ngữ pháp tiếng anh nâng cao, hỗ trợ các bạn học tốt chương trình ngữ pháp c1 tại trường, nâng cao khả năng học tập, phát triển kỹ năng ngữ pháp tại trường, tự tin sử dụng hợp lý cấu trúc. thành thạo trở thành người dùng tiếng anh giỏi.
Trang 1GRA M M AR
Conditionals
Basic usage
• What is always true; present + present
I f I work late, I get tired.
Ifth e water is boiling/has boiled, it means th efood is nearly ready.
• What was always true: past + past
We went hom e early ifit wasfoggy.
I f it was snowing, we stayed at home.
• Real situations: present + futurę
Here we think that the outcome is really possible
Ifyou keep driving like that, you’re going to have an accident.
Ifyou see Mark, tell him FU ring him tomorrow.
• Hypothetical situations: past + would
These are unreal or imaginary situations
I f I knew the answer, I’d tell you.
I f l was having a party, I wouldnH invite Marcia.
The verb be usually takes the form were for all persons in these sentences, though was
is used in everyday speech Note that in the first person it is possible to use should instead of would.
I f I left home, I think I should be lonely.
• Hypothetical past situations: past perfect + would have
These refer to past events
I f I had known you were coming, I would have met you at the station.
• With modals
Possible situations in the present
Ifyou get wet, you should change your clothes immediately.
Ifyou come early, we can discuss the problem together.
Hypothetical situations
I fl had the money, I could help you.
Hypothetical past situations
Ifyou hadn t reminded me, I might have forgotten.
Variations
• Ifon ly
This adds emphasis to hypothetical situations With past events it adds a sense of
Trang 2• Unless and other alternatives to if
Unless means only if not.
r il go ahead and get the tickets unless you cali me this afternoon.
(This means: If you cali me this afternoon, I wont get the tickets.)
If one situation depends on another, z/can be replaced by as/so long as, provided or
only if See Grammar 11 for only if.
r il do what you say provided the police are not informed.
Even z/describes how something will happen whatever the condition
Even ifit rains, we U still go fo r a pienie.
• Past events with results in the present: past perfect + would
I f Jim hadn’t missed the piane, he would be here by now.
• Should
After if,this makes the possibility of an event seem unlikely
Ify ou should see Ann, could you ask ker to cali me?
(This implies that I do not expect you to see Ann.)
• Were to
This also makes an event seem more hypothetical
I f I were to ask you to marry me, what would you say?
• Happen to
This emphasizes chance possibilities It is often used with should.
Ifyou happen to see Helen, could you ask her to cali me?
Ifyou should happen to be passing, drop in for a cup oftea.
• I f it were n o tfo r/If it hadń t b een for
This describes how one event depends on another
I f it weren’tfor Jim, this company would be in a mess.
I f it hadn’t beenfor their goalkeeper, United would have lost.
• Will and would: politeness and emphasis
These can be used as polite forms
Ifyou will/would wait here, HI see ifM rs Green isfree.
Willcan also be used for emphasis, meaning ‘insist on doing’
Ifyou will stay out late, no wonder you are tired!(insist on staying out)
Other ways of making a conditional sentence
• Supposing, otherwise
Supposing or suppose can replace if,mainly in everyday speech
Supposing you won the lottery, what would you do?
Otherwisemeans ‘or if not’ It can go at the beginning or end of the sentence
Ifyou hadntgiven us directions, we wouldnt havefound the house.
Thanks fory ou r directions to the house We wouldnt havefound it otherwise.
GRAMMAR 7 CONDITIONALS
Trang 3• But fo r
This can replace ifnot.It is used in formal language, and must be followed by a noun form
Ifyou hadnt helped us, we would have heen in trouble.
But fo r your help, we would have heen in trouble.
• Ifso, ifn o t
These can refer to a sentence in a previous sentence
There is apossibility that Jack will be late Ifso , I will take his place.
• Colloquial omission of if
An imperative can be used instead of an z/clause in everyday speech
Sit down, and FU m ake us a cup oftea (Ifyou sit down .)
• ^and adjectives
In expressions such as ifit is necessary/possible, it is possible to omit the verb be.
If interested, apply within.
Ifnecessary, take a taxi.
• Formally z/can mean although’, usually as if+ adjective
The room was well-furnished, if a little badly decorated.
Trang 4GRAMMAR 7 CONDITIONALS
1 Com ple te e ach sen tence w ith a suitable form o f the verb in brackets
1 Now were lost! Ifyou (write down) Marys
directions, this (not/happen)
2 Why don t we emigrate? If we (live) in Australia, at least the weather (b e ) better! 3 Tm afraid that Smith is a hardened criminal If we (not/punish)
him this time, he (only/commit)
more crimes 4 Thanks to Dr Jones, Tm still ahve! If it (not/be)
for her, I (b e ) dead for certain 5 I’m sorry I cant lend you any money You know that if I (have) it, I (lend)
it to you 6 Don t be afraid If you (touch) the dog, it (not/bite)
7 In those days, if you (have) a job, you (b e ) lucky 8 Its always the same! If I (decide) to leave the office early, my boss (cali) me after lVe left! 9 What a terrible thing to happen! Just think, if we (not/miss)
the piane, we (kill) in the crash 10 Did you enjoy your meal? If you (finish) eating, I (elear away) the plates 2 Correct any verb forms w hich are im possib le or inappropria te 1 If you haven’t received a letter yet, you havent got the job 2 If it isn t for David, we are missing the bus
3 If ifs raining, we go to the pub on the corner instead
4 If you didn t lend us the money, we would have gone to the bank
5 If you should happen to change your mind, drop me a line
6 If it wasn t for the rain, we would have been home by now
7 If you will drive so fast, no wonder the police keep stopping you
8 If I knew you were coming, I would have met you at the airport
9 But for you helped us, we would have taken much longer
10 If Jack joins the team, I’m leaving
Trang 53 Read each sen tence and de cid e w hich e n d ing (A, B or C) best fits each space.
1 If you’d told me you were coming
2 Ifyoure too ill to come
3 Iffd knownyou werent coming
4 If youre not coming
5 If only you’d come
6 If you do decide to come
7 If you really don t want to come
A I can get some food in
B I’d have found us something to eat
C I made a lovely dish
A ril come over and see you
B I wouldnt have done all this for you
C I asked someone else
A I wouldnt be very upset
B I would like to know why
C I wouldn t have gone to so much trouble
A perhaps you’d have the courtesy to tell me
B wed never have met
C you’d be so lucky
A ril be the happiest girl alive
B I’d have had a lovely time
C I would look forward to it
A the partys always a success
B I wont be coming either
C let me know
A ril understand
B I cant be sure
C tell me tomorrow
4 Com ple te each sen tence w ith a phrase con ta in ing a suitable form o f the verb in brackets
1 If I were (say) loved you, what would you do?
2 If it (rain) I would have gone out for a walk
3 If only youd told me it was a surprise party I (say) anything to Uncle Dave!
4 Thanks for your help with the garden; I (d o ) it without you
5 If only Mick had come to the disco, then we (have) a great time!
6 (pay) the phone bill today, the phone will be cut off
7 If I (had) your tools, I wouldn t have been able to fix the car
8 Those wires look a bit dangerous; (touch) if I were you
9 If (b e) the goalkeeper s heroics, we would have lost the match
Trang 6GRAMMAR 7 CONDITIONALS
5 Rewrite e ach sentence three tim es so that it con tains the w ord in CAPITALS
1 We won t go away if the weather is bad
w&'ii£io ,fi
2 If you hurry up, you wont be late
3 If they offered you the job, would you accept?
4 Without your help, I would have given up years ago
5 r\l lend you the money on condition tKat you pay it back
next week.
UNLESS ONLY STAY
DON’T OR WANT
WERE TO SHOULD HAPPENED
HADN’T BEEN
BUT HADN’T HELPED
PROYIDED LONG ONLY
6 Com ple te the text by w riting one word in each space
Mr Jeffries, I have decided against a prison sentence in your case You may walk free from this court
on (1) .that you report to Chesham police station every Friday for the next six months Should you fail to ( 2 ) so, you will be given one warning; and if you persist ( 3 ) failing to meet this obligation, you will return to this court for a harsher sentence, ( 4 ) you can present good reason why you were unable to report to the station, you will ( 5 ) yourself in severe trouble If you are ( 6 )
to attend because of illness, please note that a medical certificate must be produced, signed by your doctor, proving your State of health, You should realize that ( 7 ) for your previous good conduct, I would ( 8 ) had no hesitation in imposing a prison sentence And I shall not forget that if your friend had ( 9 ) intervened in the fight, you might ( 1 0 ) seriously injured the defendant.
Trang 77 Com ple te the second sen tence so that it has a sim ilar m e aning to the first sentence, using the w ord given Do not ch a nge the w ord given
1 I didnt have the money so I didnt buy a new suit
would
If j a new suit
2 If you are in London by any chance, come and see me
happen
If you come and see me
3 If you insist on doing everything yourself, of course you’ll feel tired!
will
If you of course you’11 feel tired!
4 Please take a seat, and Tli inquire for you
will
If you ril inąuire for you
5 If you do the shopping, FU cook lunch,
and
You ril cook lunch
6 If Pauline hadnt been interested, the project would have been abandoned
interest
B u t the project would have been abandoned
7 The fire was brought under control thanks to the night-watchman
for
If it hadn t got out of control
8 Dick is in prison because a detective recognized him
if
Dick wouldn t recognized him
9 I am not tali enough to reach the shelf
taller
If I reach the shelf
10 But for Helen acting so wonderfully, the play would be a flop
wonderful
If i t the play would be a flop
11 It won t make any difference if City score first; United will still win
even
United City score first
12 Getting up early makes me feel hungry
get
I f makes me feel hungry
Trang 8GRA M M AR 7 C O N D ITIO N A LS
8 Complete each sentence using the cues in brackets.
1 That was a lucky escape! If I (fali) , IH have broken my leg
If you (finish/with my p en ) Td like it back please
Unless Pete (try/harder) , he won t win the competition
If you took more time over your work, you (not m ake) so many mistakes
But for Sally s bravery, Jim (drown)
If youd told me you were coming, I (buy) more food
If (it/not b e ) for Mary, the deal wouldrft have gone through
If (I/be) late, you’d better start without me
If Ann had known Tom wasn t coming, she (not/go) to so much trouble
(finish/the painting) by Friday, and we 11 pay you extra
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
9 Complete the text by writing one word in each space.
Dear Sir or Madam,
We would like to remind you that your account is two months overdue We are
prepared to allow you another ten days to settle your account However, (1 )
you fali to pay your outstanding bills within ten days, you leave us with no alternative but to take lega⌅ action That is, (2 ) we receive fuli payment by 20th March,
we will refer this matter to our lega⌅ department If (3 ) , we are prepared to make a claim in the Smali Claims court for the money owed plus interest
(4 ) you be experiencing financial difficulties, please contact our Finance Department (5 ) that you settle your account within the specified time
period, we will (6 ) happy to continue to do business with you However, we (7 ) , if necessary, take the regrettable step of closing your account
We are sorry that this situation has arisen, but if you had paid your bills over the last two months, we (8 ) not be in this position now On the other hand, you (9 ) have settled your account in the last two days If (1 0 ) , please accept our apologies for this letter
Yours faithfully
3r\an Bcc\ee
Customer Services
Wood View Office Supplies
SEE ALSO
Grammar 8: Unreal time
Consolidation 2: Units 5-8
Grammar 11: lnversion
Trang 9G R A M M A R
Unreal time and subjunctives
lt's time
• Its time, its high time
These are followed by past simple or continuous, though the time referred to is unreal See Grammar 7
lt’s time we left Its high time something was done about this!
Wishes
• Present/future time
Notice the past verb forms after wish.
These are wishes where you want to change a present/future state
I wish I had a motorbike. (I dont have one now.)
I wish you weren’t leaving. (You are leaving.)
I wish I was going on holiday with you next week. (I am not going.)
• Would
Wouldis used when the speaker wants somebody or something else to change
I wish he would change his m ind and m arry Jane.
I wish it would stop raining.
The use with wouldis often used to describe an annoying habit
I wish you wouldn’t make such a mess.
• Past time
As with present wishes, the verb form after wish is one stage further back in the past These are wishes referring to a past event, which cannot be changed
I wish I hadn’t eaten so much.
This use of wishis common after ifonlyto express regrets See Grammar 7
• Hope
Wishes about simple futurę events are expressed with hope.
I hope it doesnt rain tomorrow.
I hope y o u (’ll) have a lovely time in Portugal (on your holiday next week).
I'd rather/ lprefer (followed by a clause)
• I ’d ratheris followed by past verb forms in the same way as wishes about the present
It expresses preference about actions
Id rather you didn’t smoke in here.
Both I ’d ratherand Vd soonerare used with infinitive without towhen comparing nouns or phrases
Trang 10l
l
I
• 1’d p re fe r is used with U + past v erb fo rm to express preference about actions
r d prefer it ifyou didn’t smoke
l ’d preferis also used with you/him /heretc + infinitive without toto show what
we would like a person to do We can add rather than + infinitive without toas a comparison
I ’d prefer you to sit iny o u r seat (rather than sit on thefloor).
Id prefercan also be used to show which thing we would like to have
I ’d prefer tea to coffee.
As if, as though
• Real and unreal
The verb form here depends on whether the situation is true or unreal
You look as ify o u ’re having second thoughts. (True You are having second thoughts.)
H e acts as ifh e were in charge. (Unreal He isnt in charge.)
Ifeel as if an express train had hit me. (It didnt hit me.) Note however, that the more colloąuial likedoes not reąuire this verb form change This is not considered acceptable in formal and/or written English Compare:
You look like you’ve just seen aghost.
You look as ify o u ’d ju st seen a ghost.
Suppose and imagine
• Understood conditions
The conditional part of these sentences is often understood but not stated
Suppose someone told you that I was a spy!
Imagine we’d never met!(We have met.)
If the event referred to is a real possibility, a present verb form is possible
Suppose it starts raining, what’11 we do?
Formal subjunctives
• Insisting, demanding, etc
After verbs such as dem and, insist, suggest, reąuirewhich imply obligation, the
subjunctive may be used in formal style This uses the infinitive; there is no third person -sor past form
They dem anded that he leave at once.
The school Principal suggested that he he awarded a scholarship.
• Less formal usage
Less formally, shouldcan be used, and colloąuially no verb form change is made, or an infinitive construction is used
They dem anded that he should leave.
They dem anded that he left. (informal) Formulaic subjunctives
These are fixed expressions all using subjunctive Typical expressions are:
Heaven help us! Be that as it may Come what may .
GRAMMAR 8 UNREAL TIME AND SUBJUNCTiVES