: Pere ne ENVELOFE

» rot assemblies

° wall gesemblies

`, 9 doers and windows

O° STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

® INTERIOR SUBDIVISIONS OF SPACE

Bach of these, in turn, can be seen to be mace

up of linear and planar aesembiies,

» horizontal floor plane®

° vertical wall planes

+ floor /ceiling assemblies + wall assombies

0 Linear Assemblice

» horizontal beame

e vertical celumne

These elements and aosemblies can come

together in 2 number of ways, depending an

the nature of the materiale used, the méthed

for transferring and reeolying the forces

acting or a building, and the desired physical

form Presented belew are the basic types of

connections uséd in building construction,

A usetul way of seeing the forme of puildina elements in a comparative manner 16 be categorize them

according to the geometric ðlemente of pont, line, vlane, and volume These elements are joined together

in conetruction to form a puilding’s Yariove components and eubeyetems, The drawing on the facing

page ilvetrates these subsystems and serves a6 a visual index to the organization of thie back,

Tiêu đề	Ching - Building Construction Illustrated 2e
Thể loại	Viết luận văn
Năm xuất bản	1991

Định dạng
Số trang	382
Dung lượng	30,48 MB