DANH GIA NANG LUC CUA NGUOI HOC THONG QUA HINH THUfC DANH GIA SQTHirC HIEN ThS NGUYEN THI THANH TRA* Xu hudng cua giao dye tren the gidi hien nay la hudng vdo dao tao ndng lUe (NL) thuc hien eho ngudi[.]
Trang 1D A N H G I A N A N G L U C C U A N G U O I HOC THONG QUA HINH THUfC DANH GIA SQTHirC HIEN
ThS N G U Y E N THI T H A N H T R A *
Xu hudng cua giao dye tren the gidi hien nay la
hudng vdo dao tao ndng lUe (NL) thuc hien
eho ngudi hpc Cdch dao tao nay tap tmng
phdt trien vipc van dyng cdc kien thde, kT ndng, thdi dp
cua ngucri hpe de giai quyet cdc nhiem vy cy the Do
dd, vipc ddnh gid (DG) ketqua hpe tap eua ngucri hoc
cung dupe thay dd'i: thay vi cdch DG tmyen thdng
(xem xet ngudi hpc hpc dupc nhung kien thde gi),
ngudi ta ehii trpng OG each thdc ngudi hpc dp dung
kien thdc nhu the ndo va dat duoc ket qua ra sao
trong tdng edng viec cy the.Dd laDG dua tren suthuc
hipn (perfonnance - based assessment) hay con gpi
tdtlaDGsuthue hien
1 Phdn bletgiua "nang liic" v a " s i i t h u c hien"
1) Nang luc Theo triet hpc macxit, hoat dpng la
hinh thdc tdn tai cd ban eua eon ngudi De thuc hien
CO hipu qua mot loai hinh hoat ddng nao do, mdi cd
nhdn can phaicd mpt sdphd'm chat tam li can thidlvd
tdhpp nhung pham chat ndy dupc gpi la NL
Cae dinh nghTa ve NL rat da dang vd phong phii:
- NL Id l a p hpp ode tinh chat hay pha'm chd't tdm li
cua cd nhan, ddng vai trd la dieu kien ben trong, tao
thuan loi cho viee thuc hien tdt mpt dang hoat dpng
nhd't djnh" (1); - NL Id "tap hc^D nhung thude tinh tiem
tang (cam xiic, nhdn thuc vd tam van) cho phep mpt
ed nhdn thuc hien cdhieu qua mpt hoat ddng thudng
duoc cho Id phdc tap" (2); - NL la mpt tap hpp cdc kien
thdc, kT nang va thdi dp phii hpp vdi mdt hoat dpng
thuctien(Bamett,1992)(3)
Cdc djnh nghTa khde nhau ve NL deu neu ra
nhdng diem ehung sau: - Ndi de'n NL Id noi den tap
hpp nhung thupc tinh tdm li cua ca nhdn (cy the
nhdng thupc tinh dd id tri thde, kT ndng vd thai dp)
dap dng dupc yeu cau cua mdt hoat ddng eu the
nao dd; - Nhung thude tinh nay giiip ca nhan cd kha
ndng thuc hien cd hieu qua trong hoat dpng dd.Dieu
do cho thay NL mdi chi de cap kha ndng tiem tdng
(tiem ndng) eua mdi ca nhdn Do do NL khong the
quan sat tn/c tiep duae, khong do ludng va DG cac
mtkdgdugc
2) Sukhae bieigiua "nang luc"va "str^uc hien
Tddien Oxford English Dictionary djnh nghTa suthuc hien (perfomiance) la "hoat dpng hoae qua trinh de tiai hanh mpt nhi^m vu hay mot chiic nang" (4).Theo Tddien thuat n g u Giao due hpc thi "suthuc hien la qua trinh hien thuc hda ndng lue" (2)
Nhuvay, suthuc hien nhan manh den cac hanh
vi, den quatrinh hoat dpng cua cd nhdn de giai quyet mpt nhiem vy cy the dat ket qua cao
Suthuc hien cua ea nhdn bj chi phdl bdi nhiduyS'u tdben trong vd ben ngodi, Theo mpt sd tde gia nhu Page & Fielding, ReUians, Ramsey (5), cac dae diem rieng cua ca nhan nhu kien thdc, kT nang, thai do, eung nhu eac ye'u td ve trang thai cam xiic, sdc khoe, mditnjcmg thuc hien edng vipc,., deu anh hudng den suthuc hien cua canhan Chdng han, mpt canhan debj cdng thdng seanh hudng den suthi/c hi^n cong viec cua hp S u ket hpp eao cua cacyeu tdtren lam cho St; thuc hien khdng on dinh, de thay ddi Tuy nhien, cdc tac gia cung khdng djnh rang sy thi/c hien cdthequan sat duoe,DG duoc
Suphan biet gida "NL"vd"suthuc hien"dupc nha ngdn ngu hpc N Chomsky (1963) chi ra nhu sau:
"Chiing ta thiet lap mot su phdn biet co ban gida NL (kien thdc da cd trong ngdn td eua hp d nhung tinh hudng cu the) va suthuc hien (each hp sudung ngon
td dd trong nhdng tinh hudng cy the)" (2) Nhu vay, Chomsky cho rdng trong ITnh vuc ngdn ngd hpc, NL
la kha nang sudyng ngdn td; eon sutiiuc hien la vi$c
su dung ngon td cua mdt ea nhdn, tue Id dieu md mpt
ca nhdn thue si/ndi, bao gdm ca viee ndi npap ngiihg, that bai vd mdc loi Tdm lai, N L Id "biet" gi ve ngdn Id va suthuc hien Id "lam" gi vdi ngdn tddd Korossy (1997) da dua ra each phdn biet gida NL
vd suthuc hien NL gdm nhdng kien thdc, kTndng ya thai dp chopliep mpt ngudigiai quyet mptvan dd nao
dd, va khdng the quan sdt tn/e tiep Suthuc hienja hanh viva cdthequan sat duoc, vi du nhu tra Icri dilu dupc neu ra (6)
* Kkoa Tte li - Giao doc, Tnrtiiis 6?! bpc stf pMn Ha N^i
30 Tap chi Gido due so 311
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Trang 2tdng hop nhieu sy so sdnh gida hai thudt ngd nay, cd
the thay: "Ndng luc" (competence) thudng ndi de'n
cac tri thdc vd kT nang, thai dp can thiet de hodn
thanh cdng viec mpt each tdt dep, trong khi "si/thuc
hien" (performance) ndi den nhdng hanh dpng, qud
trinh tien hdnh de hoan thanh cong viee ay NL tap
tmng md ta trang thai ma cd nhan can cd de dat
dupc myc tieu, cdn suthuc hien chiitrpng den hdnh
vi thiie day edng viec thdnh edng; NL mieu ta ngudi
ta CO the lam gi, cdn "su thuc hien" tap trung vao hp
lam viec dd nhuthe ndo Hay ndi each khac, suthuc
hien Id qua trinh hien thue hda NL, dd la qua trinh
van dung cdc thude tinh tam 11 cua N L de glai quyet
mpt vd'n de nao do Day la qua trinh bpc Id NL ra
ngoai bdng hoat ddng
S u k h a e biet giua s u t h u c hien so vdi NL ehu
yeu d ede diem sau: - Suthuc hien CO the quan sdt
duoc hodc do ludng duoc, con NL thi khong do
ludng true tiep dupc; - S u t h u c hien nhan manh den
cae hoatdpng va qud trinh hien thue hoa tri thde, kT
ndng, thai dp; cdn ddi vdi NL, nhung yeu tddo edn
ddang tiem a'n,
2.DG NL cda ngudi hoc thong qua hinh thuc
DG stf thuc hl^n
Tdst/phan biet dtren, ed the tha'y NL vd suthuc
hl§n cd mdi quan hd khdng kbit:
NL bao gideung gdn vcri mpt linh vi/c hoat ddng
nao dd Mudn OG NL cua ca nhan phal xem xet bleu
hien cua no trong hoat ddng thue te cua ngudi dd
cung nhu ket qua cua hoat dpng ay Darvogne va
Noye cho rdng: "si/bpclp cua NLthe'hIendket qua ta
nhdn dupc trong cdc viec lam", vd rdng "chinh nhd
vdo bdc tudng da xay xong md ngudi ta nhan ra NL
cua ngudi thgr ne" (2) Nhu vay, ehi thdng qua cdc
hoat dpng, viec lam, ca nhan mdi bpc Id NL cua minh,
hay trong mot tinh hudng thuc te, NL chi duae bpc Id
bdng nhung hdnh ddng cu the Vi vay, mudn DG duae
NL cua mdt ngudi, can pliaiOG gidn tiep qua suthuc
hien cung nhu ket qua ma ngudi do dat dupe trong
mdt viec Idm cuthe, ma ngudi ta gpi Id hinh thucDG
suthuc hien
DG su thuc hien (perfomnance assessment) la
hinh thdc DG duoc nhieu nha giao dye tren thegkiride
cap trong vdi thdp ki gan day Hinh thde DG nay tap
tmng vao DG vipc thuc hien mot nhiem vy nao do, md
khi thuc hien nhipm vy ay ngudi hpe phai van dyng NL
deed ket qua,
Co nhidu djnh nghTa khde nhau ve OG thue:
Popham cho rdng: DG suthuc hien nhdm tien tdi viec
eho hp thuc hien mpt viee lam cy the Thong thudng bai kiem tra si/thuc hien ddi hdi giao vien chii trpng tdi quatrinh Oiuc hien vaOG hpc sinh ve viec lam cua hp (7); OG suthuc hien cho phep hpe sinh bde Id cai ma cae em ed the lam trong hoan eanh thuc (Wiggins, 1992) (8)
Van phdng Nghien eiJii va phattrien cua Bp Giao due Hoa Ki da dua ra djnh nghTa veOG suthuc hien bdng viee md ta cdch thuc bai lam ciia hpc sinh nhu sau:"OG suthuc hien lamptdangcuabaikiemtra yeu cau hpc sinh phai thue hien mot nhiem vy chd khong phai la lua ehpn mdt cdu tra ldi trac nghiem,
Vi dy, hpe sinh cdthe duoc yeu cau giai thich mpt su kien Ijeh su, de ra mpt gia thuyet khoa hpc, lam mpt bdi todn, dich mot bai ngoai ngd hodc nghien cdu mpt de tdi khoa hpc"(9) Hiep hpi nghien cdu tam li gido due eua Hoa Ki lai dua ra djnh nghTa khde ve
DG suthuc hien: "OG suthuc hien la si/DG dua tren hanh viva san pha'm tao nen bdi nhdng hoan canh
mo phdng l^i nhdng tinh hudng trong cudc sdng thue ma nhdng kien thde, kT ndng cy the thudng dupc apdung" (9)
Qua nhdng dinh nghTa tren, ed the tha'y nhdng ddc tnj'ng co ban cua OG su thuc hien la: - Yeu cau ngudi hpe phai sang tgo, thiet ke hoae Idm ra mpt san pha'm chdkhong phai chpn hay viet ra mot cau tra ldi diing; -DG suthuc hien yeu eau DG eaquatrinh thue hien va ca san pham cua qua trinh do; - Nhdng nhiem
vy kiem tra trongOG suthuc hien phai la nhdng nhiem
vy cd tinh thuc tien eao Dd Id nhdng nhiem vy md ta hoan canh thuc te hodc d i l n ra trong ddi sdng thuc; -Ngudi hpc dupe bde Id kha ndng van dyng kien thue, tuduy, kTndng, thaidptrong quatrinh giaiquyet nhiem
vy dupe giao
Hinh thdc DG nay cd uu diem la vda DG iuac
muc dp nhan thdc cua nguoi hpe, vua DG duae qua trinh van dung kien thuc dd vao cudc sdng Do dd, viec chdm tiai kiem tra, DG suthuc hien cung ddi hdi khdt khe han nhung hinh thdc kiem tra khae Trong cudn sach eua minh, Popham cho ring mptbdiDG
su thuc hien theo diing nghTa cua nd thi khi chdm diem phai dam bao 3 yeu tdsau (7): - Cd nhieu tieu chi DG, nghTa Id khdng nen ehi sddyng mpt tieu ehi
de DG suthuc hien edng viec cua hpc sinh Vi dy, de
OG kha nang noi tie'ng Anh cua mdt hpe sinh, nen dua tren cdc tieu chi nhu phat dm, ngdphap v a t d vung; - Xac djnh ro cac chua'n OG cho tung tieu chi, nghTa la mdl tieu chi phai duoc giai thich mot each rd rang tn/de khi cho diem chat luong viec lam cua hpc
Tap chi Gido dye so 311 31
Trang 3bai mpt each may mdc, danh ddng kha ndng lam bai
eua cac hpc sinh; DG suthuc hien phai xdc djnh dupe
NL lam viee thuc sucua tdng hpc sinh
Nhuvay, dede cap ttS cac loaiOGNL khde nhau,
nhdng nha giao dye khde nhau deu sd dung thuat
ngu "OG su thuc hien" Tat nhien NL ban than nd
khong hoan toan Id hanh vl hay suthuc hien Nhung
ro rang Id subieu hien ra ben ngoai bdng hanh dpng,
qua trinh, nhung eau tra Icri, nhung viec lam cu the,
v.v cho phep dat dupe hieu qua eao d nhiem vy
6uqc giao da tao nen sukhae biet d ngudi nay so vdi
ngucri khac Do dd viec OG tien trinh edng viee va ket
quadat duoc khithuc hien viec do CO the eoi la su gidn
tiep O G N L cua canhan
Mac dii cd the D G N L thong qua DG suthuc hien
nhung can ehii y su thuc hien khdng phai liie nao
cung bleu hien diing NL thuc sucua mpt ca nhdn, bdi
vi su tiiue hien cdn bj chi phd'i bdi nhieu yeu td ben
trong vd ben ngodi khien no d i bj thay doi (Vi du, neu
giao vien ra mpt de kie'm tra tdi thi hpe sinh se lam bai
kiem tra do khdng dupc tdt mac dii hp da van dung
het kha ndng cua minh khi Idm bdi) Do do, trong qua
trinh OG suthuc hien, can thiet ke nhung bai kiem tra
phii hap, sat thucte dengudi hpc the hien diing NL
eua minh,d6ngthcriehiiygidmthieutdida nhdng yeu
tdanh hudng tdi suthuc hien de'edthe'OG chinh xac
NL cua ngudi hpc
Ngupe lai, mdted nhdn mudn thuc hien mpt cong
viec thi phai cd NL ve van de do (nhu kien thdc, su
hie'u biet, nhdng kTnang nhat djnh ); neu khdng cd
NL, cd nhdn khd c6 the Wiue hien thanh cong cdng
v l ^ do duae Bdi vay, frong day hpc, can eoi trpng bdi
dudng NL eho ngucri hpc vi do la dieu kien can de
ngucri hpe glai quyet td'i nhung nhiem vy day hpc
Tdm lai, gida NLva suthuc hien cua ednhan cd
mdi quan he qua lai chat ehe (mac dii khong hoan
todn ddng nhd't) Vi vay trong qua trinh day hpe va
OG, giao vien can bdidudng NL cho ngucri hpc, ddng
thdi phai to chuc ede hoatdpng, eac nhiem vu thue te
de'ngudi hpc bdc Id duoc NL eua minh Chi nhu vay
day hpc mc^ dam bao &ii/e hien diing theo ldi day cua
Bdc Hd "hoc di doi vdi hanh" •
(1) VO Dflng (chii biftn) Tdr di^n Tflm It hpc NXB
Khoa hpc xdh^i,H 2000, ti I 6 0 - 1 6 L
(2) Rayna], F ; Rieunier, A Pedagogic: Dictionnaire
des concepts cl«s NXB E.S.F, Paris, 1997
phinmg phap va ki thuat day hpc NXB Dgi hpc su
phgm Ha Ndi, 2010
(4) http://oxforddictionaries.CQm/defi nition/en^Jij^li/ performance ?q=performance
(5) K h a n , K & R a m a c h a n d r a n , S Concepiuat
framework for performance assessment: compelencv, competence and performance in the context of assesmenls in healthcare - Deciphering ihe terminology Tap chi Medical teacher, 2012
(6) Korossy, K Extending the theory of knowledge
spaces: A competence-performance approach
Zeitschrift fir Psychologic, 1997; 205, 53-82
(7) Popham, W, James Classroom assessment: what
teacher need to know NXB Attyn and Bacon; ]"
edition, 1996
(8) Airasian, Peter W Classroom assessment:
concepts and applications (5"' edition), NXB McGraw
- Hill Higher Education, 2005,
(9) Douglas G Wren, Ed D "Performance assessmenl:
a key component of a balanced assessment system"
Department of Research, Evaluation and Assessment
(REA),N" 2,4/2009
SUMMARY
By analysing the connotation of concept'compe-tence", the researcher has identified the differences and relationship between "competence" and'perform-ance" Thereby, the researcher asserts that in order
to assess a student's competence, it is essenUal that assessment be done through his performance as well
as the results he achieves in a task, a particular job which is performance assessment
Danh gia cua hpc sinh, sinh vien
(Tiep theo trang 19)
2 Durrant J., Hart ChSfm diil trumg phat thfln thf
S et al, 2005
3 Ennew - Plateau Nghien cihi \k tnhig phat than
the va tinh than tre em Resource Handbook, 2004
4 Michaelson, Reina Xam hai t r i em tgi Vi^t Nam
H 2003
SUMMARY
This article reflects students'assessment results from six provinces of Vietnam IHanol, QuangNinh,
Da Nang Khanh Hoa, Ho Chi Minh City and Vung TAu) atxiut the consequences of school violence Con-sequences are showed in two aspects: physical health and mental health, which are reviewed by education level variables
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