Ôn thi Môn Ngữ Nghĩa Học

I. Identify the semantic properties of the following words (At least 4 semantic features): (1m) 1. Wander (TỪ NÀY SẼ KHÔNG RA) 2. Father = +human, +male, +mature, +parental and +paternal. 3. Mother = +human, +female, +mature, and +maternal. 4. Baby = + human, +male, mature. 5. Hen = +animate, +bird or +fowl, +fully grown and +female, +lay egg. 6. Cock = +animate, +bird or +fowl, +fully grown and +male, lay egg. 7. Remarried = +human, ±male, +used to be married, and +married again. 8. Married = +human, ±male, +be married to someone, and having a husband or wife. 9. Boy = +human, +male and −adult. 10. Man = +human, +male and +adult, +strong or brave enough. 11. Woman = +human, +female and +adult.

CẤU TRÚC ÔN THI

I Identify the semantic properties of the following words (At least 4

semantic features): (1m)

1 Wander (TỪ NÀY SẼ KHÔNG RA)

2 Father = [+human], [+male], [+mature], [+parental] and [+paternal]

3 Mother = [+human], [+female], [+mature], and [+maternal]

4 Baby = [+ human], [+/-male], [-mature]

5 Hen = [+animate], [+bird] or [+fowl], [+fully grown] and [+female], [+lay egg]

6 Cock = [+animate], [+bird] or [+fowl], [+fully grown] and [+male], [-lay

9 Boy = [+human], [+male] and [−adult]

10 Man = [+human], [+male] and [+adult], [+strong or brave enough]

11 Woman = [+human], [+female] and [+adult]

12 Girl = [+human], [+female] and [−adult], [+innocent]

13 Bachelor = [+human], [+mature], [+/-male] and [+stay single]

14 Table = [+thing], [+a piece of furniture], [+flat surface], [+has four legs],

[+used for putting things on]

15 Chair = [+thing], [+a piece of furniture], [+for one person to sit on], [has a

back, a seat, and four legs]

16 Horse = [+animate], [+/-male], [+a large strong animal], [+people ride and use for pulling heavy things]

17 Actress = [+human], [+female], [+professional] and [+ working in the field

of entertainment/movies/theatre]

18 Soldier = [+human], [+/- female], [+working in the army], [someone

who fights when there is a war]

19 Child = [+human], [−mature], [±male], [+innocent].

20 Aunt = [+human], [±mature], [+female], [+father’s/mother’s sister

(-in-law)]

21 Uncle = [+human], [+male], [+/- mature], and [+father’s/mother’s sister in-law)]

(-22 Oak (-tree) = [+plant], [+deciduous tree], [+tough hard wood].

23 Flower = [+part of a plant], [+colored], [+usually good-smelling],

[+bloom/blossom] and [+fruit or seed is developed]

24 Palm (-tree) = [+plant], [+tree] [−branches] [+a mass of large wide leaves

at the top] and [+in warm or tropical climates]

25 Plod = [+motion], [+walk], [+slowly and laboriously].

26 Ewe = [+animate], [+sheep], [+fully grown], [+female], and [+producing wool and meat]

27 Ram = [+animate], [+sheep], [+fully grown], [+male], and [+producing wool and meat]

28 Fly = [+motion], [+through air or space], [+fast], and [+wings or a means

33 Beauty = [+attractive feature], [+combination of shape, color, behavior,

etc.], [+giving pleasure to senses]

34 Imagine = [+mental state], [+form a concept or an image],

[+thoughtfulness]

35 Doe = [+animate], [+deer, reindeer, rabbit or hare], [+fully grown], and [+female]

36 Stag = [+animate], [+deer], [+fully grown], and [+male]

37 Drive = [+motion], [+operate/direct], [+related to a vehicle].

38 Home = [+thing], [+place for human habitation], [+closely related to a family or its life]

39 Castle = [+thing], [a very large strong building], [built in the past], and

[safe place that could be easily defended against attack]

40 Elm = [+plant], [+deciduous tree], [+large rough-edged leaves], and

[+tough hard wood]

41 Chalk = [+thing], [+limestone], [+soft], [+white or colored], and [+for

writing or drawing]

42 Rose = [+plant], [+bush/shrub], [+sweet-smelling flowers], [+different

colors, usually pinkish or red], [+thorns], and [+symbol for love]

43 Chick = [+animate], [+bird], [+fowl], [−fully grown], and [±male].

44 Pap = [+thing], [+food], [+soft or semi-liquid], and [+for babies or

invalids]

45 Tiptoe = [+motion], [+walk], [+on toes], and [+silently].

46 Pine(-tree) = [+plant], [+evergreen tree], [+needle-shaped leaves], and

[+pale soft wood]

47 Owe = [+state], [+be in debt], [+obligation/duty], and [+pay/repay]

48 Computer = [+thing], [+electric/electronic device], [+storing/processing data], [+making calculations], and [+controlling machinery]

49 Laptop = [+thing], [+electric/electronic device], [+storing/processing

data], [+making calculations], and [+controlling machinery], and

[+Compact easy to carry when out and about]

50 Honesty = [+abstract notion], [+virtue], [+trustfulness], and [+hard to

evaluate]

51 Maid = [+human], [+mature], [+female], and [+servant]

52 Spinster = [+human], [+mature], [+female], and [+stay single]

53 Widow = [+human], [+mature], [+female], [husband has died], and [-

56 Dragon = [+animate], [+ Unreal], [+/- male ],[+wings]

57 Phoenix = [+animate], [+ Unreal], [+/- male ],[+wings]

58 Milk = [+thing], [+liquid], [+white], [produced by cows, goats, and sheep],

[used by humans as a drink or for making butter, cheese, ]

59 Tea = [+thing], [+liquid], [+color], [+a hot drink], [+made by pouring hot

water onto the leaves of the tea plant]

60 Beer = [+thing], [+liquid], [+color], [+an alcoholic drink], [+made

from grain and hops], [+slightly bitter]

61 Soda = [+thing], [+liquid], [+/-color], [+sweet fizzy drink], [-alcoholic]

62 Cocktail = [+thing], [+liquid], [+color], [+an alcoholic drink], [+made

from a mixture of different drinks]

63 Brother = [+human], [+male], [+/- adult], and [+born by the same

parents]

64 Sister = [+human], [+female], [+/- adult], and [+born by the same parents]

65 (a) lobster, shrimp, crab, oyster, mussel

(b) trout, sole, herring, salmon, mackerel

 The (a) and (b): [+edible water animal]

 The (a): [+shellfish]

 The (b): [+fish]

66 (a) table, pencil, cup, house, ship, car

(b) milk, tea, wine, beer, water, soft drink

 The (a) and (b): [+inanimate] and [+concrete]

 The (a): [+solid]

 The (b): [+liquid]

67 (a) book, temple, mountain, road, tractor

(b) idea, love, charity, sincerity, bravery, fear

 The (a) and (b): [+inanimate]

 The (a): [+concrete thing]

 The (b): [+abstract notion]

68 (a) rose, lily, tulip, daisy, sunflower, violet

(b) ash (tần bì), oak (soài), sycamore (sung dâu), willow (liễu), beech (soài) (c) pine (thông), cedar (tuyết tùng), jew (thủy tùng), spruce (vân sam), cypress (bách)

 The (a) (b) and (c): [+plant]

 The (a): [+flowering plant]

 The (b): [+deciduous tree]

 The (c) : [+evergreen tree]

69 (a) book, letter, encyclopedia, novel, notebook, dictionary

(b) typewriter, pencil, ballpoint, crayon, quill, charcoal, chalk

 The (a) and (b): [+non-living thing]

 The (a): [+thing to read or write]

 The (b): [+thing used to write or draw with]

70 (a) walk, run, skip, jump, hop, swim

(b) fly, skate, ski, ride, cycle, canoe, hang-glide

 The (a) and (b): [+motion] or [+way of movement]

 The (a): [+movement made without the help of any means]

 The (b): [+movement made with the help of a certain kind of means]

71 (a) ask, tell, say, talk, converse

(b) shout, whisper, mutter, drawl, holler

 The (a) and (b): [+way of talking]

 The (a): [+generic]

 The (b): [+specific]

72 (a) alive, asleep, awake, dead, half-dead, pregnant

(b) depressed, bored, excited, upset, amazed, surprised

 The (a) and (b): [+state closely associated with living things]

 The (a): [+physical state]

 The (b): [+emotional state]

II What is the lexical sense relation between each of the following pairs of

words? When it is antonymy, specify whether it is binary, gradable, or relational (1m)

Lý thuyết Lexical sense relation

Có 7 loại: (Hyponymy, Synonymy, Antonymy, Homonymy, Polysemy)

1 Hyponymy (bao hàm nghĩa):

Khi nghĩa của một từ được bao hàm trong nghĩa của từ khác (Bao hàm cùng 1 loại)

Ex:

a Eye – pupil (đồng tử)  Hyponymy

b Flower - petal (cánh hoa)/ daffodil/ tulip  Hyponymy

c Vehicle – car/ truck/ SUV/ bicycle  Hyponymy

d Mammal (ĐV có vú) – dog/ cat/ pig/ cow  Hyponymy

e Furniture (Đồ nội thất) – table/ writing desk  Hyponymy

f Move – run  Hyponymy

g Take – steal (Lấy trộm)  Hyponymy

h Spoon (thìa) – cutlery (dao kéo)  Hyponymy

i Animal - dog  Hyponymy

j Color/ colour – blue  Hyponymy

k Clothes – jeans  Hyponymy

l Liquid (chất lỏng) – milk  Hyponymy

m Food – pizza  Hyponymy

n Shellfish (ĐV có vỏ) – crab  Hyponymy

o Scarlet – red  Hyponymy

p Oak – tree  Hyponymy

q Orange – fruit  Hyponymy

r Cook – boil  Hyponymy

s Ant – insect  Hyponymy

t Reptile – lizard  Hyponymy

u Stationary – paper  Hyponymy

v Stationery – pen  Hyponymy

w Fake – Counterfeit  Hyponymy

x Look - stare/ gaze  Hyponymy

y Vocal organ – tongue  Hyponymy

z Hammer – tool  Hyponymy

aa Cat – kitten  Hyponymy

bb Furniture – bed  Hyponymy

cc Dog – puppy  Hyponymy

dd Pig – sow  Hyponymy

ee Breakfast – meal  Hyponymy

2 Synonymy (Đồng nghĩa):

Các từ khác nhau có nghĩa giống nhau hoặc gần giống nhau

EX:

a Strong – powerful  Synonymy

b Ripe (chín muồi) – mature (trưởng thành)  Synonymy

c Broad (rộng lớn) – wide (rộng)  Synonymy

d Soil (đất) – earth  Synonymy

e Edge (bờ rìa) – side (cạnh)  Synonymy

f Permit (cho phép) – allow (cho phép)  Synonymy

g Answer - reply  Synonymy

h Almost (Gần như) - nearly (gần)  Synonymy

i Buy – purchase (mua)  Synonymy

j Freedom – liberty (tự do)  Synonymy

k Couch – sofa  Synonymy

l Beginning – debut  Synonymy

m Damp – moist  Synonymy

n Big – large  Synonymy

o Sight – vision  Synonymy

p Conceal – hide  Synonymy

q Tired – exhausted  Synonymy

r Gloom – darkness  Synonymy

s Deep – profound  Synonymy

t Intelligent – smart  Synonymy

u Enormous – huge  Synonymy

v Legend – myth  Synonymy

w Ravage – destroy  Synonymy

x Land – soil  Synonymy

y Unusual – strange  Synonymy

z Thick – dense  Synonymy

aa Refuse – decline  Synonymy

bb Hungry – starving  Synonymy

cc Mad – insane  Synonymy

dd Capable – competent  Synonymy

ee Maintenance – preservation  Synonymy

ff Postpone – delay  Synonymy

gg Savage – attack  Synonymy

hh Pleasing – satisfying  Synonymy

3 Antonymy (Trái nghĩa):

Hai từ có hình thức (chữ viết và âm thanh) khác nhau và đối lập nhau về nghĩa

Có 3 loại: (binary, gradable, relational, (Multiple))

3.1 Binary antonymy (Trái nghĩa lưỡng phân):

+ Loại trừ lẫn nhau: không sống là chết và không chết là sống

+ Không được dùng theo nghĩa so sánh hơn hoặc so sánh nhất:

+ Không thể được sử dụng trong các câu hỏi “How” với cách hỏi về mức độ

3.2 Gradable antonymy (Trái nghĩa có thang độ):

+ Có thể phân loại: giữa nóng và lạnh là ba “thuật ngữ trung gian”

[Palmer, 1981: 95] ấm, ấm (hoặc âm ấm) và mát

+ Có thể được sử dụng theo nghĩa so sánh hơn hoặc so sánh nhất + Có thể được sử dụng trong các câu hỏi “How” với cách hỏi về mức

EX:

a Alive - dead  Antonymy (Binary)

b Married – single/ unmarried  Antonymy (Binary)

c Hot - cold  Antonymy (Gradable)

d Difficult/ hard – easy  Antonymy (Gradable)

e Buy – sell  Antonymy (Relational)

f Employer – employee  Antonymy (Relational)

g Thinner – fatter  Antonymy (Relational)

h Give – receive  Antonymy (Relational)

i Lend – borrow  Antonymy (Relational)

j Import – export  Antonymy (Relational)

k Own - belong to  Antonymy (Relational)

l Grandparent – grandchild  Antonymy (Relational)

m Father/mother - son/daughter  Antonymy (Relational)

n Fianceù – fianceùe  Antonymy (Relational)

o Parent - child/offspring  Antonymy (Relational)

p Professor – student  Antonymy (Relational)

q Teacher/ instructor – pupil/ student  Antonymy (Relational)

r Doctor – patient  Antonymy (Relational)

s Debtor – creditor  Antonymy (Relational)

t Landlord/landlady – tenant  Antonymy (Relational)

u Husband – wife  Antonymy (Relational)

v Uncle/aunt - nephew/niece  Antonymy (Relational)

w Thinner – fatter  Antonymy (Relational)

x Cheaper - more expensive  Antonymy (Relational)

y Greater than - less than  Antonymy (Relational)

z More efficiently - less efficiently  Antonymy (Relational)

aa Faster - more slowly  Antonymy (Relational)

bb Above – below  Antonymy (Relational)

cc In front of – behind  Antonymy (Relational)

dd Over – under  Antonymy (Relational)

ee Before – after  Antonymy (Relational)

ff North of - south of  Antonymy (Relational)

gg West of - east of  Antonymy (Relational)

hh Same – different  Antonymy (Binary)

ii Cheap – expensive  Antonymy (Gradable)

jj Love – hate  Antonymy (Gradable)

kk Conceal – reveal  Antonymy (Binary)

ll On – off  Antonymy (Binary)

mm Tall – short  Antonymy (Gradable)

nn Good – bad  Antonymy (Gradable)

oo Pass – fail  Antonymy (Binary)

pp Deciduous – evergreen  Antonymy (Binary)

qq Beautiful – ugly  Antonymy (Gradable)

rr False – true  Antonymy (Binary)

ss Lessor – lessee  Antonymy (Relational)

tt Better than - worse than 

uu Legal – illegal  Antonymy (Binary)

vv Asleep – awake  Antonymy (Binary)

ww Rude – polite  Antonymy (Gradable)

xx Large – small  Antonymy (Gradable)

yy Delicious – disgusting/ bland  Antonymy (Gradable)

zz Friendly – unfriendly  Antonymy (Gradable)

aaa Wet – dry  Antonymy (Gradable)

bbb Interesting/ exciting – boring  Antonymy (Gradable) ccc Bright – dull  Antonymy (Gradable)

ddd Modern - old-fashioned  Antonymy (Gradable) eee Black - white  Antonymy (Binary)

fff Boy – girl  Antonymy (Binary)

ggg Push – pull  Antonymy (Binary)

hhh Right – wrong  Antonymy (Binary)

iii Yes – no  Antonymy (Binary)

jjj Exit – entrance  Antonymy (Binary)

kkk Treat – punishment  Antonymy (Binary)

lll Silence – noise  Antonymy (Binary)

mmm Lift – drop  Antonymy (Binary)

nnn Daughter – son  Antonymy (Binary)

ooo Defence – prosecution  Antonymy (Relational)

ppp Night – day  Antonymy (Relational)

qqq Policeman – criminal  Antonymy (Relational)

rrr Plug – socket  Antonymy (Relational)

sss Mon-Tue-Wed-Thu-Fri-Sat-Sun  Antonymy (Multiple) ttt Fail – pass – merit – distinction  Antonymy (Multiple)

uuu Spring – summer – autumn – winter  Antonymy (Multiple) vvv Spades – hearts – diamonds – clubs  Antonymy (Multiple) www North – south – east – west  Antonymy (Multiple)

xxx Solid – liquid – gas  Antonymy (Multiple)

yyy Exterior — interior  Antonymy (Binary)

zzz Servant — master  Antonymy (Relational)

aaaa Young — elderly/ old  Antonymy (Gradable)

bbbb Happy — wistful  Antonymy (Gradable)

cccc Wise — foolish  Antonymy (Gradable)

dddd Fat — slim  Antonymy (Gradable)

eeee Warm – cool  Antonymy (Gradable)

ffff Early — late  Antonymy (Gradable)

gggg Fast — slow  Antonymy (Gradable)

hhhh Dark — pale  Antonymy (Gradable)

iiii Tidy – messy  Antonymy (Gradable)

jjjj Loud – quiet  Antonymy (Gradable)

kkkk Bright – dark  Antonymy (Gradable)

llll Thin – thick  Antonymy (Gradable)

mmmm Possible – impossible  Antonymy (Binary) nnnn Male – female  Antonymy (Binary)

oooo Advance – retreat  Antonymy (Gradable)

pppp Narrow – wide  Antonymy (Gradable)

qqqq Stop – go  Antonymy (Relational)

rrrr Strong – weak  Antonymy (Gradable)

ssss Do – undo  Antonymy (Relational)

tttt Rich – poor Antonymy (Gradable)

uuuu Trainer – trainee  Antonymy (Relational)

vvvv Summer – winter  Antonymy (Multiple)

wwww Deny – admit  Antonymy (Binary)

xxxx Host – guest  Antonymy (Relational)

yyyy Deep – shallow  Antonymy (Gradable)

zzzz Presen – absent  Antonymy (Binary)

aaaaa Command – serve  Antonymy (Relational)

bbbbb Open – close  Antonymy (Binary)

ccccc Dangerous – safe  Antonymy (Gradable)

ddddd Downstairs – upstairs  Antonymy (Binary) eeeee Greater than - smaller than  Antonymy (Relational) fffff Hit – miss  Antonymy (Binary)

ggggg Send – receive  Antonymy (Relational)

hhhhh Teach – learn  Antonymy (Relational)

iiiii Accidental – intentional  Antonymy (Binary)

jjjjj Larger than/ Larger - smaller than/ smaller  Antonymy (Relational)

kkkkk Present – absent  Antonymy (Binary)

lllll Customer – supplier  Antonymy (Relational)

mmmmm Able – unable  Antonymy (Binary)

nnnnn Tolerant – intolerant  Antonymy (Binary)

ooooo Taller – shorte  Antonymy (Relational)

ppppp Accept – refuse  Antonymy (Binary)

qqqqq Clever – stupid  Antonymy (Gradable)

rrrrr

4 Homonymy (Đồng âm):

Có thêm 2 loại: (homophony and homography)

Ex:

a Desert (n) – dessert (n)  Homophony

b Bank (n) – bank (n)  Homonymy

c Bear (n) – Bear (n)  Homonymy

d Hour – our  Homophony

e Place – plaice  Homophony

f Lead (v) – Lead (n)  Homography

g Read (v) – Read (v2)  Homography

h altar – alter  Homophony

i beech – beach Homophony

j boar – bore  Homophony

k coarse – course  Homophony

l crews – cruise  Homophony

m deer – dear  Homophony

n draft – draught  Homophony

o fare – fair  Homophony

p flour – flower  Homophony

q grate – great  Homophony

r herd – heard  Homophony

s knight – night  Homophony

t Nose/ no – knows  Homophony

u leek – leak  Homophony

v maid – made  Homophony

w pail – pale  Homophony

x reign – rain  Homophony

y scene – seen  Homophony

z thrown – throne  Homophony

aa whole – hole  Homophony

bb Lie (v) – lie (v)  Homonymy

cc Bat (n) – bat (n)  Homonymy

dd Too (adverb) – too (adverb)  Homonymy

ee Might (n) – might (modal verb)  Homonymy

ff Bare (adj) – bare (v)  Homonymy

gg Sound (n) – sound (adj)  Homonymy

hh Pupil (at a school) - pupil (of an eye)  Homonymy

ii Rose – rows  Homophony

jj Blew – blue  Homophony

kk Two/ to – too  Homophony

ll Meet – meat  Homophony

mm Right – write/ rite  Homophony

nn I’ll stand (be on my feet) - (resist) here  Homonymy

oo I saw the spring (season) – spring (metal coil)  Homonymy

pp Peace – piece  Homophony

qq Bark – bark  Homonymy

rr Sight – site  Homophony

ss Desert (as in the Sahara desert) – desert (abandon)  Homography

tt Sole (bottom part of foot) – sole (Edible flat fish that lives in sea) 

Homonymy

uu Wind – wind  Homography

vv Heal – heel  Homophony

ww Cent – scent  Homophony

xx Cell – sell  Homophony

yy Be – bee  Homophony

zz Eye – I/ Aye  Homophony

aaa Hear – here  Homophony

bbb Mail – male  Homophony

ccc Pair – pear  Homophony

ddd Sew – so  Homophony

eee To/ two – too  Homophony

fff Shed (Please put the shovel in the shed) - shed (Snakes shed their skin as they get bigger)  Homonymy

ggg Fair – fair  Homonymy

hhh Scale – scale  Homonymy

iii Suit – suit  Homonymy

jjj Left – left  Homonymy

kkk Band – band  Homonymy

lll Fine – fine  Homonymy

mmm Pound - pound  Homonymy

nnn Row – row  Homonymy

ooo Well – well  Homonymy

ppp Present (Anna will present the award to the winner) - present (Jake bought a present for his friend)  Homography

qqq Conduct – Conduct  Homography

rrr Project – project  Homography

sss Minute – minute  Homography

ttt Content – content  Homography

uuu Subject – subject  Homography

vvv Produce – produce  Homography

www Addition – edition  Homophony

xxx Capitol – capital  Homophony

yyy Berth – Birth  Homophony

zzz Cast – Caste  Homophony

aaaa Days – Daze  Homophony

bbbb Earn – Urn  Homophony

cccc Entrance (the way in) - Entrance (to delight)  Homography dddd Bow (to incline) – Bow (type of knot)  Homography

eeee Aural – Oral  Homophony

ffff Ascent – Assent  Homophony

gggg Access – Excess  Homophony

hhhh Ate – Eight  Homophony

iiii Bald – Bawled  Homophony

jjjj Baron – Barren  Homophony

kkkk Band – Banned  Homophony

llll Beat – Beet  Homophony

mmmm Bolder – Boulder  Homophony

nnnn Brake – Break  Homophony

oooo Carat – Carrot  Homophony

pppp Callous – Callus  Homophony

qqqq Ceiling – Sealing  Homophony

rrrr Cent – Scent  Homophony

ssss Choir – Quire  Homophony

tttt Censor – Sensor  Homophony

uuuu Dual – Duel  Homophony

vvvv Disburse – Disperse  Homophony

wwww Dam – Damn  Homophony

xxxx Die – Dye  Homophony

yyyy Eave – Eve  Homophony

zzzz Fined – Find  Homophony

aaaaa Flair – Flare  Homophony

bbbbb Franc – Frank  Homophony ccccc Gait – Gate  Homophony

ddddd Hew – Hue  Homophony

eeeee Holy – Wholly  Homophony fffff Islet – Eyelet  Homophony ggggg Idle – Idol  Homophony

hhhhh Address – Address  Homonymy iiiii Match – Match  Homonymy jjjjj Mean – Mean  Homonymy kkkkk Right – Right  Homonymy lllll Ring – Ring  Homonymy

mmmmm Rock – Rock  Homonymy nnnnn Rose – Rose  Homonymy

ooooo Stalk – Stalk  Homonymy

ppppp Clip – Clip  Homonymy

qqqqq Date – Date  Homonymy

rrrrr Drop – Drop  Homonymy

sssss Fly – Fly  Homonymy

ttttt Letter – Letter  Homonymy uuuuu Palm – Palm  Homonymy

vvvvv Park – Park  Homonymy

wwwww Point – Point  Homonymy xxxxx Pen – pen  Homonymy

yyyyy Book – book  Homonymy

zzzzz Air – Air  Homonymy

aaaaaa Arm – Arm  Homonymy

bbbbbb Bright – Bright  Homonymy

cccccc Circular – Circular  Homonymy

dddddd Current – Current  Homonymy

eeeeee Die – Die  Homonymy

ffffff Express – Express  Homonymy

gggggg Jag – Jag  Homonymy

hhhhhh Kind – Kind  Homonymy

iiiiii Pole – Pole  Homonymy

jjjjjj Quarry – Quarry  Homonymy

kkkkkk Ream – Ream  Homonymy

llllll Tender – Tender  Homonymy

mmmmmm Tire – Tire  Homonymy

nnnnnn Mat – matte  Homophony

oooooo Tear – Tear  Homography

pppppp Can – can  Homonymy

qqqqqq Does – does  Homography

rrrrrr Second – second  Homography

ssssss Agape – agape  Homography

tttttt Attribute – attribute  Homography

uuuuuu Axes – axes  Homography

vvvvvv Buffet – buffet  Homography

wwwwww Bustier – bustier  Homography xxxxxx Contract – contract  Homography

yyyyyy Coordinates – coordinates  Homography zzzzzz Digest – digest  Homography

aaaaaaa Discount – discount  Homography

bbbbbbb Evening – evening  Homography

ccccccc Frequent – frequent  Homography

ddddddd Incense – incense  Homography

eeeeeee Moped – moped  Homography

fffffff Proceeds –proceeds  Homography

ggggggg Putting –putting  Homography

hhhhhhh Refuse – refuse  Homography

iiiiiii Wound – wound  Homography

jjjjjjj Bass – bass  Homography

kkkkkkk Compact – compact  Homography

lllllll Compound – compound  Homography

mmmmmmm Object – object  Homography

nnnnnnn Number – number  Homography

ooooooo Close – Close  Homography

ppppppp Light – light  Homonymy

qqqqqqq Tie – tie  Homonymy

rrrrrrr Ball – ball  Homonymy

sssssss Doe – dough  Homophony

ttttttt Bread – bred  Homophony

uuuuuuu Dew – due  Homophony

vvvvvvv Greece – grease  Homophony

wwwwwww Tail – taile  Homophony

xxxxxxx Sort – sought  Homophony

yyyyyyy Missed – mist  Homophony

zzzzzzz Curb – herb  Homophony

aaaaaaaa Wart – wort  Homophony

bbbbbbbb Pole – poll  Homophony

cccccccc Him – hymn  Homophony

dddddddd Eery – eyrie  Homophony

eeeeeeee Wat – what  Homophony

ffffffff Poof – pouffe  Homophony

gggggggg Ewe - yew – you  Homophony

hhhhhhhh Yaw - yore - your - you're  Homophony iiiiiiii Thyme – time  Homophony

jjjjjjjj Oh – owe  Homophony

kkkkkkkk Bare – bear  Homophony

llllllll Wait – weight  Homophony

mmmmmmmm Pi – pie  Homophony

nnnnnnnn Board – bored  Homophony

oooooooo Were – whirr  Homophony

pppppppp Raw – roar  Homophony

qqqqqqqq Jewel – joule  Homophony

rrrrrrrr Fie – phi  Homophony

ssssssss Sauce – source  Homophony

tttttttt Liar – lyre  Homophony

uuuuuuuu Gilt – guilt  Homophony

vvvvvvvv Roughn – ruff  Homophony

wwwwwwww Accent – Accent  Homography xxxxxxxx Weak — Week  Homophony yyyyyyyy Sun — Son  Homophony

zzzzzzzz See — Sea  Homophony

aaaaaaaaa Plane — Plain  Homophony

bbbbbbbbb Ruler – ruler  Homonymy

ccccccccc Trip – trip  Homonymy

ddddddddd Ship – ship  Homonymy

eeeeeeeee Sink – sink  Homonymy

fffffffff Wave – wave  Homonymy

ggggggggg Cool – cool  Homonymy

hhhhhhhhh Duck – duck  Homonymy

iiiiiiiii Fall – fall  Homonymy

jjjjjjjjj File – file  Homonymy

kkkkkkkkk Foot – foot  Homonymy

lllllllll Nail – nail  Homonymy

mmmmmmmmm Watch – watch  Homonymy nnnnnnnnn Invalid – Invalid  Homography

ooooooooo Invite – Invite  Homography

ppppppppp Laminate – Laminate  Homography

qqqqqqqqq Live – Live  Homography

rrrrrrrrr Mobile – Mobile  Homography

sssssssss Overall – Overall  Homography

ttttttttt Abuse – Abuse  Homography

uuuuuuuuu Tone – tone  Homography

vvvvvvvvv Saw – saw  Homography

wwwwwwwww Sow (as in sow a field with wheat) - sow (meaning a female pig)  Homography

xxxxxxxxx Flat – flat  Homonymy

yyyyyyyyy Figure – Figure  Homonymy

zzzzzzzzz Raze – rays  Homophony

aaaaaaaaaa Found – found  Homonymy

bbbbbbbbbb Pane – pain  Homophony

5 Polysemy (Đa nghĩa):

Một từ có 2 hoặc đa nghĩa nhưng các nghĩa đó có điểm chung nào đó

EX:

a Get (v) [obtain] – get (v) [buy]  Polysemy

b Chip – chip  Polysemy

c Break – break  Polysemy

d Bright (shining) – bright (intelligent)  Polysemy

e Mouth (river) – Mouth (animal)  Polysemy

f Plain (simple) – Plain (with nothing added/ not decorated in any way)  Polysemy

g Wood (a piece of a tree) – wood (a geographical area with many trees)  Polysemy

h Music – music  Polysemy

i Rot – rot  Polysemy

j Guard – Guard  Polysemy

n Bolt (To lock/ not to move) – bolt (moving very quickly)  Polysemy

o Book (A bound collection of page) – Book (a text reproduced and

s Center (of or belonging to neither the right nor the left politically or

intellectually) - Center (an area that is approximately central within some larger region ("it is in the center of town"))  Polysemy

t Count (To say the numbers in the right order, to calculate, include,,

consider) - Count (total, saying numbers measurement etc)  Polysemy

u Court (Seek favor) - Court (Assembly of those seeking favor, the president

of the court ("judge"))  Polysemy

v Crane (A bird) - Crane (A type of construction equipment/ To strain out one's neck)  Polysemy

w Delegation (Granting authority to another) - Delegation (Those to whom authority has been granted)  Polysemy

x Express (verb: to put something into words, push out, squeeze out) -

Express (adjective: fast, such as an express train, express mail) 

Polysemy

y Face (The front of the human head from the forehead to the chin and ear to ear) - Face (Deal with (something unpleasant) head on (He faced the terrible consequences of his mistakes))  Polysemy

z Fair (Adjective: lovely or beautiful) -Fair (Noun: gathering of people to sell and barter goods, or to enjoy entertainment)  Polysemy

aa Fast (can be interpreted as "staying still") - Fast ("moving quickly")  Polysemy

bb Firm (adjective: secure, solid) - Firm (noun: a business organisation, a company)  Polysemy

cc Fix (attach/ Arrange/ Get ready (food or drinks)) - Fix (repair/ punish/ set right (the hair))  Polysemy

dd Fleet (Group of vehicles) - Fleet (Swift)  Polysemy

ee Foot (The part of the leg of a human being below the ankle joint) - Foot (pay for something pick ("foot the bill"))  Polysemy

ff Funny (Amusing, Strange, suspicious / illegal, crazy, entertaining, witty, humorous, comic, hilarious)  Polysemy

gg Head (Part of the body above neck) - Head (Person in charge of an

jj Light (A non-heavy object) - Light (what the sun gives off)  Polysemy

kk Lock (A fastener fitted to a door or drawer to keep it firmly closed) - Lock (Become rigid or immoveable)  Polysemy

ll Love (Affection, romantic(fall in love with) Enjoyment, (love of learning))

- Love (a score in games like tennis, Love-all)  Polysemy

mm Magazine (A periodic publication containing pictures and stories and articles of interest to those who purchase it or subscribe to) - Magazine (it product consisting of a paperback periodic publication as a physical object)

 Polysemy

nn Man (Humankind (both male and female, old and young)) - Man

(Specifically a male human being/ Even more specifically an adult male human being)  Polysemy

oo Militia (Military or defense activity) - Militia (Those engaged in or subject

to being required to engage in defense activity)  Polysemy

pp Milk (The verb milk (e.g "he's milking it for all he can get") derives from the process of obtaining milk) – Milk  Polysemy

qq Ministry (Serving the needs of others) - Ministry (Those engaged in

serving the needs of others)  Polysemy

rr Mole (A small burrowing mammal) - Mole (Consequently, there are

several different entities called moles, Although these refer to different things, their names derive from 1 se.g A Mole burrows for information hoping to go undetected)  Polysemy

ss Movement (Motion, change in position) - Movement (Result of motion or change; those who move or change)  Polysemy

tt Note (noun: something written down in just a few Also) - Note (verb

meaning to notice, e.g., to note something, to take note of someone's

ww Organ (noun: a musical instrument such as a pipe organ or an electric organ) - Organ (noun: a specific part of the body such as the heart or liver)

 Polysemy

xx Pack (A large indefinite number, a complete collection of similar things, a convenient package or parcel (as of cigarettes or film)) – Pack  Polysemy

yy Paint (Noun: substance used as a coating to protect or decorate a surface (especially a mixture of pigment suspended in a liquid); dries to form a hard coating) - Paint (Verb: make a painting)  Polysemy

zz Pale (Pale (adj): Wanting in color, not ruddy; dusky white; pallid; wan: as,

a pale face; a pale red; a pale blue) - Pale (Pale (noun): wooden strip

forming part of a fence)  Polysemy

aaa Paper (to a substance made out of wood pulp or to a daily publication printed on that substance) - Paper  Polysemy

bbb Play (Something done for pleasure, a drama, a game, etc) - Play  Polysemy

ccc Police (Make orderly (lawful)) - Police (Law enforcers)  Polysemy ddd Rent (Payment at intervals for use of a property) - Rent ((as tenant) to occupy for rent, (as landlord) to grant occupation for rent)  Polysemy eee Sanction (verb:"to permit", while the phrase "to put a sanction not

permit"") - Sanction  Polysemy

fff Service (Doing for others) - Service (Those who serve (especially military))

mmm Truck (A conveyance with wheels) - Truck (Conveying with cargo, those who transport cargo, traveling with vigor)  Polysemy

nnn Viking (Raiding) - Viking (Those who raid (especially of Scandinavian origin))  Polysemy

ooo Walk (Went walking, went for a walk, walk the dog, Hill Walk Drive) – Walk  Polysemy

ppp Way (How something is done or how it happens (a lonely way of life)) - Way (a line leading to a place or point (didn't know the way home))  Polysemy

qqq Wedding (Joining a couple in matrimony) - Wedding (Those engaged in joining a couple in matrimony; time or place of doing so)  Polysemy rrr Wood (A piece of a tree) - Wood (A geographical area with many trees)  Polysemy

sss Take (grasp, carry, go (a specific way)) – take  Polysemy

ttt Lamb – lamb  Polysemy

uuu Sight (the ability to see) – Sight (a thing one can see)  Polysemy vvv Sole (bottom part of foot) – Sole (bottom pan of shoe or sock that covers sole of foot)  Polysemy

www Monitor (a pupil who assists a teacher) - monitor (a device that receives video signals from a computer)  Polysemy

xxx Leech (a bloodsucking worm) - leech (a hanger-on, a sycophant)  Polysemy

yyy Horn (a structure projecting from the head of an animal) - horn (a

musical instrument)  Polysemy

zzz Pilot (one who operates an aircraft or ship) - pilot (a television program produced as a prototype of a series)  Polysemy

aaaa Board (a long thin flat piece of cut wood/ a flat surface with patterns, used to play games on) - board (a flat piece of hard material used for putting food on/ a flat piece of hard material fastened to the wall in a public space

to pin notices on)  Polysemy

bbbb Flight (the act of flying/ the distance covered or course followed by a flying object) - flight (a trip by plane/ the aircraft making the journey)  Polysemy

cccc Mouse (a small furry animal with a pointed nose and a long tail that lives

in people's houses or in fields/ a small object that you move with your hand

to give instructions to a computer) - mouse (informal: a quiet nervous

person)  Polysemy

dddd Ear (one of the organs on either side of your head that you hear with/ the top part of a plant such as wheat that produces grain) - ear (the ability to learn music, copy sounds etc ear for)  Polysemy

eeee Run (to move very quickly, by moving your legs more quickly than when you walk) - run (to organize or be in charge of an activity, business, organization, or country)  Polysemy

ffff Sad (not happy, especially because something unpleasant has happened/

a sad event, situation etc makes you feel unhappy) - sad (NOT

SATISFACTORY very bad or unacceptable)  Polysemy

gggg Fork (for eating/ for gardening) - fork (of a road/ of a river) 

jjjj Earth (our planet) - Earth (soil)  Polysemy

kkkk Drive (as in "drive a nail") - Drive (as in "drive a car)  Polysemy

llll Tail (of a coat) – Tail (of an animal)  Polysemy

III For each of the following sentences, identify the figure of speech

used and interpret it (2m)

Lý Thuyết:

Figure of speech (Hình thái tu từ)

Một từ hoặc cụm từ được sử dụng với mục đích đặc biệt và không có nghĩa thông thường hoặc theo nghĩa đen của nó

Các loại: (Simile, Metaphor, Irony, Personification, Apostrophe, Oxymoron, Hyperbole, Pun, Alliteration, Onomatopoeia, Anaphora, Assonance,

Euphemism, Synecdoche, Understatement)

1 Simile: (Ví dụ)

So sánh một thứ với một thứ khác (Các từ nhận biết: As as, like, so, so sánh hơn)

2 Metaphor: (Ẩn dụ)

… (Không dùng: Like, as)

3 Irony: (Mỉa mai)

Thuật ngữ trái ngược với những gì bạn nói và những gì bạn làm

4 Personification: (Nhân cách hóa)

Vd: Những đám mây giận dữ bao quanh hòn đảo

Vd: "O, Romeo, Romeo, vậy ngươi là Romeo?"

“Walter, có nhớ khi thế giới còn trẻ và tất cả các cô gái đều biết tên Walter không? Walter, không có gì đáng tiếc khi thế giới nhỏ bé của chúng ta đã thay đổi ”

6 Oxymoron: (Nghịch lý)

Khi 2 từ được sử dụng cùng nhau trong một câu nhưng chúng dường như trái ngược với nhau

Vd: Cuộc sống buồn vui lẫn lộn

Nỗi buồn ngọt ngào

7 Hyperbole: (Khoa trương)

Khi bạn sử dụng các từ để phóng đại ý của bạn hoặc nhấn mạnh một điểm Nó được sử dụng để làm cho một cái gì đó có vẻ lớn hơn hoặc quan trọng hơn so với thực tế

Vd: Đã nhiều năm rồi tôi chưa có một bữa ăn thích hợp

Usain Bolt chạy nhanh hơn gió

8 Pun: (Chơi chữ)

Vd: Xe đạp không thể tự đứng được vì mỏi hai chân

Bạn tìm thấy ốc sên khổng lồ ở đâu? Trên đầu ngón tay của người

khổng lồ

9 Alliteration: (Điệp âm)

Lặp đi lặp lại một chữ cái ở đầu

VD: Dirty dolphins dove across the ocean

She sells seashells

10 Onomatopoeia: (Từ tượng thanh)

Chỉ âm thanh

VD: Tôi có thể nghe thấy tiếng lá xào xạc và tiếng gió hú

11 Anaphora: (Phép trùng lặp)

VD: I came, I saw, I conquered

We shall not stop We shall go on and on We shall move forward

12 Assonance: (Đồng âm)

VD: Người có việc làm - người lao động

Giao thông - nhiều phương tiện

15 Understatement: (Nói giảm)

VD: Đề cập đến sự phá hủy lớn chỉ là một tai nạn

EX:

a Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to

change the world

- This sentence is an expression of metaphor

- Education is implicitly compared to the weapon that use to change

the world

- This means education is really important , having good knowlege

can help us change the world

b With friends like you, who needs enemies?

- This sentence is an expression of irony

- This sentence means friends like you are very bad or dangerous, and you are the enemy of mine You do not deserve to be my friend

c When he gets going, Jack is a streak of lightning

Jack is a streak of lightning is a metaphor which means Jack is very

fast

d I found the fifty-two pounds of books you left for me to carry Your

kindness really moved me

- Your kindness really moved me is an expression of irony which means you

were notkind to me at all

e The man is a demon for work

The man is a demon for work is a metaphor which means the man is an

energetic person who works very hard

f When you take that course, plan to study thirty hours a day

- Study thirty hours a day is an overstatement/a hyperbole which means

study for a long time every day

- It is impossible for someone to study 30 hours a day, which means you plan

to study for a long time every day

g The wind howled angrily around the house all night

The wind is [−animate] and/or [−human] while howled angrily is [+animate] and/or [+human] Therefore, howled angrily is an expression of

personification which means “The wind blew strongly around the house all

night”

h When the White House called, the ambassador went at once

The White House, which is [+sign], is a metonymy meaning the US President,

which is [+person] So, which means “When the US President called, the ambassador went at once”

i My dormitory room is like a cave

My dormitory room is like a cave is a simile which means my dormitory room

is small and uncomfortable In this case, my dormitory room is explicitly

compared to a cave

j Come to the dormitory and see what a cave I live in

- A cave is a metaphor which means come to the dormitory and see what a

small and uncomfortable room

- In this case, my dormitory room is implicitly compared to a cave

k Dick was fairly pleased when he won the brand-new car in the contest

Fairly pleased is an ironical understatement which means very

pleased

l If you are not happy with the service, go and talk to the City Hall

- The City Hall, which is [+sign], is a metonymy meaning the city’s Mayor,

which is [+person] So when saying City Hall wants to refer to the Mayor of the city, it's like saying the White House is referring to the President

→ Which means "If you are not happy with the service, go and talk to the city's Mayor"

m Man does not live by bread alone

Bread, which is [+part], is a synecdoche which means necessaries or things

needed for living, which is [+whole]

n We now live under the same roof

Roof is [+part] while house is [+whole] Therefore, live under the same roof is

a synecdoche which means live in the same house

o Albert was as sharp as a tack this morning He answered every question as soon as it was asked

Albert was as sharp as a tack is a simile which means Albert was

quick-minded

p The river ate the bank away

The river is [−animate] and/or [−human] while ate away is [+animate] and/or

[+human] Therefore, ate the bank away is an expression of personification

which means the river eroded the bank or gradually destroyed the bank

q Keep overeating like that and pretty soon you’ll weigh a thousand pounds

Weigh a thousand pounds is an overstatement/a hyperbole which

means be too heavy or get too fat

r After she heard the good news, she grinned like a mule eating briars

Grinned like a mule eating briars is a simile which means smiled broadly

s The captain was in charge of one hundred horses

- Horses, which is [+instrument], is a metonymy which means cavalries or

soldiers fighting on horseback, which is [+agent]

- So, which means "The captain was in charge of 100 cavalries"

t Joe cried a little when he lost the thousand dollars

Cried a little is an ironical understatement which means cried a lot

u You can depend on Gina; she is a rock when trouble comes

"She is a rock" is a metaphor which means she is strong-minded or she has

strong nerves

- So, which means “You can depend on Gina, she has strong nerves when

trouble comes”

v Life is a dream

There may be two possible ways to interpret this sentence:

- Life is a dream is a metaphor which means life is short or life passes

quickly

- Lifeis a dream is a metaphor which means life is as beautiful as a dream

w He’s so hardheaded that he won’t listen to anyone

Hardheaded is an idiom/a dead metaphor which means obstinate or stubborn

x Research says that these methods are best

There may be two possible ways to interpret this sentence:

- The first way: Research is [−animate] and/or [−human] while says is

[+animate] and/or [+human] Therefore, the whole sentence is an expression of

personification which means researchers say that these methods are best

- The second way: Research, which is [+controlled], stands for/substitutes for

researchers, which is [+controller] This is a metonymy The whole sentence

means researchers say that these methods are best

y Right at this minute, I could drink a barrel of water without stopping

A barrel of water is an overstatement/a hyperbole which means a lot of

water

z It is amazing what a great mind he is

A great mind, which is [+part], stands for/substitutes for an erudite scholar,

which is [+whole] This is a synecdoche The whole sentence means I am

amazed by his intellectual power

aa Alice came in gently, like a May breeze

Alice is like a May breeze is a simile which means Alice is as young, fresh,

sweet and warm as a breeze signaling the beginning of a summer

bb Susie is a picture of loveliness in her new dress

Susie is a picture of loveliness is a metaphor which means Susie is very lovely

in her new dress

cc A thousand thanks are for your kindness

A thousand thanks are for your kindness is an overstatement/a hyperbole

which means thank you very much for your kindness

dd I walked past the big sad mouth which didn’t know what to say then

- Mouth, which is [+part], stands for person, which is [+whole] This is a

synecdoche

- The whole sentence means I passed by the talkative person who was then too upset to give an immediate response

ee We are tired to death of such movies

- Tired to death is an overstatement/a hyperbole which means extremely

bored/ tired with

- So, which means "We are extremely tired of such movies"

ff Give every man thine ears, bid a few thy voice

This sentence consists of two metonymies: give every man thine ears which

means listen to everyone, and bida few thy voice which means talk to only a few people The whole sentence means you should listen to everyone but talk toonly a few people

gg There was a storm in Parliament last night

A storm is a metaphor which means a heated argument, a bitter disagreement

or a terrible conflict

So, which means “There was a serious argument in Parliament last night”

hh I’m afraid he has misrepresented the facts

He has misrepresented the facts is a euphemism which means he has lied or he

has told lies

ii He worked and worked until he breathed his last

- Breathed his last is a euphemism which means died

- So, which means “He worked and worked until he died”

ii We’ll just have to go our separate ways

Go our separate ways is a metaphor which implies that life is a journey

jj They were vital, unforgettable matches that gave us a new window on the game

A new window on the game is a metaphor meaning a new understanding of

the game

kk I’ve told you a thousand times not to touch that again

- This sentence is an expression of Hyperbole

- It's impossible for someone to talk a thousand times, which means I have told you a lot of times not to touch that again

ll He is as mute as a fish

He is as mute as a fish is a simile which means he rarely speaks or he is quiet

mm We stopped to drink in the beautiful scenery

Drink in is a metaphor which means enjoy or admire In other words, the

beautiful scenery is implicitly compared to a delicious drink

nn His words can be trusted

- His words stands for/substitutes for that person himself This is a metonymy

- The whole sentence means you can trust him

oo The police team has cemented close ties with the hospital staff/ staft

- Cementedliterally means joined (the police team and the hospital staff) together as with cement

- Cemented in this context is a metaphor which means firmly established or

strengthened

- The whole sentence means close connections have been established between the police team and the hospital staff/ staft

pp The boss gave her a hot look

- A hot look is a metaphor which means an angry look

- The whole sentence means the boss looked at her angrily

qq He could not bridle his anger

- Bridle literally means put on a horse part of a harness, including the metal bit for the mouth, the straps and the reins

- Bridle in this context is a metaphor which means control or restrain

- The whole sentence means he failed to control his anger

rr He attacked every weak point in my argument

- Attacked literally means made a violent attempt to defeat

(somebody)

- Attacked is a metaphor which means criticized (somebody)

severely

- Attacked every weak point in my argument is another metaphor

which implies that argument is war

- The whole sentence means he severely criticized every weak point

- England is compared to a woman who had no defense left but her former bravery in war This is an expression of personification

- The whole sentence means after the failure of France in 1940, England could not defend herself against her war enemy/enemies

tt The fire snaps and crackles like a whip; its sharp acrid smoke stings the eyes It is the fire that drives a thorn of memory in my heart

- In the fire crackles like a whip, the sound of fire is explicitly compared to that of a

whip This is a simile

- Smoke and fireare each given a human act: sting the eyes and drives a thorn in the heart These are two expressions of personification

- A thorn of memory is a metaphor which means some unpleasant

thing, event, situation, etc that one can hardly forget

- The whole sentence means the fire, with its sharp acrid smoke and small crackling sounds, reminds me of some unpleasant thing that I can hardly forget

uu The organization is keeping the brake on pay rises

- Keep the brake on pay rises is a metaphor which means control pay rises

- The whole sentence means the organization is controlling the increase in the

amounts/sums of money paid for its current activities

vv Her father is a captain of industry

This sentence consists of an idiom/a dead metaphor — a captain of industry, which

means one who manages a large industrial company

ww I am the captain of my soul

This sentence consists of two metonymies:

(1) The captain, which is [+specific] 14, stands for the leader, which is [+generic]

(2) My soul, which is [+more abstract], stands for my life, which is

[+less abstract]

The whole sentence means I can decide my own life or I can control myself

xx To fall out of a tree in one’s early childhood is not a particularly reassuring experience

- To fall out of a tree is a metaphor which means to be exposed to real life

- The whole sentence means it is terrible to be exposed to real life in

one’s early childhood without any parental protection

xx No man is an island: entire of itself; every man is a piece of the continent

This sentence consists of two metonymies:

(1) An island, which is [+concrete], stands for isolation, which is [+abstract];

(2) The continent, which is [+concrete], stands for community, which is [+abstract]

The whole sentence means no one can isolate himself from the community he has been living in

yy He has a good head for business

→ a good head for business is a METONYMY

- The whole sentence means he is smart at/gifted in doing business

zz Her house is like a prison

→ like a prison is a SIMILE

- The whole sentence means she can not leave her home or she

is trapped inside

Aaa Never in a billion years will he admit defeat

→ Never in a billion years is a HYPERBOLE/ an OVERSTATEMENT

- The whole sentence means he will never admit defeat