Higher nationals in computing unit 43 internet of things assignment 1

LO1 Analyse what aspects of IoT are necessary and appropriate when designing software applications LO2 Outline a plan for an appropriate IoT application using common architecture, framew

Higher Nationals in Computing

Unit 43: Internet of Things

ASSIGNMENT 1

Assessor name: PHAN MINH TAM

Learner9s name: Tr¿n Vĩnh Tiến

ASSIGNMENT 1 FRONT SHEET

Unit number and title Unit 43: Internet of Things

Re-submission Date Date Received 2nd submission



 

Signature & Date:

ASSIGNMENT 1 BRIEF

Qualification BTEC Level 5 HND Diploma in Computing

Unit number Unit 43: Internet of Things

Assignment title

Academic Year 2019

Unit Tutor Phan Minh Tam

IV name and date

Submission Format:

Format: This assignment is an Individual assignment and specifically including 1 document:

You must use font Calibri size 12, set number of the pages and use multiple line spacing at

1.3 Margins must be: left: 1.25 cm; right: 1 cm; top: 1 cm and bottom: 1 cm The reference

follows Harvard referencing system The recommended word limit is 2.000-2.500 words You will not be penalized for exceeding the total word limit The cover page of the report has to be the Assignment front sheet 1

Submission Students are compulsory to submit the assignment in due date and in a way requested by

the Tutors The form of submission will be a soft copy posted on

http://cms.greenwich.edu.vn/

Note: The Assignment must be your own work, and not copied by or from another student or from books etc If you use ideas, quotes or data (such as diagrams) from books, journals or other sources, you must reference your sources, using the Harvard style Make sure that you know how to reference properly, and that understand the guidelines on plagiarism If you do not, you definitely get fail

Unit Learning Outcomes:

LO1 Analyse what aspects of IoT are necessary and appropriate when designing software applications

LO2 Outline a plan for an appropriate IoT application using common architecture, frameworks, tools, hardware

Assignment Brief and Guidance:

You currently work as a product developer for a new startup where you design IoT products for the consumer, corporate, government and defence clients As part of your role your manager has tasked you

to plan and develop a new IoT product, service or application for a potential client You are required to identify a target user and conduct tests with this user and include this feedback into multiple iterative versions of your product

Part 1 (Assignment 1):: For the first part, you must:

• Plan an IoT application for a specific target end user and the tests you intend to conduct with this user This plan will be in the form of a document and will include supporting evidence and material, such as user personas and customer journey maps

• Create multiple iterations of your application and modify each iteration with enhancements gathered from user feedback and experimentation This will follow the pathway outlined in your plan.(log book,)

Part 2 (Assignment 2): For the first part, you must:

• Show evidence about Developed IoT application using any combination of hardware, software, data, platforms and services (video or images of your IoT system with code snippet)

• Evaluate your IoT application and detail the problem your IoT application solves, the potential impact on people, business, society and the end user and the problems it might encounter when integrating into the wider IoT ecosystem

Learning Outcomes and Assessment Criteria

LO1 Analyse what aspects of IoT are necessary and appropriate when designing software applications

P1 Explore various forms of

IoT functionality

P2 Review standard

architecture, frameworks,

tools, hardware and APIs

available for use in IoT

development

M1 Evaluate the impact of common IoT architecture, frameworks, tools, hardware and APIs in the software development lifecycle

M2 Review specific forms of IoT architecture, frameworks, tools, hardware and APIs for different

problem-solving requirements

D1 Evaluate specific forms of IoT architecture and justify their use when designing software applications

LO2 Outline a plan for an appropriate IoT application using common architecture, frameworks, tools, hardware and APIs

P3 Investigate architecture,

frameworks, tools, hardware

and API techniques available

to develop IoT applications

P4 Determine a specific

problem to solve using IoT

M3 Select the most appropriate IoT architecture, frameworks, tools, hardware and API techniques to include in an application to solve this problem

M4 Apply your selected techniques to create an IoT application development plan

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Table of Contents

II Report 6

P1: Explore various forms of IoT functionality 6

1 Overview of IoT 6

2 The history of the internet of things 7

3 Final Thoughts and a Look into the Future of IoT 10

4 Types of popular technologies in IoT: 11

a Local Sensor Networks: 12

b Gateway Subsystem: 13

c Cloud Connectivity Networks: 14

5 IoT is a software development 14

5.1 IoT development 15

5.2 Summary 16

6 Advantages and Disadvantages of IoT: 16

a Pros: 17

- Communication 17

- Automation and Control 17

- Information 17

- Money 17

- Efficient and Saves Time 17

b Cons: 18

- Privacy/Security 18

- Safety 18

- Compatibility 18

- Lesser Employment of Menial Staff 18

- Technology Takes Control of Life 19

c Conclusion 19

P2 and P3: Review and investigate standard architecture, frameworks, tools, hardware and APIs available for use in IoT development 19

1 IoT Architecture 19

1.1 What is IoT architecture? 19

1.2 IoT architecture layers 20

a Sensor 21

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b Gateways 22

c Processors 22

d Applications 23

1.3 Example Internet of Things architecture 24

Smart Healthcare application using IoT 25

1.4 Conclusion 25

2 IoT Frameworks 26

2.1 Overview of IoT Framework 26

2.2 What is the IoT Framework? 26

2.3 List of IoT Framework 27

a DeviceHive IoT 27

b ThingSpeak 28

c Mainflux 29

f OpenRemote 30

2.4 Conclusion 30

3 IoT Tools 31

3.1 Introduction to IoT Tools 31

3.2 List of IoT tools 32

a Node-RED 32

f RIOT 32

g DeviceHub 33

h The Thing System 34

i Anjay 34

k Key takeaways 35

3.3 Conclusion IoT Tools 36 –

4 IoT Hardware 36

4.1 Introduction to IoT Hardware 36

4.2 Common IoT Hardware Devices 37

a Sensors in IoT 37

b Microcontrollers 38

c Other IoT hardware in special field 38

4.3 Conclusion 38

5 IoT APIs 39

5.1 What is an IoT API? 39

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5.2 IoT APIs is important 39

5.3 APIs for Internet of Things 40

b Google Assistant API 40

c Withings API 41

e Unofficial Tesla Model S API 41

f Apple HomeKit 42

g Amazon Alexa Home Skills API 42

P4: Determine a specific problem to solve using IoT 43

1 Scenario 43

2 Solution 43

3 Needed Devices 44

III Reference 45

Table of figures

Figure 2: History of IoT 7

Figure 3: The Internet of Things was "born" between 2008 and 2009 9

Figure 4: The future of IoT 11

Figure 5: Overview of IoT technology 12

Figure 7: Local sensor networks example 12

Figure 8: IoT devices connect to network through gateway subsystem 13

Figure 9: Cloud connectivity network diagram 14

Figure 11: IoT software development 14

Figure 12: Advantages and disadvantages of IoT 16

Figure 13: IoT architecture example 19

Figure 15: IoT key building blocks 21

Figure 16: Things, sensors, and controllers 21

Figure 17: Gateways and data acquisition 22

Figure 18: Edge analytics 23

Figure 19: Data centre / Cloud platform 23

Figure 20: Smart Healthcare example 25

Figure 21: Open source IoT framework 26

Figure 22: DeviceHive IoT platform 27

Figure 23: Thing Speak framework 28

Figure 24: Mainflux platform 29

Figure 27: Open Remote framework 30

Figure 28: Node-RED tool 32

Figure 31: Riot tool 32

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Figure 32: DeviceHub tool 33

Figure 33: The Thing System 34

Figure 34: Deploying Anjay for Raspberry Pi 34

Figure 35: Key takeaways environment 35

Figure 36: Overview IoT hardware 36

Figure 37: IoT sensors 37

Figure 38: Microcontroller 38

Figure 43: IoT APIs 39

Figure 45: Google Assistant API 40

Figure 47: Unofficial Tesla Model S API 41

Figure 48: Apple HomeKit 42

Figure 49: Amazon Alexa Home API 42

Figure 50: Lamp/ LED 44

Figure 51: Motion sensor in lamp/ LED 44

Figure 52: Wifi Circuit 45

Thanks to the arrival of super-cheap computer chips and the ubiquity of wireless networks, it's possible

to turn anything, from something as small as a pill to something as big as an aeroplane, into a part of the IoT Connecting up all these different objects and adding sensors to them adds a level of digital intelligence to devices that would be otherwise dumb, enabling them to communicate real-time data without involving a human being The Internet of Things is making the fabric of the world around us more smarter and more responsive, merging the digital and physical universes (Ranger, 2021)

The range of existing and potential Internet of Things devices is enormous Consumers often use their smartphones to communicate with IoT devices, whether it9s a smart speaker or home thermostat Connected devices offer convenience, like helping you make a grocery list, or savings, like when you turn down the heat at home while you9re on vacation (Symanovich, 2021)

In this report, we will find out what IoT have

Figure 1: Overview of IoT

Internet of Things (IoT) is a sprawling set of technologies and use cases that have no clear, single

definition One workable view frames IoT as the use of network-connected devices, embedded in the

physical environment, to improve some existing processors to enable a new scenario not previously

possible

These devices, or things, connect to the network to provide the information they gather from the environment through sensors, or to allow other systems to reach out and act on the world through actuators They could be connected versions of common objects you might already be familiar with, or new and purpose-built devices for functions not yet realized They could be devices that you own personally and carry with you or keep in your home, or they could be embedded in factory equipment, or part of the fabric of the city you live in Each

of them is able to convert valuable information from the real world into digital data that provides increased visibility into how your users interact with your products, services, or applications (Google Cloud, 2021)The specific use cases and opportunities across different industries are numerous, and in many ways,

the world of IoT is just getting started What emerges from these scenarios is a set of common

challenges and patterns IoT projects have additional dimensions that increase their complexity when

compared to other cloud-centric technology applications, including:

• Diverse hardware

• Diverse operating systems and software on the devices

• Different network gateway requirements

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2 The history of the internet of things

Figure 2: History of IoT

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Most sites that try to explain the history of the Internet of Things want to give you the whole story of how the Internet itself and all the technologies relating to it came into being However, given that – –it9s pretty darn obvious that you don9t get the Internet of Things without first having a worldwide computer network to connect those things, let9s skip this part and begin with what you9re really interested in the history of IoT –

So, leaving aside the first radio voice transmission and the development of computers, one of the first truly recognizable examples of IoT which occurred over a decade before the concept was given a –name was a Coca-Cola machine in the early 80s, located at the Carnegie Melon University in –Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania A student at the uni one David Nichols was tired of having to walk what – –

he describes as <a relatively long way= from his office to the refrigerated Coke machine every time he wanted a soda, only to find more often than not that the thing would be empty (or, if it had been recently refilled, the glass bottles inside to be unsatisfyingly warm)

<Suddenly, I remembered tales of the Prancing Pony [the first computer-controlled vending machine]

at Stanford and realized that we didn9t have to put up with this, that we had the technology,= Nichols later recalled Soon, Nichols and a few friends had developed a system to connect to the machine via the APRANET – a precursor to today9s internet – which enabled them to remotely check the status of the machine (i.e see if there was drink available, and if it was cold) before making the trip Many say that this vending machine was the first the first true IoT-enabled device

However, it wasn9t until 1999 that the <IoT= name was coined – and you can blame a guy named Kevin Ashton, Co-Founder of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology9s Auto-ID Center (later replaced by the more research-oriented Auto-ID Labs in 2003) The <Internet of Things= was the title of a

presentation Ashton made for Procter & Gamble while he was still working there as a brand manager Ashton had been assigned to help launch a line of cosmetics but he was concerned that every time –

he went into his local store, a certain shade of brown lipstick always seemed to be sold out He checked with the people in charge of P&G9s supply chain, who told him that plenty of lipsticks in that color were available in the warehouse This wasn9t good enough – Ashton wanted to know where his lipstick was, what was happening to it, and why the store couldn9t keep it in stock However, no one could give him an answer

At roughly the same time, radio frequency identification (RFID) tags were being developed Such tags were embedded with tiny radio-enabled chips, which could transfer small bits of data wirelessly

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During his <Internet of Things= presentation, Ashton proposed how these RFID tags could be used on P&G products, allowing the identification and tracking of specific objects throughout the supply chain, meaning that the location of stock could be better and more easily monitored Knowing that the

<Internet= – still a buzzword itself at the time – would excite the executives he was pitching to, Ashton worked it into the title of his presentation to the board <They had no idea what I was going to tell them, but they knew the Internet was a big deal,= Ashton explained to Tech Republic <So, if I could get the word 8Internet9 into the title of my presentation, I could get their attention.=

Ashton subsequently gave hundreds of presentations to corporate leaders about the potential of RFID technology specifically, how each RFID chip was able to communicate to machines via a wireless –network By 2003, the Auto-ID Center had 103 sponsors, numerous branches all around the world, and commitments to standards so any smart package could talk to networks at suppliers and retailers Over time, the market developed, investments were made, and chips got better and better and cheaper and cheaper (Goddard, 2021)

Figure 3: The Internet of Things was "born" between 2008 and 2009

By the late 2000s to early 2010s, corporations around the world were starting to get really excited about the Internet of Things – much in the way they9re getting excited about artificial intelligence and machine learning today IBM began work on its Smarter Planet campaign around this time McKinsey started writing reports on the state of Internet of Things technology And Cisco declared in 2011 that IoT was <born= between 2008 and 2009 – the point in time when more things or objects were

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connected to the internet than there were living people on the planet In the same year, Gartner added the new emerging phenomenon to its famous Hype-cycle for Emerging Technologies list for the first time (Goddard, 2021)

IoT startups started coming out of the woodwork such as Nest Labs in 2010, manufacturing products –like sensor-driven, Wi-Fi-enabled, self-learning thermostats and smoke detectors In 2014, Google announced that it would be buying Nest Labs for $3.2 billion And this was perhaps the moment –bolstered, no doubt, by the emergence of Amazon Alexa and subsequently Google Home when the –Internet of Things was truly brought to the public9s attention, and the market has been positively snowballing ever since (Goddard, 2021)

3 Final Thoughts and a Look into the Future of IoT

Today, the Internet of Things is drastically transforming how businesses are run, how lives are lived, and how society functions in general Organizations are becoming increasingly aware of the

technology9s potential to improve operations and reach consumers through an ever-expanding network of constantly connected smart devices

Indeed, IoT is now a burgeoning industry in and of itself As Carrie MacGillivray, Vice President, Internet of Things, 5G and Mobility at IDC, observes: <Adoption of IoT is happening across industries,

in governments, and in consumers9 daily lives We are increasingly observing how data generated by connected devices is helping businesses run more efficiently, gain insight into business processes, and make real-time decisions For consumers, access to data is changing how they are informed about the status of households, vehicles, and family members as well as their own health and fitness The next chapter of IoT is just beginning as we see a shift from digitally enabling the physical to automating and augmenting the human experience with a connected world.=

According to IDC, worldwide spending on the Internet of Things is forecast to reach $745 billion in

2019 an increase of 15.4% over the $646 billion spent in 2018 and will surpass the $1 trillion mark – –

in 2022 The industries expected to see the fastest annual compound growth rates (CAGR) over the 2017-2022 forecast period are insurance (17.1%), federal/central government (16.1%), and healthcare (15.4%) The greatest levels of investment in 2019 will be manufacturing operations ($100 billion), production asset management ($44.2 billion), smart home ($44.1billion), and freight monitoring ($41.7 billion) Between 2017 and 2022, the IoT use cases that are expected to deliver the fastest

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spending growth are airport facility automation (transportation), electric vehicle charging (utilities), agriculture field monitoring (resource), bedside telemetry (healthcare), and in-store contextualized marketing (retail)

Figure 4: The future of IoT

4 Types of popular technologies in IoT:

The technology stack is IoT is described in each figure architecturally, typical IoT system is divided into three subsystems: sensor subsystem, gateway subsystem, and cloud subsystem with the necessary underlying network connectivity between the subsystems The sensor subsystem is connected to the gateway subsystem via local sensor networks The gateway subsystem is connected to cloud subsystem via a wide area network like the Internet Each of these three subsystems connected via two types of networking are described in brief next (Pal and Purushothaman, 2016.)

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Figure 5: Overview of IoT technology

a Local Sensor Networks:

Figure 6: Local sensor networks example

Local sensor networks carry the sensor data from sensors to a gate way device for further processing and transport of the data over the Internet or other public networks to the cloud They can have fixed network topologies like star, ring, bus tree, or mesh networks or they can be formed in an ad hoc manner Shared media access protocols using time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA) or code division multiple access (CDMA) technologies are used on top of the physical network connectivity for seamless transportation of the sensor data Bluetooth and Zigbee are the most popular wireless sensor network technologies, while Wi-Fi also can be used in some

scenarios Depending upon the use case, the sensors can be interconnected using wired network also

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or can be connected point-to-point to the gateway using serial interfaces like universal serial bus (USB) (Pal and Purushothaman, 2016.)

b Gateway Subsystem:

Figure 7: IoT devices connect to network through gateway subsystem.

Gateway subsystems connect to local sensor networks on one side and public networks like the Internet on the other side They typically operate as a router, gateway, or switch bridging the two different types of physical network and protocol stacks For example, the public network is typically Internet Protocol (IP) enabled, whereas in most of the cases the local sensor network is not One of the sensor nodes in local sensor network can become the gateway or there can be dedicated gateway devices Because typically gate way devices can have more memory and computing power and in many scenarios are electrically powered, it is possible to execute some of the high sampling rate sensor signal processing and noise cancellation algorithms

in the gateway itself so that clean data at

a reduced rate goes to the cloud (Pal and Purushothaman, 2016.)

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c Cloud Connectivity Networks:

Figure 8: Cloud connectivity network diagram

The cloud connectivity networks are typically IP networks; in most of the cases, this will be the Internet for IoT systems However, there may be scenarios where private networks and private clouds are deployed depending upon the use case requirements Bandwidth, latency, reliability, and security of this network are critical for viable implementation of these systems (Pal and Purushothaman, 2016.)

5 IoT is a software development

Figure 9: IoT software development

For better or worse, the exponential growth in the number of objects connected to the Internet is changing our world We know it as IoT – the <Internet of Things= – and its development is increasingly impacting on how we live and work Here, we look at where IoT is going

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As you know, the term IoT describes the connection of everyday products or machines to the Internet, allowing them to process data and connect with other electronic devices IoT is literally a giant network

of connected man-made mechanical and digital objects, but also includes people with medical

identifiers or farm animals with chip sensors Current predictions say that by 2020 the IoT Market will reach the point of 24 billion devices across the Earth

Such is the growth of IoT that it9s fast becoming a must-have for companies wanting to add digital presence to their existing operations, services or products Put simply, any device with an on and off switch can be connected to the Internet and/or to each other This includes mobile phones, coffee makers, washing machines, headphones, lamps, wearable devices and literally anything else you can think of (Chima, 2021)

5.1 IoT development

The actual components making up most IoT devices include tags, sensors, embedded computers and actuators integrated into objects While some IoT objects are <vertical specific= (like a speciality valve-for an industrial device), others (like a grid-controlled smart bulb) can find use in many areas

Some, like tags or iBeacons, will be of the <deploy and forget= type Others will be constantly reporting data that is monitored and controlled via a web interface by the owner or provided by companies that implement IoT-as-a-service for customers, like Thingspeak (Chima, 2021)

The main driving forces behind IoT, and therefore shaping its future, are commoditisation and

interoperability, which in turn depend on:

• The development of embedded devices (low-power, reduced cost computers, most frequently based on the ARM architecture)

• Improved communications protocols (GSM, WiFi, Bluetooth variants and more specialized Zigbee, 6LowPAN, Sigfox and so on.)

• Software platforms like Thingworx, ioBridge, Sense and others

Influential companies like Amazon, Google, Apple, IBM, and Microsoft are also playing a part as drivers

of IoT

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5.2 Summary

IoT is one of the most exciting developments in recent times It will impact all our lives and

revolutionize the way we interact with the world

If we assume hardware refinements and communication protocols will continue to improve, it will fall

on the quality of the software applications we create to define the success of IoT devices, particularly how serious the malicious control of objects, access to data or unauthorized surveillance will become Already, IoT hacking is growing because manufacturers are selling cheap connected devices into the market without careful cybersecurity considerations, while consumers are equally keen to bring connected devices into their homes and lives This makes the potential for crime very high, and the need for quality software critical (Chima, 2021)

6 Advantages and Disadvantages of IoT:

Every new technology faces a million challenges in its initial phases Internet of Things also poses some grave issues that need to be tackled well in order to utilize its fullest potential But let9s leave the threats aside for the time being and focus only on the positives in this post (Quek, 2021)

Before we understand the impact IoT can have on our way of living, it9s important to go through its advantages and disadvantages:

Figure 10: Advantages and disadvantages of IoT

- Automation and Control

Due to physical objects getting connected and controlled digitally and centrally with wireless

infrastructure, there is a large amount of automation and control in the workings Without human intervention, the machines are able to communicate with each other leading to faster and timely output (Quek, 2021)

- Information

It is obvious that having more information helps making better decisions Whether it is mundane decisions as needing to know what to buy at the grocery store or if your company has enough widgets and supplies, knowledge is power and more knowledge is better (Quek, 2021)

- Money

The biggest advantage of IoT is saving money If the price of the tagging and monitoring equipment is less than the amount of money saved, then the Internet of Things will be very widely adopted IoT fundamentally proves to be very helpful to people in their daily routines by making the appliances communicate to each other in an effective manner thereby saving and conserving energy and cost Allowing the data to be communicated and shared between devices and then translating it into our required way, it makes our systems efficient (Quek, 2021)

- Efficient and Saves Time

The machine-to-machine interaction provides better efficiency, hence; accurate results can be obtained fast This results in saving valuable time Instead of repeating the same tasks every day, it enables people to do other creative jobs (Quek, 2021)

- Safety

Imagine if a notorious hacker changes your prescription Or if a store automatically ships you an equivalent product that you are allergic to, or a flavor that you do not like, or a product that is already expired As a result, safety is ultimately in the hands of the consumer to verify any and all automation

As all the household appliances, industrial machinery, public sector services like water supply and transport, and many other devices all are connected to the Internet, a lot of information is available on

it This information is prone to attack by hackers It would be very disastrous if private and confidential information is accessed by unauthorized intruders (Quek, 2021)

- Compatibility

As devices from different manufacturers will be interconnected, the issue of compatibility in tagging and monitoring crops up Although this disadvantage may drop off if all the manufacturers agree to a common standard, even after that, technical issues will persist Today, we have Bluetooth-enabled devices and compatibility problems exist even in this technology! Compatibility issues may result in people buying appliances from a certain manufacturer, leading to its monopoly in the market (Quek, 2021)

- Lesser Employment of Menial Staff

The unskilled workers and helpers may end up losing their jobs in the effect of automation of daily activities This can lead to unemployment issues in the society This is a problem with the advent of any technology and can be overcome with education With daily activities getting automated, naturally, there will be fewer requirements of human resources, primarily, workers and less educated staff This may create Unemployment issue in the society (Quek, 2021)

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- Technology Takes Control of Life

Our lives will be increasingly controlled by technology and will be dependent on it The younger generation is already addicted to technology for every little thing We have to decide how much of our daily lives are we willing to mechanize and be controlled by technology (Quek, 2021)

c Conclusion

Although IoT has quite a few disadvantages, its advantages of saving the consumer time and money can9t be ignored So, the time isn9t far when the Internet Of Things will be commonly seen in both households and companies Efforts will have to be made to find ways to combat its disadvantages (Quek, 2021)

1.1 What is IoT architecture?

Figure 11: IoT architecture example

The concept behind the Internet of Things is as powerful as it is complex, and in order for the elements

in the IoT puzzle to mesh together perfectly, they all have to be part of a well-thought-out structure This is where IoT architecture enters the stage, especially in terms of IoT device management

From IoT hype to IoT reality

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The first thing that comes to the mind of an average John Doe when hearing the catchphrase 8Internet

of Things9 is probably a smart coffee maker that knows exactly what kind of coffee he will need in the morning before he even wakes up and realizes it Or, better still, a futuristic-looking autonomous car dashing through the IoT-empowered streets without the 8driver9 even touching the steering wheel once

While these hopeful-but-nạve visions are not as far-fetched from reality as they sound, IoT is not only about home and urban automation In fact, far from being a mere buzzword, it stands for many, many more Indeed, just as the Internet of Things has the power to change and improve our daily lives along with the ways in which we function as a society, it can also transform the way business is run and, ultimately, the way we perceive practically every aspect of our world (Avsystem, 2021)

1.2 IoT architecture layers

While every IoT system is different, the foundation for each Internet of Things architecture as well as its general data process flow is roughly the same First of all, it consists of the Things, which are objects connected to the Internet which by means of their embedded sensors and actuators are able to sense the environment around them and gather information that is then passed on to IoT gateways The next stage consists of IoT data acquisition systems and gateways that collect the great mass of unprocessed data, convert it into digital streams, filter and pre-process it so that it is ready for analysis The third layer is represented by edge devices responsible for further processing and enhanced analysis of data This layer is also where visualisation and machine learning technologies may step in After that, the data is transferred to data centres which can be either cloud-based or installed locally This is where the data is stored, managed and analysed in depth for actionable insights (Avsystem, 2021)

These are the four layers of IoT architecture described in detail: