Lecture Software process improvement: Lesson 17 provide students with knowledge about: CMMI staged maturity level 3; process areas for maturity level 3; select work products for verification; establish the verification environment; establish verification procedures and criteria;... Please refer to the detailed content of the lecture!
Trang 3Verification
PA 4
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Trang 8Verification
• The Verification PA allows the usage of test setups and test simulators. Sometimes, the same test setups and simulators may be
Trang 9or the other, if possible
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Trang 10Things People Forget 2
• What is a peer? If you are peer reviewing code, a peer is a coder. If you are peer reviewing a project plan, a peer is another project manager. Do not
mix people of different job status—for example,
do not mix project managers in with coders. They are not peers
• A peer review board is not one person
• Peer reviews are not the place to philosophic
discussions. Keep it short and sweet and focus on
Trang 11Things People Forget 3
• You must ensure that the errors found
during a peer review are resolved. Another peer review may be necessary. Quality
Assurance should also check to see that
these problems have been resolved
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Trang 12Generic Practices
• There are no generic practices that directly map to this process area
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Trang 13Verification
• Verification includes selecting which work products are to be verified; creating the
environment necessary for verification of those products; documenting procedures
and criteria for verification and then
following those procedures; conducting
peer reviews; and verifying the product and taking any corrective actions needed
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Trang 14Validation
PA 5
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Trang 1616
Trang 17SG2 Validate Product or Product Components – Specific Practices
• SP 2.1 Perform Validation
• SP 2.2 Analyze Validation Results
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Trang 1818
Trang 19Things People Forget 1
• You don’t need to test everything. You do need to test almost everything. You cannot test in quality
• Validation is not performed at the end of
the project. It can be performed throughout the development life cycle, depending on the product being produced
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Trang 20Things People Forget 2
• Make sure you plan in detail any tests to be performed by the users or in the user
environment
• If you are simulating the user environment, make sure it truly replicates the actual
environment. This will require planning and testing of the environment itself
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Trang 21Things People Forget 3
• If you are developing a Webbased system using the Web that your users will use, then you may have satisfied Validation without knowing about it. Basically, if you are
developing and testing the system using the same resources and procedures that the
users will use (or are using), you may have this PA covered
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Trang 22General Practices
• There are no general practices that directly map to this process are
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Trang 23Validation
• Validation asks: are you building the right product? It includes selecting products and approaches for validating products,
Trang 24Organizational Process Focus
PA 6
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Trang 26SG1 Determine Process Improvement Opportunities –
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Trang 2828
Trang 29• The EPG is the group responsible for
planning process improvement and
implementing the plans
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Trang 31Things People Forget 1
• This PA probably has the most “churn” in the beginning of any process improvement effort. That is because the people who staff
it (the EPG) are as unfamiliar with process improvement as everyone else in the
organization. If you decide to staff this
group with personnel who have supposedly already “done” process improvement
somewhere else, make sure they are flexible31
Trang 32Things People Forget 2
• Don’t try to change everything at once. Do a little at a time
• After one or two years on the EPG, rotate
some of the members out! You need new
blood, new ways of thinking, new ways of
meeting new challenges. Plus, the members of the EPG are more likely to create and
implement usable processes if they must return
to their previous jobs and follow those
Trang 3333
Trang 34Organizational Process Focus
• Organizational Process Focus includes establishing a fundamental understanding of what process is and
why it is important to an organization ; assessing
current processes in the organization and identifying areas in need of improvement ; creating and following action plans for improvement ; determining how to
institute process improvement in the organization and what plans and documentation will be needed ; and
reviewing the process improvement effort itself and instituting improvements in this area
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Trang 36Organizational Process Definition
• The purpose of Organizational Process
Definition (OPD) is to establish and maintain a usable set of organizational process assets and work environment standards.
• For IPPD: Organizational Process Definition + IPPD also covers the establishment of
organizational rules and guidelines that enable conducting work using integrated teams
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Trang 39• We’ll discuss software only; IPPD is
applicable to DOD projects specifically
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Trang 40Things People Forget 1
• How to document processes that can be
used. Individuals create processes that are either too complex to properly implement
or too highlevel to properly implement.
You will need to rewrite, replan, and re
pilot your processes and procedures
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Trang 41Things People Forget 2
• There are differences between the types of documentation you will need to produce
• IPPD is optional
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Trang 43Organizational Process Definition
• Organizational Process Definition includes generating the Organization’s Set of
Standard Processes (OSSP); describing
various life cycles approved for use;
documenting tailoring criteria and
guidelines; and creating and maintaining the measurement repository and process asset library
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Trang 44Organizational Training
PA 8
44
Trang 46SG1 Establish an Organizational Training Capability – Specific
• SP 1.4 Establish Training Capability
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Trang 48Process Area
• This PA expects a Strategic Training Plan coming from the OSSP, as well as business plans, process improvement plans, defined skill sets of existing groups, missing skill sets of existing groups, skill sets needed for any nonexistent groups necessary to be
formed, mission statements, and vision
statements
48
Trang 49• And all of these things are tied into training plans. That’s a lot of documentation that
Trang 50• Organizationallevel training plans bubble
up from projectlevel training plans and
needs. Organizations also need to evaluate the effectiveness of the training received
• This process area is not about knowledge management. While you may define core competencies and certifications necessary, the concepts are not that similar. For that
consult People CMM 50
Trang 51schedules and budget for that training in the
Trang 5252
Trang 5353
Trang 54• GP 2.2 Plan the Process matches this
process area from a project perspective
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Trang 55Organizational Training
• Organizational Training includes
determining the strategic training needs of the organization and how to achieve them; procuring or delivering the training; and
tracking its effectiveness
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Trang 57Integrated Project Management
• The purpose of Integrated Project Management (IPM) is to establish and manage the project
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Trang 59SG1 Use the Project’s Defined Process – Specific Practices
• SP 1.6 Contribute to the Organizational Process Assets
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Trang 60SG2 Coordinate and Collaborate with Relevant Stakeholders –
Trang 61• We’ll not talk about IPPD related specific practices
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Trang 62Process Area
• This PA is supposed to be the evolution of Project Planning, and Project Monitoring
and Control from Level 2, plus more
sophistication for Level 3. That means that this PA involves more rigorous techniques for planning and monitoring projects within the organization
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Trang 63Process Area
• In this PA, each project reviews the OSSP and tailors the OSSP to fit a project’s
specific needs. The result is called the
project’s defined process, and yes, it must
be documented. This process is then used to help build the project plan
63
Trang 65• The difference between management at
Level 2 and at Level 3 is that Level 3 uses a set of organizational plans, processes, and assets (templates, checklists) based on best practices and lessons learned
65
Trang 66Things People Forget
• The Project’s Defined Process (PDP). This
process is actually one or more documents that describe how the project functions in a step
bystep manner (usually either by process area
or by lifecycle phase). It uses the OSSP as
input and tailors the OSSP to fit the project. In some cases, especially when the organization
is small and nondiverse, the OSSP can be
used as the PDP, as appropriate
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Trang 68Integrated Project Management
• Integrated Project Management includes defining a process
or processes at the projectlevel when necessary that are tailored from the organizational process(es); using the
processes and documentation developed from the
organization ; integrating all plans (including plans for each process area as well as project management plans) with the project’s defined process; managing the project according
to the plan ; incorporating measurements, documentation, and improvements into the project or organizationallevel repositories and processes ; ensuring stakeholder
involvement; tracking critical dependencies ; and resolving
Trang 69Risk Management
PA 10
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Trang 70Risk Management
• The purpose of Risk Management (RSKM)
is to identify potential problems before they occur so that riskhandling activities can be planned and invoked as needed across the life of the product or project to mitigate
adverse impacts on achieving objectives
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Trang 72SG1 Prepare for Risk Management – Specific Practices
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Trang 75Process Area
• The Risk Management process area is much more proactive, involving identification of risk parameters, formal strategies for
handling risks, preparing risk mitigation
plans, and structured risk assessments
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Trang 76• Periodic and eventdriven reviews should occur on the project to summarize the most critical risks that may occur. Make sure you review risks during periodic reviews
• Why? Discussing risks as a events exposes projects – discuss this clearly
• Plus, risk probability changes over time and over the course of the project
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Trang 78Things People Forget
• This PA is the big time of risk management. This PA is not just about listing risks and
reviewing them at project meetings. It is
about studying the risks and measuring their impact and probability on project activities
• The main focus of this PA is on project
risks. However, the same concepts can be applied to organizational risks
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Trang 79• There are no generic practices that directly map to this process area
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Trang 80Risk Management
• Risk Management includes identifying and categorizing risks; generating a risk
Trang 82• Specific goal for this process area is
– SG1 Evaluate Alternatives
82
Trang 84• Difficulty of using this PA
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Trang 85Things People Forget 1
• You must define when this PA should be
used. Otherwise, some projects will use it for every decision, and some projects will not use it at all
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Trang 86Things People Forget 2
• You must create and document “ established criteria ”
These criteria are used to judge proposed alternatives Your criteria may already have been established as
part of a technical or contractual requirement.
However, the criteria for allowing or disallowing an alternative may change, depending on changes to the project involved with budget, personnel, schedule,
safety, and other unanticipated factors. Document all changes to the criteria, why the change was made,
who initiated the change, and the impact and results of
Trang 87• There are no generic practices that directly map to this process area
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Trang 88Decision Analysis and Resolution
• Decision Analysis and Resolution includes determining which decisions will be part of
a formal decisionmaking evaluation
process; creating evaluation criteria;
determining the types of evaluation
methods to use; and determining alternative solutions
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Trang 90Summary
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Trang 91References
• Interpreting the CMMI: A Process
Improvement Approach, Second Edition, by Margaret K. Kulpa and Kent A. Johnson,
Auerbach Publication, 2008 (electronic
file), (Chapter 6)
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