TOPIC 6 ECONOMIC REFORMS

TOPIC 6: ECONOMIC REFORMS TOPIC 6: ECONOMIC REFORMS 5 TOPIC 6 ECONOMIC REFORMS I FAMILY WORDS 1 Economy (n) Economist (n) Economic (adj) Economical (adj) Economize ( on something) (v) ɪˈkɒnəmi ɪˈkɒnəmɪst ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪkl ɪˈkɒnəmaɪz One.

I FAMILY WORDS

1. Economy (n)

Economist (n)

Economic (adj)

Economical (adj)

Economize ( on something) (v)

/ɪˈkɒnəmi/

/ɪˈkɒnəmɪst/

ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk/

/ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪkl/

/ɪˈkɒnəmaɪz/

 One of the most important measures to be taken to promote the development of a country is to constantly carry out economic reforms

2. Commitment (n) sự cam kết

Commit (v) cam kết

/kə'mitmənt/

/kəˈmɪt/

 We believe that with the strong commitment of our Party and Government

to Doi Moi, we will gain greater achievements and build a better life for our people

3. Eliminate (v) loại bỏ, loại trừ

eliminate something from

something

Elimination (n) sự loại bỏ

elimination (of something) from

something

/ɪˈlɪmɪneɪt/  they eliminated government subsidies; they

shifted economic priority from heavy industry to three major economic programmes, namely, production of food, production of consumer goods and production of exports

4. expand (v): mở rộng

expansion (n) sự mở rộng

expanse (n) dải đất rộng

/ɪkˈspænd/

/ɪkˈspænʃn/

/ɪkˈspæns/

 The Government expands more opportunities for farmers, and encourages both domestic and foreign private investment

5. illegal (adj): bất hợp pháp

#legal (adj) hợp pháp

/ɪˈliːɡl/

/ˈliːɡl/

 It is illegal for anyone under 18 to possess fireworks in a public place

6. inflation /( n): lạm phát

inflate (v) lạm phát

inflated (adj) cao hơn mong đợi

in'flei∫n/

/ɪnˈfleɪt/

/ɪnˈfleɪtɪd/

 Before Doi Moi, inflation was present in all branches of the national economy

7. reform (v) cải cách /

(n) cuộc cải cách

/ri'fɔ:m/  the Vietnamese Communist Party initiated

an overall economic reform, commonly known as “Doi Moi” (Renovation)

8. renovation (n) sự đổi mới

renovate (v) cải cách/ đổi mới/

nâng cấp

/,renə'vei∫n/

/ˈrenəveɪt/

 One of the renovation measures is Opening trade relations with all countries in the world

9. production (n) sản xuất

product (n) sản phẩm

produce (v) sản xuất

reproduce (v) tái sản xuất

productivity (n) năng suất

productive (adj) có năng suất

/prəˈdʌkʃn/

/ˈprɒdʌkt/

/prəˈdjuːs/

/ˌriːprəˈdjuːs/

/ˌprɒdʌkˈtɪvəti/

/prəˈdʌktɪv/

 Shifting economic priority from heavy industry to three major economic programs : production of food, production of consumer goods and production of exports

10. achievement (n) thành tựu

achieve (v) đạt được

/əˈtʃiːvmənt/  We believe that with the strong

commitment of our Party and Government

to Doi Moi, we will gain greater achievements and build a better life for our people

11. Initiation (n) sự khởi đầu/ đề xướng /ɪˌnɪʃiˈeɪʃn/  Doi Moi was initiated by the Vietnamese

Initiator (n) người khởi đầu

initiate (v) khởi đầu, đề xướng /ɪˈnɪʃieɪtə(r)//ɪˈnɪʃieɪt/ Government in 1986.

12. efficiently (adv):có hiệu quả, hiệu

nghiệm

efficient (adj) hiệu quả # inefficient

(adj)

efficiency (n) sự hiệu quả

/i'fi∫əntli/

/ɪˈfɪʃnt/

/ɪˈfɪʃnsi/

 I was impressed by the efficiency with which she handled the crisis

13. export (v, n): xuất khẩu

# import (n,v): nhập khẩu

/ˈekspɔːt/

/ˈɪmpɔːt/

 Since Doi Moi, our country has undergone substantial changes: productivity and agricultural exports have constantly increased

14. industry (n): công nghiệp

industrialize (v) công nghiệp hóa

industrialization (n) sự công nghiệp

hóa

industrial (adj) thuộc công nghiệp

industrious (adj) = hard-working =

diligent (adj)

/ˈɪndəstri/

/ɪnˈdʌstriəlaɪz/

/ɪnˌdʌstriəlaɪ ˈzeɪʃn/

/ɪnˈdʌstriəl/

/ɪnˈdʌstriəs/

 The Government has just introduced the policy with regard to future industrial development

15. agriculture (n): nông nghiệp

agricultural (adj) thuộc về nông

nghiệp

agriculturally (adv)

agriculturalist (n) nhà nông học

/ˈæɡrɪkʌltʃə(r)/

/ˌæɡrɪˈkʌltʃərəl/

/ˌæɡrɪˈkʌltʃərəlɪst/

 farmers have enjoyed land use rights and (have) had greater choice on how to use their agricultural land;

16. develop (v) phát triển

development (n) sự phát triển

developed country

developing country

under-developed country: nước

kém phát triển

/dɪˈveləp/

/dɪˈveləpmənt/

 Economic reform is the most important measure to be taken to promote the

17. Inhabit (v) ở/ sống

Inhabitant (n) người dân = resident

= citizen

Habitat (n) môi trường sống

/ɪnˈhæbɪt/

/ɪnˈhæbɪtənt/

/ˈhæbɪtæt/

 77% of the inhabitants lived in the countryside

18. Modern (adj) hiện đại

= contemporary (adj)

Modernization (n) sự hiện đại hóa

Modernize (v) hiện đại hóa=

update

/ˈmɒdn/

/ˌmɒdənaɪˈzeɪʃn/

/ˈmɒdənaɪz/

 The company is investing $9 million to modernize its factories

19. Reaffirm (v) tái xác nhận

Reaffirmation (n) sự tái xác nhận /ˌriːəˈfɜːm//ˌriːˌæfəˈmeɪʃn/

 The subsequent National Congresses of the Vietnamese Communist Party held in 1991,

1996, and 2001 continued to reaffirm its commitment to Doi Moi, and called for more administrative and economic reforms

20. Restructure (v) tái cơ cấu /ˌriːˈstrʌktʃə(r)/  The aim of Doi Moi was to restructure the

economy of Vietnam and to raise the living standards of the people

21. Dominate (v) chế ngự/ trội hơn

Domination (n) sự chế ngự /ˈdɒmɪneɪt//ˌdɒmɪˈneɪʃn/

 The economy was under-developed and dominated by traditional agriculture;

22. Recognize (v) công nhận/ nhận ra

Recognition (n) sự công nhận

Recognizable (adj) dễ nhận ra

/ˈrekəɡnaɪz/

/ˌrekəɡˈnɪʃn/

/ˈrekəɡnaɪzəbl/

 After so many years she was still instantly recognizable

23. Investment (n) sự đầu tư

investment in something

Invest in (v) đầu tư

/ɪnˈvestmənt/  This country needs investment in

education

24. drug (n): ma tuý, thuốc

drugtaking (n) sự dụng ma túy

drug taker (n) người sự dụng ma

túy

/drʌg/  He does not smoke or take drugs

25. Immigrate (v) nhập cư

Immigrant (n) dân nhập cư

Migrate (v) di cư (tạm thời)

Migrant (n) người di trú

Emigrate (v) di cư (vĩnh viễn)

Emigrant (n) người di cư vĩnh viễn

/ˈɪmɪɡreɪt/

/ˈɪmɪɡrənt/

/maɪˈɡreɪt/

/ˈmaɪɡrənt/

ˈemɪɡreɪt/

/ˈemɪɡrənt/

 My grandparents were Italian emigrants who settled in New York in the 1920s.

II COLOCATION AND IDIOM:

26. woo foreign investment (v) thu hút đầu

tư nước ngoài

/wuː/  The Government wants to woo more

foreign investment

27. impose restriction on s.th (v) áp đặt hạn

 The government has agreed to impose restriction on export

28. domestic market (N) thị trường nội địa /dəˈmestɪk/  Output consists of both exports and

sales on the domestic market

29. economic liberalization (n) sự tự do hóa

kinh tế

/ˌlɪbrəlaɪˈzeɪʃn/  economic liberalization was carried

out by the Government with the aim

of the economic development

30. enterprises law (n.p): luật doanh nghiệp /ˈentəpraɪz/ /lɔː/  The Government introduced

enterprises laws to protect the companies’ right

31. in ruins (idiom): trong tình trạng hư hại /ˈruːɪn/  The Prime Minister made speeches

on the TV warning them about the drug, but nobody look any notice, and before long the economy of the country was in ruins

32. modernize the economy (v) hiện đại hóa

nền kinh tế

 Unfortunately we lack the resources

to modernize the economy

33. State/ government intervention (n) sự

can thiệp của nhà nước

/,intə'ven∫n/  We should call for government

intervention to save the steel industry

34. reaffirm the primacy of the state (v) tái

xác nhận vai trò chủ đạo của nhà nước

 It is necessary to reaffirm the primacy

of the state

35. subsidy (n) sự bao cấp/ sự trợ cấp /'sʌbsidi/  Eliminating government subsidies

was one of the renovation measures

36. National Congress (n) đại hội toàn quốc  Being aware of this, in December

1986, at its Sixth National Congress, the Vietnamese Communist Party initiated an overall economic reform, commonly known as “Doi Moi” (Renovation)

37. living standard = the standard of living

(n) điều kiện sống

 Its aim was to re-structure the national economy and to raise the living standard of the people

38. policy (n) chính sách

open-door policy : chính sách mở cửa

economic reform policy (n) chính sách

cải cách kinh tế

/ˈpɒləsi/  The company operates a strict

no-smoking policy

39. construction /kən'strʌk∫n/(n): nghành

xây dựng

fishery /'fi∫əri/(n): nghề cá, ngành thủy

sản

forestry /'fɔristri/(n): lâm nghiệp



40. Have a (few) butterflies in the stomach

(idiom) lo lắng, bồn chồn

 I had butterflies in my stomach as I went to get my exam results

41. Be based on (v) được dữa trên  The maps are based on satellite data

42. Make a living (v) kiếm sống  It must be hard to make a living away

from home

43. Out of touch : không nắm bắt thông tin  Unfortunately, the people making the

decisions are out of touch with the real world

44. On a massive/ large/ global scale : ở quy

mô lớn

 They export this produce on a massive scale

45. Keep the lid on something (v) kiểm soát

cái gì

 The government is keeping the lid on inflation

III.PHRASAL VERB:

46. Look down on # look up to  We should not look down on any person

47. Use up : sử dụng hết  Making soup is a good way of using up leftover

vegetables

48. Carry on= go on= keep on : tiếp tục  Carry on until you get to the junction, then turn left

49. Catch on : trở nên phổ biến  He invented a new game, but it never really caught on

50. Compete with/ against someone ( in

something) : cạnh tranh với/ thi đấu với

 Small independent bookshops find it difficult to compete with the online stores

51. Get rid of = remove (v) loại bỏ  We got rid of all the old furniture

52. Keep an eye out for = watch out for : để

mắt / chú ý đến

Keep an eye on someone = take care of

 Police have asked residents to keep an eye out for anything suspicious

 We've asked the neighbours to keep an eye on the house

for us while we are away

53. Level off : chững lại  Sales have levelled off after a period of rapid growth

54. Rely on = depend on  The charity relies solely on donations from the public

55. Result in = cause = lead to= bring about :

dẫn đến

 Laziness can result in the failure

56. Settle down : ổn định cuộc songs  When are you going to get married and settle down?

57. Stick to = concentrate on= focus on  Let's stick to the original plan

I Choose the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from that of the others:

1 a major b standard c stagnant d carry

2 a cues b care c coke d cite

3 a health b leader c heavy d measure

4 a structure b subsidy c number d success

5 a renovate b state c private d dominate

II Choose the word which is stressed differently from the rest:

6 a economic b experience c entertainment d introduction

7 a achievement b communist c constantly d government

8 a heavy b major c program d reform

9 a production b consumer c domestic d business

10 a hospital b inflation c policy d constantly

III Choose the word or phrase - a, b, c or d - that best completes the sentence or substitutes for the underlined word or phrase:

11 Economic reforms are often carried _ to promote the developing of a country.

a out b on c for d in

12 Being aware _ the importance of economic reforms, the Vietnamese Communist Party

initiated an overall economic reform policy

a for b at c of d in

13 For more than ten years, we have seen the significant _ in the economy of our

country

a develop b developments c developers d developed

14 Henry was a studious student He needed no _ to work hard.

a encourage b encouraging c encouragement d encouraged

15 During the time of economic reforms, the economy has grown _ with only a few

major setbacks

a constant b constantly c constants d constancy

16 The introduction of appropriate farming practices to Vietnam farmers can help them achieve

a higher output

a productivity b renovation c guideline d achievement

17 This development project could be of great help to the _ Vietnamese population.

a major b living c rural d domestic

18 In the South, _ development concentrated on rice cultivation, and nationally, rice and

rubber were the main items of export

a industrial b agricultural c mining d textile

19 Our new neighbors are quite nice _ they are sometimes talkative.

a despite b in spite of the fact c though d as though

20 _ of the difficulty, they managed to climb to the top of the mountain.

a In spite b Despite c But d Although

IV Add although, though, in spite, despite, but, because to complete the following sentences:

21 Ronaldo is in good shape physically he gets a lot of exercise.

22 _ of the terrible food, he ate it anyway.

23 This letter was delivered even _ it din’t have enough postage.

24 Becks ate a large dinner _ he is still hungry.

25 I turned on the air conditioner, it is still hot in here.

IV Find one mistake that needs correcting:

26 The term economic reform refers to policies directing by the government to achieve improvements in economic efficiency.

27 Economic reform usually refers to actions of the government to improve efficiency

in economy markets.

28 Economic reform has dominated Australian economic policy from the early 1980s until the

end of the 20th century

29 The goal of Chinese economic reform was to generating sufficient surplus value to finance the modernization of the mainland Chinese economy.

30 Economic reforms started since 1986 in Vietnam have helped millions of people to be out

of poverty and bringing the poverty rate down.

Mark the letter A, B, C, D on your answer sheet to indicate the word CLOSEST in meaning

to the underlined word in each of the following questions:

31 the sharp increase in the percentage of children living with single parents that began around

1960 has levelled off and was about the same in 2003 as it had been in 1990

A remained stable B increase slightly C reduce quickly D fluctuated

32 all you need to do to get rid of a few butterflies in the stomach is just relax Laughing with,

or talking to, others about your stress can help reduce it

A, happiness B joyfulness C disappointment D nervousness

33 understanding the need for change is essential for the ability to successfully cope with these

challenges

A get rid of B focused on C relied on D deal with

Mark the letter A, B, C, D on your answer sheet to indicate the word OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word in each of the following questions:

34 It is only quite recently that the long-lasting and devastating effects of such chemicals on

wildlife have come to light

A durable B effective C transient D flexible

35 it turned out that they had spent days and nights at Internet cafes, one after the other until their money was used up

A run out of B invested C conserved D, consumed

36 as a southerner, he did not want to move north, fearing that he might never settle down in the

provinces

A inhabit B navigate C colonize D migrate

V Read the passage carefully and choose the correct answer:

Vietnam is a densely-populated, developing country that in the last 30 years has had to recover from the ravages of war Substantial progress was achieved from 1986 to 1997 in moving forward from an extremely low level of development and significantly reducing poverty

Since 2001, Vietnamese authorities have reaffirmed their commitment to economic liberalization and international integration They have moved to implement the structural reforms needed to modernize the economy and to produce more competitive, export-driven industries

Vietnam’s membership in the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) and entry into force of the US-Vietnam Bilateral Trade Agreement in December 2001 have led to even more rapid changes in Vietnam’s trade and economic regime Vietnam’s exports to the US doubled in 2002 and again in 2003

Vietnam joined the WTO (World Trade Organization) in January 2007, following over a decade

long negotiation process This should provide ail important boost to the economy and should

help to ensure the continuation of liberalizing reforms

Vietnam is working to create jobs to meet the challenge of a labor force that is growing by more than one million people every year Vietnamese authorities have tightened monetary and fiscal

policies to stem high inflation Hanoi is targeting an economic growth rate of 7.5-8% during the

next five years

37 Vietnam’s economy is _.

a decreasing b facing crisis c developing d backward

38 According to the text, Vietnam .

a used to be well-developed before 1986

b Vietnam is still in extreme poverty

c could recover from the consequences of the war soon

d has been modernizing the economy

39 Vietnam .

a does not export anything to the US

b exported to the US in 2003 twice as much goods as in 2002

c did not export goods to the US in 2002

d did not export goods to the US in 2003

40 The word This refers to _.

a Vietnam’s joining the WTO b the WTO

c the negotiating process d the Vietnamese economy

41 The word stem has a close meaning to _.

a succeed b stop c originate d increase

VI Finish the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first one, beginning with the given words or phrases:

42 It was cold However, James and his friends still went swimming.

Although

43 Even though his grades were low, he was admitted to college.

In spite

44 He has a vast fortune Nevertheless, he is unhappy.

Even

45 They went jogging in the park despite the hot weather.

Though

46 In spite of the hard work, they enjoyed themselves.

Although

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each the numbered blanks.

Setting up and running a car company was an expensive business and required a lot of workers.

A company that makes its money out of a smart app requires less capital, doesn't have to pay (47) _ storage or transport in the way that car companies do and (48) _ virtually no extra costs as the number of users increases In the jargon of economics, the marginal costs per unit of output tend towards zero and the returns to scale are high This explains why tech entrepreneurs can get very rich very young

Technological change has always been (49) _ There was a polarization of income and wealth in the first wave of industrialization at the beginning of the 19th century, and this gave rise

to political and institutional change over the 100 years between 1850 and 1950: the spread of democracy, the emergence of trade unions; progressive taxation and the development of social safety nets These helped create bigger markets for the consumer goods that were spawned by the second Industrial Revolution: TVs, radios, vacuum cleaners and the like (50) _ over the past four decades a political model that

both facilitated the spread of technology and provided some protection against its disruptive consequences has come under attack Welfare states have become less generous, levels of long-term unemployment are much higher, taxation has become less progressive, and politics has increasingly been dominated by those with the deepest pockets (51) _ can lobby the loudest

48 A give B involve C incur D take

49 A disruptive B disrupt C disruption D disruptively

50 A however B therefore C otherwise D but