Lecture Software process improvement: Lesson 18A provide students with knowledge about: CMMI staged – maturity level 4; the maturity levels; process areas of level 4 (quantitatively managed); organizational process performance; quantitative project management;... Please refer to the detailed content of the lecture!
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CMMI Staged – Maturity Level 4
Lecture # 18A
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Staged Representation
• The staged representation is the approach used in the Software CMM. It is an approach that uses
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The Maturity Levels
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Trang 5• At Level 4, the organization has achieved all of the goals of Levels 2 and 3
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Trang 6Level 4
• Processes, although qualitatively stable and predictable at Level 3, can be proved to be
Level 4
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Trang 8Level 4
• To get “good” data, an organization usually has to collect data for several years, or at
least through several projects and several
life cycles of the projects. And when you
first begin collecting data, they will not be consistent data
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Trang 9Level 4
• Measurement data are collected beginning with
Level 2 in the staged representation, and in most organizations, actually begin being collected at
Level 1. The problem is the data are not clean and consistent because the processes used on the
projects (where the data are collected and used) are not yet stable and consistent. Data in and of
themselves are not magical. They simply reflect what is going on in the projects
• The point is, an organization cannot go to Level 4
Trang 10Level 4
• What problems do we see in organizations when they decide to move from Level 3 to Level 4?
Trang 11Level 4
• At Level 4, the control limits are based on years of historical data and trends analyses done on those data. More data are collected, and, therefore, more limits are established, monitored, and refined as necessary
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Process Areas of Level 4(Quantitatively Managed)
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Trang 16• At level 4, there are no additions to the list
of generic goals at Level 4 from Level 3.
What makes this maturity level different are the two process areas
• GG2 Institutionalize a Managed Process
• GG3 Institutionalize a Defined Process
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Trang 17• To satisfy the goals for Level 4, the goals for Levels 2 and 3 must be satisfied as well. This mandate holds true for both the
specific goals and the generic goals
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Trang 20Specific Goal for Level 4
• SG1 Establish Performance Baselines and Models
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Trang 21SG1 Establish Performance Baselines and Models – Specific
Trang 22Process Area
• This process area includes measurements for both process and product. Additionally, service has also been specifically presented
as an area appropriate for measurement.
This process area combines these measures
to determine both the quality of the process and the product in quantitative terms
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Trang 23Process Performance Baselines
• Process performance baselines and process performance models are included in goals for this process area
Trang 24Process Performance Model
• A process performance model (PPM)
describes the relationships among attributes (for example, defects) of a process and its work products
• A PPM is used to estimate or predict a
critical value that cannot be measured until later in the project’s life—for example,
predicting the number of delivered defects
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• The most common measurements in use for this process area are size, effort, cost,
schedule, and product defect density
• The measurements for these data points are usually displayed in ranges and not by
absolute points
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Trang 27• Performancerelated measurements can
include schedule variance (lateness), effort variance, and unplanned tasks
• Qualityrelated measurements may include rework and defects. These defects can be
collected during all lifecycle phases,
including requirements inspections, design inspections, code inspections, unit testing, integration testing, and system testing 27
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Trang 30Process Area
• This process area covers both projectlevel and organizationlevel activities. Selecting processes to measure and selecting
appropriate measures themselves can be
iterative to meet changing business needs. Establishing quality and process objectives can be iterative as well, based on fixing
special causes of variation
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Trang 31• Measurements should be tied to business objectives of the organization. So, if you are highly driven by timeto
Trang 32Things People Forget 1
• The organization either builds too many
models or not enough. This approach is the same approach we see when trying to select appropriate measures to collect at Level 2 and in trying to write effective process
documentation when beginning the process improvement effort
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Trang 34“by the numbers”); and generating process
Trang 35Quantitative Project Management
PA 2
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Trang 39SG2 Statistically Manage Sub process Performance – Specific
• SP 2.4 Record Statistical Management Data
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Trang 40Process Area
• In this process area, usage of the organizational level measurement repository is refined. This
Trang 41• Training for each role needs to be addressed
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Trang 42• Project managers should do at least a
weekly review of the project measures and how they are being used. This information
is usually communicated to senior
management
• A measurement group is usually needed to support measurement activities. Collection
of data is easier if automated tools are used
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Trang 43• There can be several organizational
measurement repositories, or layers within one overall repository, so as to not mix data that may lead to misleading numbers and
bad decisions. Repositories require years of historical data using the same, normalized data, and reviews and analyses of these
data. Training and practice in this effort
need to occur. Running projects
quantitatively is not an overnight transition 43
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• Make sure the project manager (or whoever will actually use these data to manage the project) is involved in determining which measures he will need
• Train the people collecting the data and the people who will use the data
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Trang 46Quantitative Project Management
• Quantitative Project Management includes
quantitatively defining project objectives; using stable and consistent historical data to construct the project’s defined process; selecting sub
processes of the project’s defined process that will
be statistically managed; monitoring the project against the quantitative measures and objectives; using analytical techniques to derive and
understand variation; and monitoring performance and recording measurement data in the
organization’s measurement repository 46
Trang 47• Level 4 is where senior management commitment and participation really come to the fore. Business
decisions are supposed to be made based on the
numbers
• Have you ever sat in any senior and executivelevel meetings? You are lucky if you get ten minutes with these people. And they are not overly fond of viewing slide after slide of esoteric charts and graphs. They
want to know the bottom line—are we making
money? And the one chart that they all love, which is not particularly popular in the world of statistics is the
Trang 48• Most small organizations will find this level very difficult to implement as written, based
on the number of people needed to make
this run smoothly and based on the type of expertise needed. And this level may not
prove all that beneficial (using costbenefit analyses) to these organizations anyway
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Trang 49Summary
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Trang 50References
• Interpreting the CMMI: A Process
Improvement Approach, Second Edition, by Margaret K. Kulpa and Kent A. Johnson,
Auerbach Publication, 2008 (electronic
file), (Chapter 7)
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